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republic , under the protection of Russia , Prussia , and Austria ? If the system of laissez-faire ( not to say complicity ) be maintained , we shall soon see how much sincerity there is in the declaration of this official paper , that " Austria aspires to no greater influence in Tuscany than is secured by treaties and her reversionary rights . " As to the solemn phrase— " though hatred and revenge are passions unknown to this Government , " *
¦ what can we say when we think of the frightful slaughter of Eperies , in Hungary ( 1687 ) , by the Austrian hangman , General CarafFa ; of that in 1846 in Galicia , perpetrated by Austria ' s hired assassins , who were paid by the Government so much , per head for the slaughter of the defenceless nobles ; and that of 1849 , in Hungary , during and after the war , by the modern Caraffa , Haynau , and his atrocities in Italy , especially at Brescia ?—or are these butcheries to be called " punishments deemed necessary " ?
How these Austrian scribes who fabricated the ** semi-ministerial reply " to an article of one of our evening papers , will prove the assertion that " in the Spanish zcar of succession , Austria battled at the same time for the interests of England , ' " we are at a loss to conceive . Exclusively waged for the dynastic interests of the Hapsburg dynasty , viz ., to conquer Spain , it was begun in 1701 by Leopold ( 1701-1705 ) , who In all his undertakings was the tool of the Jesuits , his constant advisers , and the express instigators of this war . His eldest son , Joseph I ., unsuccessfully continued what his father had rashly
commenced ; and after Joseph I ., his brother Charles III ., ¦ who was already in 1703 designated by his father successor to the expected throne of Spain , and who , having been by his family proclaimed actual King of Spain , hastened thither with Hungarian troops to maintain his illegal claims ; but the Spaniards so valiantly defended their own rights , that in 1711 he was entirely driven out . Such was the issue of that war . Now , is it likely that England would have incited Austria , through the Jesuits , to enter into a war against Spain , to conquer that country , and to occupy its throne , and all for her ( England ' s ) interests ?
The last phrase , " Austria remains the same , but England has changed its tendencies , " is a reproach -which , for our part , we are disposed to accept with thankful pride . Austria is still what she ever has been—viz ., perjurious , a violator of treaties , tyrannical , cruel , revengeful ; and England has changed , because she has ceased to subsidize with her blood * nd treasure Austrian infamies . The ukaze , forbidding the Jews of the Prussian empire to wear beards , and the married Jewesses to . shave their heads , issued by the Tsar in 1846 , is ¦ executed with the utmost rigour . According to the
German papers , a detachment ot Cossacks has lately surrounded the Jewish synagogue at Peterkoff ( a small town in the so-called kingdom of Poland ) , and the commander of the detachment , accompanied by the mayor , upon entering the synagogue , made a strict survey , and inscribed on a list all the Jews who had shaved their boards , and separate ^ all those who had not . The Cologne Gazette mentions that at all the gates of Warsaw military barbers are posted , who at once shave every abnormal beard , with a sharp or blunt razor according to the sum of money paid in advance for that uncalled-for service .
The Constitutionalle Blatt of Bohemia states , in a ¦ correspondence from the Prussian frontier , a . s follows : —• ' The German papers startle us , at lirst sight , with their very odd tidings , viz ., that , in the Russian provinces of the Baltic , the I <] sthoniaus , Luvonians , and Fmlanders puss over in crowds to the Christian faith . " Our correspondent very justly considers that news as very ridiculous ; one would think , indeed , that the villages of the Baltic provinces are inhabited
by heathens , to whom Christian inismonanes are being humanely sent . Still , it cannot be denied that there is Home truth at the bottom , only misrepresented . l <\) r many years the Russian Government has sent its Hchismutiu missionaries into these provinces , to convert their Protestant populations to the Greeco-Russiuii creed . In the towns peopled by Germans the number of proselytes was very insignificant ; but . among the raw and ignorant people of the villages of JUsthoniii , Xiivonia , and Finland , being easily allured
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* Francis 1 ., for instance , who was not the worst of the Austrian rulers , and who reigned for forty-four years { 17 ' ) ' 2-1 B , ' 5 (>) , was in reality the most , revengeful and reiined of tyrants . 1 ' or example , lie had a model of Spielberg , representing all the inner cells of the prison , with little figures in them personating the political Italian jind J ' oIihu prisoners incarcerated therein , livery day at hreilkfitKt time that model was put before him , together with the daily report of the governor of Spielberg , lie then looked over the said report , and if the prisoners
and so had not made the confcHtnon lie wished , and which would have procured him more victims to torture , he took out the little figure representing that prisoner , and put it in another cell , in which the prisoner wan to bo sub- / jnitted to a torture more cruel than that he had hitherto undergone—he having himself invented different kinds of tortures for different cells . Such was the pastime of the paternal ruler of Austria , which full y shown his goodlicurtedriess , and proves that " hatred and revenge ( ire vat / awns unknown to tho Austria ?* Government . "
by promises , they reaped an abundant religious harvest . Their apostolic zeal has , for the last fewyears , lain somewhat dormant ; for they did not think it prudent to provoke excitement at a moment when the neighbouring German countries were revolutionary disposed ^; but the schismatic missions have been lately successfully resumed , for there is now not one village in the above-mentioned provinces in which some converted Greeco-Russians could not be found . The German papers state , that in Besarabia Russian troops are being numerously concentrated , and among them are many regiments which acted in the Hungarian war , and are inured to war .
Russian recruits deserting to Prussia were never so numerous as now . They are , of course , given up to Russia by the Prussian authorities . Their severity is especially directed towards the deserters belonging to the Mosaic creed . By the zeal the Prussian Government manifests on this occasion , it pretends to be especially prompted by goodly feeling towards the inhabitants of the so-called kingdom of Poland , where the communes are obliged to furnish three recruits for one deserter . From the frontier of Poland a correspondent writes to the Baltic Gazette : —
" Russia is the country of palace conspiracies and revolutions . Scarcely has one conspiracy been subdued , when the Government tracks out another . A rumour is again current , that a formidable conspiracy of the nobility was discovered at St . Petersburg , purposing to bring about this winter a revolution , and that , consequently , many persons of high rank have been arrested . The plot , it is said , was betrayed by some Circassian officers of the Emperor ' s lifeguard , whom the conspirators endeavoured to enlist into the conspiracy .
In virtue of an ordinance issued by Prince Poskevich , classed functionaries , and retired military officers , are entitled to possess firearms , without asking for a special permission ; but they are not allowed , under any pretext , to lend them to others , under the penalty of being deprived of the permission , and under the severest responsibility . The funeral of the late King of Hanover took place on the 26 th ultimo . The public were not admitted to the ceremony . The King of Prussia returned to Berlin from Hanover on the 27 th ultimo . The members of the two Chambers dined wife the king at the Palace , on the day following . Covers were laid for 600 guests . The state of siege in the Grand Duchy of Baden has again been prolonged .
The opening of the Session of the Prussian Chambers took place on the 27 th ultimo . The address was read by the President of the Cabinet . It contained no reference to the foreign policy . The convocation of Provincial States , which has been granted , is to stand as a Provincial Representative Assembly ad interim , and their decisions are to have no other force than the expression of an opinion . An additional grant will be necessary for the army . The state of the finances was satisfactory . Every hope was cherished of the September treaty being brought to a successful conclusion . With respect to the prevailing scarcity , no encroachment would be made on the freedom of commercial intercourse . In conclusion , the king rested his trust on the patriotism of the Chambers . ¦
The Schleswig-flolstein question seems to beat last arranged in what may be called a satisfactory manner ; if it be satisfactory to find that an obstinate struggle and a protracted negotiation has resulted in the Status quo ante ; in other words , that things remain exactly where they were before the war . Schleswig will not be incorporated with Denmark ; but will form , an independent part of the Danish Monarchy , with its own provincial representation , llolstein remains in its former position with regard to the Confederation ; and the separate provincial system , of Government , as it existed before 1818 , will be again established there . In fact , wherever it is possible , and as far as is consistent with the integrity of Denmark , the administrative independence of both duchies will be strictly adhered to .
Ihe Austrian ( iazette contains a Ministerial edict , signed by Dr . liach , and dated November 1 ( 5 , forbidding all meetings of the brotherhoods known by the name of German Catholics , or l'Viends of . Light , alias l *' ree Christians . The reason assigned for closing these associations is that they have been ascertained to conceal , under the cloak of religion , designs against the State , and that ouo of the chief aims of the sect is to undermine the foundation of society . All the : unions existing under either of the above names are therefore declared unlawful , and a ban placed upon them . The formation of any other societies which , with a different name , are derived from , or connected ^ with these , is also Htrictly forbidden .
The nccounts from Upper Italy are most deplorable . The municipality of Milan exhorts the inhabitants of that city to raise subscriptions in aid of the sufferers by the late inundations . In almost every part of the Peninsula similar disasters have to be deplored . Capital punishments are now of frequent occurrence in the Jtomiiu States . On the 15 th of last month , three men were executed at Fahriano , for tho attempted murder of a priest . This attempt occurred on the K 5 l . li of May , IMS ) , at ICome ; and now , three years having nearly elapsed , these unfortunate men , one of whom was an exoflioer of tho National duard , of the name of Ycntruni , have boon executed .
ANNIVERSARY OF THE POLlSH ^ v ^ S OP THE TWENTY-NINTH OP NoVeMBBR , 1830 ° Last Saturday evening the Polish Democratic e * ilo resident m London , met at Lambert ' s Tavern ? i Lion-court , Fleet-street , to commemorate th twentieth anniversary of their revolution of 1830 ' The chair was taken at eight o ' clock by M Zahitlmember of the central committee of the Demonr !* - ' Society ; who opened the meeting with aaSSS ? * speech full of hope for a nigh regeneratio n of PoS Lieutenant-Colonel Stolzman delivered a discoirr on the duties of a Pole and a Democrat , both to hi own country and to mankind at large . He sever ?/ reproved those exiles who accept , or begfor , an armWtl
irom a loreign despotic usurper ; no less severely diri he censure the un-Polish conduct of his GaUcinn countrymen in their reception of the Austrian spoliator . M . Lopatsinski , who , like the Chairman was a member of the Polish-Hungarian Legion , very eloquently and documentary showed , that ' all parts of Poland the new generation , to which he himself belongs , is truly Democratic . The exiles , thirty-nine in number , afterwards partook of a modest supper , after which they chaunted " national hymns and songs appropriated to the occasion , and separated at twelve o ' clock .
As the Polish exile 3 in Paris were not allowed this year to assemble , they were compelled to content themselves with commemorating the anniversary of the 29 th of November by attending divine service . Thus , in the Church , Notre Dame de Bonnes Nouvelles , the Polish Democrats assisted at the celebration of a mass . A sermon was afterwards preached by a priest belonging to the Polish Democratic Society . In the Church de l'Assomption the Polish refugees , belonging to the aristocratic party , joined by those who have no political opinion whatever , assisted at the celebration of a mass , and offered up prayers .
If in Vienna the proceedings of the Exchange are watched by the police , the Parisian police in a large body , assisted by some tergents de ville , were on this occasion no less active ; and the divine service performed in the two above-named churches was rigidly watched by them , so much so , that the slightest motion of the hearers , deemed by the sceptic sergents de ville as unsuitable to the ceremony , was severely admonished by them . It is , perhaps , not out of place here to mention that , even under Louis Philippe ' Government , the Poles were never prevented from holding anniversary meetings , as well in Paris as throughout the whole of Prance . Is not that a proof that Louis Bonaparte is a tool in the hand of Nicholas ?
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THE REFORM CAMPAIGN . The long talked of Manchester conference and public meeting took place on Wednesday . The attendance was large , so large , indeed , that the delegates were compelled to adjourn to the Spread Eagle . Almost every district in Lancashire and the West Riding was represented . There were also ten members of Parliament present . Mr . Cobden , M . P ., Mr . Bright , M . P ., Sir J . Walmsley , M . P ., Mr . Sharman Crawford , M . P ., the Right HonourableT . M . Gibson , M . P ., Mr . James Kershaw , M . P ., Mr . G . Thompson , M . P ., Mr . L . Hey worth , M . P ., Mr . J . B . Smith , M . P .. and Mr . John Williams , M . P . f f ^ f ^ a M ^ - * *» ~ i ^ A ^ 4 m w ** ^ -r " " ¦ — ^ ¦ * -m ~~ v -y — — _ made
Mr . George Wilson occupied the chair . He the customary opening speech , and introduced Mr . JohnBright , M . P ., who came forward with the cut and dried resolutions agreed to at a preliminary meeting . Mr . Bright described the meetings in which the resolutions were adopted as refreshingly unanimous , the resolutions themselves , he said : — " I do not propose now to submit any set of abstract propositions ; but rather , knowing the great differences of opinion that exist in various classes—from the man wealth and station down to the enthusiastic artisan wn has no stake but his labour , —looking at these « " »<<*• Bay , we should submit a plan « f reform that would giv a large measure of political liberty to the peop le , < « alao conciliate the largest amount of public "I " " among the more wealthy and intelligent classes 01 community . { Hear , hear . )"
He considered that a new reform bill every hve years would be a nuisance" We therefore are bound , in my opinion , at once to hit upon some scheme which shall settle , this < lU ( 'b"' \ ^ at least so a « that whatever future amendments in . j necessary can be effected , carefully and B ;; " " } l ,, itrr out interruptinthe general business ol uu . «¦ '
g Now the resolutions I have to propose are uni i with a definitencHs which some gentlemen " >»/ (() undesirable , and at the nmnc time with a vagueiiii ^ which others may have an equally strong olije ««¦«»' ; (() have endeavoured to prepare them in such n » l »< I | l ( . lay a basis on which the superstructure of a ri lor might be erected on understandable and deli _ « " << W >» At the same time we have been disposed to I « _ . ^ , „ matters and details open for dismission amI i » r , ment in Parliament while tho bill is pa « HiiiK tn . oug
committee . , | Tho following arc our resolutions , exclaimed Bright : — . 1 ( j (] , <> " 1 . That thin conference has maturely ' }' ^ ! J Jtil , - cxiHtin K Htate of ( he representation . of £ * £% , lich are dom , and has deliberated upon . , ' {"" Sectatiou- ol required to » ati » fy the juat and moderate expecta .
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1154 . && * JLiaftlt * [ Saturday ,
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 6, 1851, page 1154, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1912/page/6/
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