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    FRANCE AND ENGLAND. UNDian tho title of ...

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    THE PAPAL GOVERNMENT. An important treat...

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    Tiie Insurrection In The Unum> Statns. ,...

    for trial before the Circuit Court . It is said to be intended to proceed with the execution of the prisoners immediately after their conviction . The court has refused to allow anyone to see or converse with Brown , fearing that he would say that which might , by being published , inflame the slaves against their masters . " . A New York letter contains some interesting particulars as to the leader of the outbreak : — "An elderly man , named John Brown , or as he is more commonly called " Old Brown of Qssovratomie , " a native of New England , and a settler and leading com batant on the free soil side in Kansas during the troubles thereappears to have contrived and carried it out ,

    , as far as it went . Brown is a Nevr England puritan of the old school , and went to the west . with a family of six sons , to better his fortune by farming , lie was in Kansas when it was invaded by the border ruffians , and though he has always been an abolitionist he never displayed any fanaticism in the cause until his house had bee n burned , two or three of his sons killed under circumstances of peculiar atrocity , and numbers of his neighbours murdered , and driven from their homes before his eyes . The loss of his sons seems to have deranged his mind , and he took the field with as many men as he could muster , and at once became the terror of the pro-slavery men . He defeated an immensely superior force of them at

    Ossowatomie , and did summary execution upon large numbers of single individuals , and all in a spirit of the most exalted religious enthusiasm . He finally got it into his head that he was commissioned by God to wage war upon slaveholders , and liberate negroes , and seems to have inspired his followers with a portion of his own frenzy . He at last became the bugbear and terror of all the border ruffians . Whenever " old Brown " was reported to be in the neighbourhood they instantly disappeared . "When the war was over a return to his old modtrofiife was of course impossible . The loss of his sons had maddened him , and he devoted himself entirely to carrying off slaves to Canada . That he was

    countenanced arid encouraged in this by many leading abolitionists there seems to be no reason to doubt ; but that any of thorn went any further has yet . to be proved . [ For the hist year or more the public has not heard much of him , but during- this interval he seems to have been busily engaged in organising an insurrection of the slaves . With this view he went to Virginia , hired a farm in the . neighbourhood of Harper ' s Ferry , and having quietly , and as it appears without exciting any observation , collected a considerable quantity of arms , and ammunition , and been joined by fifteen of his most devoted followers , including his two surviving sons , on the evening of the 13 th hist , he seized upon the United States armoury in the village , arrested and imprison ed the employes and many of the principal inhabitants in

    the neighbourhood , blocked up the railroad , cut the telegraph wires , and called on the negroes to join him . The negroes did not join him , however , and in a skirmish with some of the railroad men he remained master of the field , but was finally driven back into the armoury , which he loopholed wnd barricaded . He defended the armoury successfully until the arrival of militia from all parts of the country , and of marines from Washington . He was then summoned to surrender , refused to do so , and the door being burst open , ho and his surviving followers—only two out of seventeen—were captured , Brown himself being badly wounded . One or two of his adherents , who did not succeed in entering the armoury with him , nrndo their escape , and are still at largo .

    "The-affair lias excited profound sensation , and , let mo add , profound consternation at the South . The secrecy with which the plot -was brought to maturity , tjie largo quantity of . arms and ammunition which Brown had collected , tho facility with which he surprised tho village and seized tho armoury , the desperate tenacity with which he held it , the resolution displayed by all his followei'S from first to last , and more tluvn all , Brown ' s dauntless bearing , since his capturo , the lofty tone of moral superiority which he assumes over his captors , have made a profound impression on the Southern people . "

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    France And England. Undian Tho Title Of ...

    FRANCE AND ENGLAND . UNDian tho title of " The Isolations between France and England , " tho Journal de . i D & bats publishes the first of a series of lottors by M . Michel Chevalier , recording his impressions of England during hid journey noro , especially with regard to tho maintenance of paaiflo relations between tho two countries . After expatiating on the vastnoss of our cotton manufacture and tho qunnlilty of corn we import , M . Ohovalior describes the Groat Eastern and tho Banlc of England as furthor proofs of our industry and . our wealth . To protect ) such a conin nioroo as wo carry on with nil tho world , and to guard such treasures as tho industry of Honorationa Itas accumulated at home , it is oasontial for England that tho eeas should bo free fur her j and though

    she no longer affects the empire of them ,. and has recognised the rights of neutrals , and made other important concessions to the spirit of the age , yet there is practically a limit to these , her immense commerce compelling her to maintain the virtual sovereignty of the ocean . "England , " says M . Chevalier , " would be seriously affected in the very conditions of her existence on the day that any possible coalition of maritime powers should be able to oppose to her fleets superior or even equal fleets . It is for her a question of life and death . In this point of view it is inevitable that every time one of the great Powers increases her navy considerably , England should increase hers in a corresponding measure . The very instinct of self-preservation i ¦

    induces her to this . There are in politics laws as absolute as that of gravitation is in the material world . England obeys these laws in adding newfleets to her fleets as soon as she sees , or thinks that she sees , any Power whose flag is respected on the seas considerably increasing its navy . At this moment of transition , when the introduction of steam is making a radical change in the conditions of naval warfare , and when all naval forces are being recruited , England has thought that France had equalled , if not surpassed , her in the number of her large vessels on the new model * and a commission appointed to examine the question has informed her that such was the fact . Since then she has given par to the fionnsellors who recommended her to

    in' ' ' . over us only one real , incontestable , uricontested superiority—she has liberty in its widest acceptation , liberty of tlie press , liberty of assembling , of association , & c . It is to . that conquest tliat she owes her true greatness . Liberty and equality are in the arsenal of moral forces what rifled cannon nnd steam are in the arsenal of material forces . Equality ' fathers have gained , and it has penetrated our manners , our institutions , our laws , it is ineradicable . England lias liberty ; why should we not have it too ? Why ' should we deprive ourselves of Tan-offensive and defensive weapon of such power ? England docs not fear to borrow from us our rifled cannon ; why- should " we not borrow from her a weapon a thousand times more precious and more Useful—a weapon which creates instead of destroying , which builds instead of overthrowing ? Why leave to our ally , who may be an adversary to-morrow , the exclusive possession of an advantage which we may adopt , and whose use is already familiar to us ? We admit that England 1 ms over us only one real superiority , But . a superiority which may , on a given day , become overwhelming . Can we have , can we enjoy this superiority ? ~ Yes , because we have already enjoyed it . Ought we to adopt it ? Yes , because it represents an invincible force . We are not examining the question whether it is necessary to our internal life , whether it would render the play of our social machinery more useful . We have no doubt about the matter ; but the only point we wish to elucidate is . the following : —Does England owe to liberty the power of which unfortunately she doesnot always ncake good use , and which she is too much inclined to direct to selfish ends ? With history in our hands we can answer in the affirmative . Jt is to liberty that England owes that initiative , that boldness of conception and-of execution , which have placed her in the first rank among the nations ; it is liberty that has enabled her'to surmount ali the obstacles that have been-heaped up in-her path ; it was to liberty that the -great Peel addressed himself when he wished to solve the problem of free trade ; and , in short , if it wi-re necessary to prove the excessive value which Engla . nl sets on liberty , wo . need only recall the efforts which she has . made at all times to keep a monopoly of it , to . prevent other nations from enjoying it , or to provoke sin abuse of it among those who enjoyed it already . Since liberty is so powerful a Avoapoh , lor us possess it ; let us inscribe liberty in our codes of law . The JCiigiis'h Government believes itself so much the stronger against us and against Europe , that it knows Europe to be unarmed at so important a point . Let us arm ourselves , and this resolution will perhaps be sufficient to make England understand the anachronism of her pretensions , and to bring her to more j list views of her own situation-and the situation of Franco . "

    crease her maritime power . . She appropriates every year a large sum , unanimously voted to building ships of the line and fortifications . In this matter we may say that she follows to an unreasonable degree the reeoinmendation of the sage—to exaggerate the forces of your actual or possible adversaries , and on the contrary , to disparage your own as much as possible . Up id the present time , however , all that she does is purely defensive , and includes nothing at which Prance can take umbrage . It is-further to be remarked that the ardour with which England is now building a fleet is essentially transient , for the object she aims at will be attained before long . The programme of England is to have in ships of war an effective equalling that of the other great maritime states , and even surpassing it , to allow for the necessary protection of her foreign

    possessions . But what does this mean , if not that ihe English fleet must exceed the united fleets of France and Kussia ? for beyond these States , and confining our attention to Europe only , no pretences are made to the display of thes ' splendid and formidable apparatus of national power . Now , from the moment England wishes for such a result , it is in her power . It is easier for her to lauch , in a given time , a hundred ships of the line , than for France and Russia united to construct fifty , for here the ways and means are money , are building-yards , including those in which the great steam-engines are made . Now , no man of sense will dispute that England can , if she will , devote to naval purposes much more money than France and Russia together , and it is still more notorious that a comparison of the respective building yards is , in at least the same proportionin favour of England .

    , It'is ' not , then , to be presumed that any Power would enter on a hopeless rivalry with England and essay to equal her in the greatness of her fleets , for every one well knows that England would leave behind any ono -who should wish to follow her . Therefore it is within probability that England will soon . become more moderate in preparations which , we admit . onco more , arc merely defensive . There is a case in which England might pass from the defensive to . the offensive attitude with that vigour which belongs to her temperament , and which is well enough described by tho self-conferred name of John Bull j and that is ,, supposing any ono of tho great Powers of Europe should provoke or threaten her . It would be the same if , without seeing horsolf to be the object of open attacks , she conceived that there was on the part of any one of tho Great

    Powers a premeditated plan of keeping her in an incessant state of alarm . We might then expect to soo England , irritated by degrees , at length displaying Her anger in a remarkable manner , and striking with all her might u thundering blow . But , j udging from tho observations I have boon able to make and tho information I have been able to acquire , sho would not proceed to that formidable extremity without a deliberate examination and a deliberate conviction that there was a design against hor poaco nnd her safety . That is to say , it sooms to mo that it is easy to avoid that collision which would wring a doop groan from civilisation , or rather it is to admit that suoh a calamity will bo avortod . M . Louis Jotirdau , ono of tho principal editors of the Slavic , luia just published a pamphlet , entitled ' La Guerre a rAnglais , " 1 ' rom which wo extract tho following : — " Wo havo tho advantage over England ot a warlike population , an army which the principle of equality raises above all tho armies of Europe ; wo have all tho powers of domouruoy j England has

    The Papal Government. An Important Treat...

    THE PAPAL GOVERNMENT . An important treatise , entitle ! "La Corte di Roma e il Vangelo , " written by the Marquis Roberto d'Azeglio , father of the Sardinian Minister in London , has just made its appearance . It should be observed that the Marquis is a strict Catholic anil ii religious man . Ho remarks that the Pope ' s Allocution , dehvered on the 26 th September hist , has given great pain to the truo friends of the Catholic religion , by tlio

    manner in which ho has . animadverted on tho spontaneous moruinent of the populations of' Central Italy towards union with Victor Emmanuel s kingdom . The causes of that popular resolution had already been acknowledged'l > y nil Europe to ho in tjie intolerable pressure of the ferocious Austrian despotism , and next , in the pertinacious refusal ot the Roman court to satisfy the just deimiuds ot its subjects for tliu reform of tho various abuses under which they have suffered . . " It is a scandal to the vholo family of Christendom , " says the Marquis , " that tho vicar of Jesus Christ . should , act » n « i speak at tho dictation of a minister ( Cardinal Antonelli ) to whom , Italy ascribes the greater part of her present misfortunes , and that by lus »« Bf [ f" , tlon tile Pope should speak in a tone of worldly indifference and levity about the rn wulo of h \» dominions and tho just discontent ot Ins people . S ? ncere believers In U » u Gospel have been led to com-™™ this attitude of thu sovereign Pontiff , surrounded i

    by tho purple-robed assembly of his UurJiiuUs , wu the sublime precepts of the first Pastor of lliu Church in his sermon on the mount , when ho laid down tho w of righteousness and charity for all mankind . So spread of popular education , and the circulation or tffii printed Scripture * amongst tho working classes , tcmil to UiHuso those impression , * tar and w do What are tho people to think of it when tliey look around them anil behold tho luxury and ui ' rotfauoo of the prelates , and tho ovjis winch a tuoh to the possession of temporal authority by tlo head of tho Church ? Where can they ftnd ¦ my warrant lor this Papal sovereignty in tho Now Testament ? What kind of a sensation must bo produced on tho plain mind ot an honest

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Nov. 12, 1859, page 9, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_12111859/page/9/