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Wo. 498. n-E-UWlt. ' THE LEADER. lite .....
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MR. DISRAELI ON AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION...
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PHOTOGRAPHS IN NATURAL COLOURS. Upon the...
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LIT ERATU RE.
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LITERARY NOTES OF THE WEEK. -?-
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mllERE is, this week, as great a dearth ...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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The Great Eastern. It Has Been Suddenly ...
j ^ ^^^^ ! ^" ^ ^ ^^""^^^^^^^^^^ ties Though for her size she spreads a very small amoun of canvas , yet her captain and all thei nautical men who have seen her express a most confident opinion that with a fair strong breeze , her sailin g speed will almost equal her steaming . Some 5 W 35 are being bent , and all will be ready before she starts on Saturday . The course of the vessel from this port will be to the Scilly Isles , and Whence across Channel to the Old Head of Kmsale , and so on up Channel to Holy head harbour It is hoped and expected that during some part of this trip , which will last from the 8 th to the 11 th an opportunity will be afforded of testing her sailing power , and the result of this trial is looked forward to with much interest . . . The arrangemen ts making for excursionists to Holyhead are on the most extensive scale . During one day ( the 17 th ) it is expected that the ship will be closed to visitors , as on that day it is rumoured her Majesty will inspect the breakwater , and of course visit the Great Eastern . _ While she is at Holyhead a great deal of work must be performed . The india-rubber packing between the flanges of the cast-iron masts has to be removed , and its place supplied with hornbeam ; the deficient boilers have to be repaired , feed and bilge pumps fitted to both engines , and fire pumps and hose attached to the auxiliary screw engines . At present the only fire hose are those attached to the pair of auxiliary engines forward , and these have also to pump the bilge , wash the decks , and work the steam gear for heaving round the capstan forward . ; ' ¦ . * , In the course -of Wednesday upwards of 100 able seamen joined as crow from London . On Thursday the forward boilers were tested with the hydraulic pumps , and the new machinery in connexion with the forward capstan got into gear for heaving in a little of the cable . Mr . Crace's men work incessantly to redecorate the grand saloon , but this will scarcely be completed before the arrival of the vessel at Holyhead . Much work to the lover saloon cabin fittings will then still remain to be accomplished , but progress with this is of little moment , as for the first voyage across the Atlantic there may probably be more cabins than occupants . The three injured stokers are progressing most favourably , and may be pronounced convalescent . Several additional subscriptions have been forwarded to Captain Harrison for the widows and orphans of those who have perished , many of whom have been left utterly destitute .
Wo. 498. N-E-Uwlt. ' The Leader. Lite .....
Wo . 498 . n-E-UWlt . ' THE LEADER . lite .. :
Mr. Disraeli On Agricultural Association...
MR . DISRAELI ON AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS . At the recent dinner of the Royal Buckinghamshire Agricultural Association the right hori . gentleman took occasion to remark upon the advantages of this and similar institutions , and the superiority of the county of Bucks in cultivation and produce . He said : —t" I can recall the time when it was necessary on every occasion to vindicate assemblies of this kind and . institutions of this character . The best answer , however , to the attacks that were made upon them is the fact that twenty-five years have now elapsed since the foundation and introduction of these societies , and that now they are sown broadcast over the land , and we find men of all parties supporting such societies and endeavouring to carry their objects into effect . We find , also , an unanimous agreement among all who have a due acquaintance with real life as to the beneficial effect which attends the operations of such as are open to criticism ; but I wish to know what in this world is not open to criticism . But , gentlemen , if there were only critics in the world , society would soon be at a standstill . To animate skill , to encourage enterprise , to reward merit , these have always beon " considered means by which a community is taught to flourish , by which mankind is rendered happier . But if there were only critics in the world , none . of those moans would ever be had recourse to , for critics never encourage skill , critics never animate enterprise ,. critics never reward merit . It is now generally admitted that England is a country which takes , the lead in the cultivation of tho eoil , and there aro many other points with respect to which wo have beon in the habit of assuming superiority . Without now entering into any controversy as to whether that assumption is just or not , I think that superiority has beon questioned upon many other points by continental nations and critlca , but with respect to agriculture never , and far this simple reason—tho tost of tho superiority of agriculture ia tho amount you produce from tho soil of tho country , and that country which produces the most from its soil is hold to bo tho most skilful in agriculture , That being tho caso , the condition of agriculture in this country is such that for a very long period of years wo have beon famed for the cultivation of tho soil , and for tho progross which England has made in that respect . It
has been the boast of the county of Buckingham that it has occupied no mean position ; and I am not at all aware , speaking on that subject without extravagant feeling , I am not aware that the county of Buckingham is at all inferior to that rdle it has hitherto Occupied in this country . Whether you look at the broad lands of the farmer , or the patches of the cottage labourer , or the land which has been more recently brought _ mto cultivation , I say that there is no part of Engl and in which , during the last quarter of a century , all that relates to farming can be said to have shown greater progress , nor can you find in any part of England better examples set than in Buckinghamshire . When you come to this distract 1 I say that there is no portion of it of which you can be in the least degree ashamed , for it vies in competition with any part of the United Kingdom . While some men have been writing theoretical essays on agricultural proceedings , and others have been inventing machines which have never been brought into use , a Buckinghamshire farmer—Mr . Smith , of Woolstone—has cut , as it were , the gordian knot , and has effected that which philosophers have only dreamed of , and which but few believed would ever be brought into practice . The county that has done all this , looking from its extreme north to its extreme south , need not , I say , be ashamed to hold up its head by the side of any agricultnral county in the kingdom . I say even that it takes the lead in the cultivation of the soil and produces the greatest amount of food from that soil . Buckinghamshire , at any rate , has produced its due share towards the aggregate amount of' agricultural skill and labour , and I feel that we should consider it a pride to belong to such a community .
Photographs In Natural Colours. Upon The...
PHOTOGRAPHS IN NATURAL COLOURS . Upon the first discovery of photographic phenomena it was confidently believed that the natural colours of objects would be fixed , as well as their form and light and shade . When , however , it was ascertained " that the various rays of the spectrum had very diverse degrees of " photicity , " an insuperable difficulty seemed to pre .-ent itself . It is well known that the red , yellow , and green rays have very little power in producing the photographic image ; this is to say they " come out" nearly as black spots ; while , if the true relations of colour are sought to bu preserved wit ' . i these , the blue rays will appear quite indefinite and insipid as water . Photographers were , therefore , obliged to content themselves with these unnatural relationships of colour , and satisfy themselves with browns and reds and neutral tints , according to the materials they employed , with no further reference to the colour of the objects represented . Great authorities even maintained that it was impossible to avoid this limitation which the very nature of optical laws imposed . Some few enthusiasts have notwithstanding still hoped to solve this great problem , and among these was M , E . Beczuerel , who , after studying this subject for twenty years , is announced to- have discovered a means of obtaining a photograph of the prismatic spectrum in its natural colours , and in very brilliant tints . The process is as follows : — M . Beczuerel takes a well-polished silver plate , and after covering the back of it with varnish so as to leave the front surface alone exposed , he attaches it by copper hooks to the positive conductor of a voltaic battery of one or two cells ; to the negative conductor of the battery is attached a piece of platinum . The plate of silver and tho platinum are then plunged into a mixture of eight parts of water arid one of hydrochloric acid . The electric current decomposes the acid , and causes a deposit of chlorine on tho surface of the silver , while hydrogen is liberated at the negative pole . The chlorine gas unites with the silver , and forms a violet-tinted coating which would become quite black if tho operation were continued a sufficient length of time . The coating ia tolerubly sensitive to light when verj thin , and in that condition produces tho natural tints , although they are very weak . By increasing the thickness of the layer the tints become much brighter , but the sensitiveness diminishes . ' In order to ascertain exactly tho amount of chlorine deposited on the silver plate , M . Bcczuorel introduces into tho voltaio circuit an apparatus for the decomposition of water , and since chemical decomposition is similar in quantity for each cell of a battery , by measuring the amount of hydrogen produced by this decomposition , tho quantity of chlorine liberated on the surface of tho silver plato is easily arrived at . An idea of tho extreme tenuity of this film may bo obtained when wo loam that with « ix dr sovou cubic contimotros of chlorine to tho square dcoimotro , tho layer of chloride of silver is only ono-thouaandth ot amilkimetro in thickness , equal to about 000004 ol an inch . With a film of this thickness tho best results are obtained . Before exposure to tho spectrum tho surface has a plain wood colour , but n « uo
heated to between 150 deg . or 200 deg . centigrade ( 300 deg . to 390 deg . Fahrenheit ) , it becomes rose ^ coloured on cooling . If , however , instead of raising the plate to a high temperature , it be enclosed within a copper box , and gently warmed , say from 90 deg . to 95 deg . Fahrenheit j and maintained at this heat five ori six days , or , better still , pl aced in a frame covered with a deep red glass , and exposed to the sun ' s rays for from a quarter to half an hour , upon being submitted to the action of the prismatic spectrum the natural colours appear in all their beauty and the green and yellow tints which previously were obtained with difficulty are now bright arid clearly defined . Thus this great problem of photography is in a fair way of solution , and we hiay still hope to see not only the beautiful effects of light and shade which we now Obtain , but combined therewith the brilliancyof nature s coloring .
Lit Eratu Re.
LIT ERATU RE .
Literary Notes Of The Week. -?-
LITERARY NOTES OF THE WEEK . - ? -
Mllere Is, This Week, As Great A Dearth ...
mllERE is , this week , as great a dearth of news J . in the literary as in the political world , and we presume that matters will remain in this somniferous state for the next month . The new books which issue from the press at this time of the year . are seldom numerous or important ; no other result , indeed , can well be expected , since publishers , readers , and critics are all holiday making . Meanwhile , the Publishers' Circular summarises issues to be expected during the coming season : —Messrs . J . W . Parker and Son have in the press " Sword and Gown , " by the author of " Guy Livingston ; " " Misrepresentation , " a norel , by Anna II . Drury , author of " Friends and Fortune ; " " Miscellanies , ' reprinted chiefly from Fraser ' s Magazine and the North British Review , hy the Rev . Charles Kingsley . Messrs . J . H . and J . Parker have in the press " A Manual for the Study of Monumental Brasses-, " "The Military Architecture of the Middle Age .-, " translated from the French of M . Viollet-le-Due ; and the second and concluding volume of " Ancient Armour and Weapons in Europe , " with numerous illustrations , by * John Hewitt . Messrs . Smith , Elder , and Co . ' s list commences with their important new publication of a Monthly Magazine , under the editorship of Mr . Thackeray . Their new books will be '• Sir John . . Bowring ' s Visit to the Philippine Islands in 1858-59 , " with numerous illustrations ; Mr . Walter Thornbury ' s "Life in Spain ; " Mr . Ruskin ' s " Elements of Perspective ; " Captain Brigg ' s " Heathen and Holy Lands , or Sunny Days on the Sal ween , Nile , arid Jordan $ " Mr . Andrew Bisset " On the Strength of Nations ; " and " Expositions of St . l ^ aul ' s Epistles , " by the late Rev . F . W . Robertson . Messrs . A . and C . Black , of Edinburgh , announce " The Church History of Scotland from the Commencement | of the Christian Era to the Present Century , " by the Rev . John Cunningham ; " Paleontology , " by Professor Owen ; "A Compendium of English and Scotch Law , " by James-Patterson , M . A . ; and Dr . Anderson ' s " Elements of Agricultural Chemistry . " Messrs . Blackwood and Son announce a " History of the Church of Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution , " by the late Professor Lee ; the third and fourth volumes of Sir W . Hamilton's works ; a new edition of D . M . Moir's Poetical works ; besides Mr . Oliphant ' s Narrative of Lord Elgin ' s Mission ; and the New Library Edition of Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton ' s works . The King of Bavaria , in re cognition of the services of the Messrs . Schlagintwcit , Ims conferred upon these distinguisho ; l travellers titles of nobility . The Germans in Paris have appointed a committee to arrange a celebration of the anniversary of Schiller ' s birthday . At present it is proposed to hold the . ( c ( o in the Cirque do l'lmperatnce , in the CI o 6 &&« Mercury announces the accept' " ance by Sir David Urewstcr of the office o < Principal "¦ $£ . SS £ S "JLSSSS ^ H imtor , hu died . 1 % ^& ^ & tiMxxsz $% & Humboldt ' s burial was honoured . " Our one , our only magazine , " says a Now York letter , " is again in danger . Wo have boon for many years dying for a magazine , and have boon making uivers uniJWsafnl attempts to havei oho of a . hlirli order , ' Unit would rival your Jilaaliwoodov Vrusar Our last attempt was Putnam * h Magazine , which , after a brilliant career of a few yours , was at last driven into that last haven of all crazy literary cruft—' first-class wuoJ . engravings . ' It failed to find rofugo oven hero , however , and diud a natural death in 18 / 57 . Immediately after some ontorpriaing individuals In HoBton stepped into the broach ana sot on foot tho Atlantic Monthly ' Magazine , which was to jo kept up to tho highest point of oxcoUcncoby con-
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 8, 1859, page 17, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_08101859/page/17/
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