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gQg - The Saturday Analyst and Leader. [...
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THE NATIONAL INCOME AND EXPENDITURE. rr^...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Murder: One Mystery The Less. «-M W- Xjl...
than one innocent person suffer the penalty of the law the punishment is the wages of the culprit ' s sin and the idea of anyone but the real culprit being made to bear it , is monstrous ; according to the opposite theory , mere suspicion seems almost sufficient to justify the infliction of punishment . In such a dilemma as often presents itself , all we can do is to take a just , wise / and moderate . course in accordance with a beneficent and enlightened practical expediency suggested by the exigencies of the time . Above all things , let it be remembered that punishment should not be considered as expiatory or vindictive ; but as preventive and reformatory . Its object is the safety of society . To prevent certain mischievous acts , penalties are annexed to them by the law . This involves the difficult question as to the kind and
degree of punishment , the expediency of hanging for murder , & c . Our only guide here is the experiences of the time being as to what punishment is the most efficient for preventing a given offence , due regard being had to the princip le of proportion ; as penalties that are too severe tend to defeat themselves . We see that Manchester has memorialised the Government to institute an inquiry into the operation of the present law of capital punishment ; the main point is , whether , all things considered , death punishment is , in the present state of society , the most efficient preventive of murder . : .
Gqg - The Saturday Analyst And Leader. [...
gQg - The Saturday Analyst and Leader . [ Nov . 3 , I 860
The National Income And Expenditure. Rr^...
THE NATIONAL INCOME AND EXPENDITURE . rr ^ HERE is so much difference of ' opinion respecting ; the JL actual state of our national finances , that it may be desirable to place before our readers the actual rcsiilts of the last financial . year , terminating on the 31 st March , 18 f > 0 ; . more especially as a new Financial Secretary to the Treasury has been appointed , who will ' probably feel the necessity of strict accuracy in the datafrom which hVprepares his : estimates for the ensuing year . The following Tables are draw from figures which hare appeared m detail , in the " Financial Reformer" for September and October * as the Grovernmeat accounts are so subdivided that they dp not furnish the means of ascertaining the cost of each item or service ; and no Conclusion can be drawn without analysing ^ the various Tables which are scattered through the '' Blue E » ook , " arir n-uaily . published under the title of << Finance Accoitnts . " ; ' ¦ ¦¦¦ ' :. ¦ V :: ; . - \ " ¦ : ¦ ' - ' , .. ' . . ' income . ,. ' . . . . ' , ¦ : . ¦ . . : ' . 1 . Customs ... ... . ¦; . ¦' .., ¦ .., ¦''¦ 'L ... ... £ 24 , $ ? 1 , 083 17 4 2 . Excise ... ' . - , „ . ..,. ... ... ... 20 , 240 , 466 , 13 6 3 . Property tiiid Income-Tax ... ; .. ... ... 9 , 666 , 141 19 3 4 . Stamps ... .. ; ... ... ... ... ... 8 ; 040 , () 90 11 10 5 . IianiTTax . ; . ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 , 137 * 034 I 2 G . Assessed Taxes ... :.. ... ... .., ¦ ¦ ,.. 2 ilOQ , 6 S 9 7 !) 7 . Postrdfficd .. ; . ... ... ¦ , v . ¦ ... ... ... 3 , 310 , 655 8 0 8 . Drown Lands ... * .. . . ... ' ... ... ... . 416 , 530 18 8 ? . Miscellaneous . ... ... ... ... ... , ... i ; 80 X , 584 3 . 0 ¦' . "' . ¦¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ . '¦' ¦' . '¦¦ ' " " ¦ ' . - " ^ 71 , 104 , 127 0 6 ' ,., . .. ;¦ . EXPENDITpHE . . ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ' ' ; : ¦ , •¦ ¦ ¦ _ . ' Intorost . and Management of the liTatiortal Debt ... ... £ 28 , ( 538 , 725 12 5 Arm' ^ -r . ] $ i : ilj . tia ; -A ' n'd . Ofdn'an o ' . ; . ^ 14 , 057 , 186 : < t 2 Navy , including Transports and V : :. " ¦ ¦ Paokets ¦&¦ . > , ; .. ' . V - ^ . v . " . .: ; . ' ¦¦ U , 823 , 86 !> ¦ -0 0 ¦ ¦ ¦ .. Naval and Military operations in '•"•' ¦ ¦ ' ¦'¦ . ' ¦ China ... ... ... ... 858 , 057 0 0 . ¦ ¦ .: " ¦ ..- ¦ ¦ "¦ ¦ ¦ . ' ' ¦" . ¦ . ¦ ' ' ¦ , V- ; r- ' 26 , 739 , 102 , ' % ¦ 2 Civil Expenditure .,. ... ... ... „ . . > . 14 , 241 , 438 12 C ' ¦• ' ¦¦ ¦ ' ¦ . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' ' ' . '¦ ' ¦ ' "¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ , / . C 9 , 6 i 9 , ^ 6 d ; ' -0 . ' : l Excess oiE Income . ovex ' , I ] xpencU <; uVo ... ' ... „ .. 1 , 484 860 , 11 . . 5 " / . ' . " .. _ . . ' ¦ .. . . . , ' .. ' ¦ . . ' ¦ • . ' , ¦ , ' . . ' ¦ ¦ .. ¦ £ 71 , 104 , 127 0 6 , TJiese ; are actual results , abput ; which there 90 , 11 be no clisjjute ; and it appears that tip to tJie Slsfc of : Harch last , tliexo , Ty ; as a ; surplus of £ l \ 484 ; 8 ( 30 t X s . 5 civ - The ip ^ pnae , fx v 6 xn all ordinary IsoijrjQes ' -vrfus ^ . 7 i 7 10 : 4 127 0 ^; 6 d , > whilo the expenditure , ^ vVWc | i ' 'We ^ : ^ piy 0 ' -: ' 9 liyide .. cl' into tlhiree heads , was ^ 9 i 019 | 2 i 66 i ? s . ldj namely , ^ 28 , 638 |^ 5 12 s . 5 d . foi ? the inteijest aiid , managenient of tho National Debt 5 £ 2 « y 7 ^ O ? 4 s . ' , 2 a . ' ^ r ' tlie - ^ Vrmy and Navy •; i \ nd £ 14 ; j 2 , 41 > 438 : . X 2 ^ . eai for the Qivft Exjpendit ^ re j malting a total of : \ £ ' 69 i . 6 | 9 ; 260 9 s . Id , * as previously etatod ; The Expenditure foTp the o ^ rerjit year was estimated at ^ 76 , 0 'OOjOOOJ but jft : is to be feare 4 ^ ftt this , aniouht inay bo cpipisW ; er ; ably / . eisioeed ^¦ . ;? : and . naany ,: jfihan ^ iq ^ s oalc ^ laiiG that th ! 0 total Qutl ^ atlionj "vvill nofcbe . ^ It' : i _ s ' . ; evident , that ^ suoji ,, ¦ profuse : ' expen ' di . tu ^ e . ' must \ pp 9 mt © jbQfl [ t ^ injuHously : on . ' - i ^ ' iiqi ^ L « ip' 1 priioxiia-. ^ L ' cwjses , ' - ; i ^ ncl > ye therefore i o ^ j ^' ^ . ttiat ;^ jt is ' ' btir d ^ ty ,. to ;;; eift 4 eftyotir } " to . ' . '¦ pr o ^ i ppit ! '"' faQ j > , os ' s | lt > ili . ] fcy ' ' pif :: ;« . njjr' ii ^ jj sundbrstiaTa'diTie ; vyitiv , ; - ' ^^ ga ^ dv . 'tp tlxe ' wa- , ' tio ^ li ^ Tft ^ o ' rn ' e . ' a ^ : ,. espfin' 4 itu ^ , j bo ; , fci ^ . ;^ s ivfy , ¦ $% en ^ bj ^ 4 ' to , $ ti B $ , pQWy ^ e l ) l ^ os (' e ^ ojojaij ^^ ifliif s . ' ^ Jy to * qli ^ i f ^ ' J 6 vlwljijjllifei ^* - iij ?/ / jiV 11 ^ •' liiwnjiilji !^ y ' y- - ' ^ ' / 1 . '' .- ' ; . V \ -V . ' / ¦¦ ¦' •> l ,. v . ' /¦¦ ' ' . . . ' - ¦ ¦ :. ' - ^ ' : ¦ : ' . : ¦ : ¦ : ¦ ¦ . ¦'¦ " ¦ , ¦¦> " ¦ . . '¦¦ ¦' ¦ . ¦ V ' ¦' '¦¦ . ^ . " ¦ . ' . v
lay before the public any statement which can be easil y UI 1 _ derstood ; and the contradictory explanations of Members of Parliament in their autumnal speeches to their constituents show that they have a very vague notion of the financial position of the country . The detail of the Civil Expenditure requires notice , and we have endeavoured to analyse it , so that it ma y be intelligible to those who wish to know the cost of any particular Service . PAID OUT OF THE CONSOLIDATED FUND . 1 . Civil list ¦ '• — .., £ 403 , 260 0 0 2 . Annuities and Pensions ... ... 3 . 50 , 713 14 3 : $ . Salaries and . Allowances 157 , < J 02 i ) 10 ¦ 4 . Diplomatic Salarios and Pensions ... 163 , 061 0 1 n . Courts of Justice ... 712 ,-117 17 2 6 . Miscellaneous Ghavgos on Consolidated Fund . -. 177 , 339 9 10 . —^—— 1 , 904 . 304 11 2 7 . Payments out of the Income of Craiyn Lands in its progress to the Exchequer ... ... 11 ( 5 , 977 411 PAID OUT OF SUPPLY SERVICES . 8 . Collection and Management of the Revenue Depart-. lUon ' ts .... ... ... ••• 4 , 408 , 548 3 a 9 , Public Works and P > uildiugs ... 681 , 41 ' ) 0 0 10 . Salaries and Exi > enses of Public . Departments ... ... .... 1 , 472 , 096 0 0 11 . Law . and Justice ... ... ... 2 , 72 f > , 134 8 o 12 . Education , Scieneo and Art ... 1 , 267 , !>!> 2 0 0 J 3 . Cokmiiil and ¦' Consular . Servi .-e ... 4 . 1 !» , 041 4 6 14 . Superannuations and Chai-itios ... " 2411 , 10 ' J . O V 15 . Special and Tenip < ii-arv Objects ... 808 , 727 0 0 16 . Civil C . ontingeucies .. ¦ . ... « J 8 , 000 0 0 . ' . ' :. . ; ¦ - ; — . 7 , 7 ^ 1 , 518 lo U ^ 14 , 241 , 138 12 ~ li The method and arrangement of the . " . finance accounts " hie lamentably defect ire ; and the only Parliamehtjiry paper which gives , anv tolerably clear \ statement of the revenue and expenditure of the United Kingdom , is the return grapted annually .. on the motion of Mr . Williams , the member for Lambeth ; even this , however , is top complicated to be easily understood by those who are not tlioroaghly conversant with figures . TJnder these , circumstances i ^ is to be hoped that the " Blue Book ; " No ^ 483 of jast session ^ containing the repbrt pa Miscellaneous Expenditure ; " , in bther words , that part of the -civil expenditure which is voted in supply , will receive due attention during the recess : One ; paragraph in this report deserves particular notice * namely , ; ' Phat the present system ofiiudit is ^ i hi perfect , inasmuch 1 as ' only a po ?< tiow of / the expenditure is brought before the B ^ ardi of Audjt ; but the subject having been ye ^ ry fully ^ considered by the Committee on Public Monies ; . yourVc ammitt ^ e ;; ; corifirte ; yth ' e raselvfcs . - to referring to their ; report , £ 0 nd expressing ah opinion that spnie steps shpuld be taken t . ^ . i . n . trb 4 « ' 6 e . . $ i ' :- 1 iJ ? ox : e' ; iinifprm and . efficient system of audits'' ^ h ^ : ! cphV niitteja yvereyunable ^ tQ finish their QJcarriinaiion of witnesses , and sti'dngly conimirteie next session to \ resume tlieinifjuiry . ; tj [ n ! ortunately , tvyo very ^ i 3 ictiv , e membeirs hay ^^ ceased , ; to , hold seats in : the Hpua © of pomtnpinsi Mr . Wi ^ E has ; retired jfrbrii Parliament in conf ? Gqtience of ill health , and :. 3 V £ r > X *^ xn ^ , ; th / e T » ca $ urjr SecretJiryj has accepted the office ofv J ^ inanipM Secretary for Inftiaj therefc lo ^ t ; but probably J ^ r ; LAiNQ * s sucqessp ^ Mr . ^ itEBKRip ^ ; Pee » , might _ he induced to servo bix thq new Cotnnxittee , and , if hp should do so , it ixitty hp nreSunied tliat l * o will throw some ; light- on the H ^ ehtionft of /' : GoveriMtne 4 t witbv Aspect to somq ; fetter arrangement bf 1 ; ho pubftp : ^ c ( iounts > - The vai'iQus , 1 fi , i » anq « il returns difTer so widqly . . in sqiije cases , that nlthough pror fessing to furnish inibi ? tnation respecting tlio samo item of jfinaiice , it wpnld ^ . appeay as if tlio ainpunts Jiad ; beon ttVkei ^ . from books Whplly unconnebtqcl witli cabh othbl * . The better arraiigeraent of ftccpunts wbuld njsp lead t > - ft more regular collection pf taxes , au < l IjU g caf ? es off defaulters would then probably be less numerPus . [ | Wo do not , however , ww « tP entor upon this branolx of tho s ^> jeot at prospnt , W tho chief object is tP insist upon moly a ; sy . fltom of ndcounts ns sh / ail- insurp . accuracy in the Pan'liamen ^ ar > r Returns , ; . ancl . enable those who iprppar © thenx to finish thoir wPrlc wtmft ii roasonpiblo time . Theyo hcvvo boon constant coinplajnts for many , years that , tho firianoo accounts arp , issued top ; liito fpi , 1 ; nny' praptiqal uspi dp tlioy iievor appear till lon ^ aftey ttio , j ? u ] p ; jE ) lilesy > iittv « ' been , -vbted , Thp Coramittpo ; bn PaWw Monies dwelt ^ very strbngiy on , tliis . point , and as tuo . ' uvcpnvenienoo is fyvXy noknowjpdgotl , sow iixipvoypinont w « jy posbibly bp attppmod nos ; t seestyn , Thp only op'nPjf (' remedy would : bo lip olo « o tho financial year ou tlip ; oWf . JDeoember ,: iwstedd pf op , thp Slat March , and the- wjxow ' ^" i ^^ i ^ - ^^ l- . th ^ JR ' eobn get iwtp bg ^ l < vv wording ordpr .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Nov. 3, 1860, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_03111860/page/4/
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