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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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ise , jfc G . H . Coote ; the Gipsy Queen , Sir H . Bold ttoffhton , Bart . ; the Susan , the Earl of Hardwicke ; the Aurora , Mr . Le Marchant Thomas ; the Arrow , Mr . T Chamberlayne ( Vice-Commodore of the Royal Vicftflria Yacht Club ); the Camilla , Mr . J . E . W . Rolls ; Jhe Sp ider , Mr . F . P . P . Delme Radcliffe ; the Cygnet , Mr Had worth Lambton ; the Claymore , Mr . Archibald Camp bell ( winner of the great prize at St . Petersburg ); ibe -Mosquito " , Lord Londesborough ; the Dolphin , Mr . William Smith ; the Nautilus , Mr . George Bates ; the
Plover , Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Brown ; the Ripple , TVlr D ouglas Dickenson ; the Freak , Mr . William Curlin ; the * Fancy , the Rev . R . T . Hartopp ; the Leda , Lieutenant-Colonel Sniith ; the Beatrice , Sir W . P . Carew , Bart . ; tbe Frisk , Mr . George Afkwright ; the P andora , Captain R . Smith . Barry ; the Osprey , Lieutenant-Colonel R . W . Hueyj the Maritana , Sir Henry . " Edwards , Bart . ; the , Sybil , Mr . J . J . Rufford ; the Lotus , the Marquis of Bath ; besides many other yachts , the names of which we could not learn .
TJie sailing committee consisted of Mr . W . Ponsonby au < 3 Mr . Richard Franklyn . The amusements opened on Tuesday with the race for her Majesty ' s Cup , of 100 guineas , for cutters of 75 , and not more than 105 tons , belonging to the Royal Yacht Squadron , for which the following vessels were entered : — Yachts . Tons . Owners . Flag . Aurora . 47 Mr . Le Marchand Thomas White , red star . liavrock 72 Captain Williams Red . Arrow . 102 Mr . T . Chambcrlayne . . Blue flag , white
arrow . The Queen ' s Cup Course—viz ., from a cutter moored ¦ off Cowes Castle , round the Nab Light , returning thence to Cowes , and proceeding to a vessel moored off Yarmouth , and back to Cowes Castle , where the race would Conclude . A time race on a new scale . The Arrow , from her late performances at Ryde , was decidedly the favourite .
The morning was pleasant , with a light breeze from the S . E ., which occasionally freshened in the course of the day , but never blew strong . The course was what is called the Original Queen's Cup Course—namely , from a vessel moored off Cowes Castle to the Nab Light , and thence to a vessel stationed off Yarmouth , and back to Cowes . The course is about 70 miles . The yachts started well at 10 a . m ., but from the first the Arrow took a decided lead . It was said that her station was
more favourably situated for the tide , and thus she gained a good start ; but at any rate she did shoot a-head and maintained her position throughout the day , passing both the Nab and the station-vessel at Cowes nearly an hour before her competitors , and reaching the final goal at Cowes at 4 . 12 p . m . Thus the Arrow retains the laurels which she unexpectedly won from the America . In one respect the
Aurora and the Arrow are under similar circumstances , for both have been lengthened , and their bows altered more than once . The Arrow ' s bow was last altered , we understand , under the direction of Mr . Chamberlaync , her proprietor , and greatly has she been thereby improved . Those who recollect the Arrow thirty years Jigo mny be surprised at her present proud position ; but , nevertheless , it is pleasant to see an old friend so distinguished .
The want of interest in a race which was languid from tho disparity of the yachts engaged , which no circumstances of woither enabled seamanship or skill to ulter , was relieved by the appearance of her Majesty ' s squadron , on its return from Antwerp , which passed through Spithead shortly after noon . The Victoria iuul Albert returned to her accustomed waters as who left thorn , preceded by her little pilot-fish the Vivid , und followed by tho Fairy . Tho men-of-war steamers wore left considerably in the rear by tho Royal yacht , hut all reached Cowes-roads in the course of tho afternoon .
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PROGRESS OF ASSOCIATION . In a recent number ( August 7 ) we briefly glanced at ''!» 1 this scheme , by abstracting tho introductory remarks m which M . Lechevnlier enforces tho expediency of an < v " ' ort to collect , concentrate , and rationally distribute
'lie orders of consumers as a means of crediting labour und o ( - increasing demand . It is easy to perceive the possible intimate connexion of such im idea with the interests as well of the co-operative stores and working nieu ' . s associations now spontaneously springing up all over Um country , an hf the existing competitive trades , and of the labour market , in general . Active -ndeuvours are being made to organize tho Institution , 1111 ( 1 "" "otingH will be held for its discussion and fur-Miuranec ut a more convenient hoohou . Tho following
considerations embody the " main idea of the Institution : " — Three general facts , carrying with them tho most important consequences , may be fairly asserted . 1 . That the desideratum for labour and industry , with their present powers of production , lies in finding the means of causing an adequate increase of the power of consumption , by affording every inducement and facility to consumers . 2 . That the greatest obstacle to such an increase of
consumption lies , on the side of consumers , in the want of needful and adequate information regarding the articles which might suit them best ; in the uncertainty of commercial transactions with respect to the purity , quality , price , and delivery of articles , the choice of merchants , the expense and loss of time incurred in the search for and examination of goods ; and , finally , in the want of a proper and safe channel to send their orders , and , when tho consumer is distant from the producer , to secure the right execution of his demands .
3 . That the excessive number of establishments , arising from disorderly competition , is adding , every day , more and more to the difficulty either of meeting the desideratum or counteracting the obstacle previously mentioned ; the eifect of irrational distribution being fictitiously to raise the prices , through undue and unjustifiable application of time , capital , labour , and skill , and on account of the great risks incurred by tradesmen ; or to encourage the spurious practices of adulteration , now prevailing in almost every branch of commerce . As regards the first statement , a demonstration of its truth , as wonderful as unexpected , has been afforded by the Great Exhibition of 1861 , such as no power of scientific deduction , no artifice of human language , could have conveyed to the public mind .
The almost constant excess of supply over demand in the markets of the world for every article shows , at the same time , that even the effective power of production , actually set in activity by labour , is far above the existing power of purchasing . As regards the second statement , the personal experience of any head of a family , of any housewife , or even of any man of business , whenever they are in want of such articles as are not included in the limited circle of their direct knowledge , always bought at so heavy cost , will testifyout the
how true and correct it is . Finding proper place to make a purchase , amidst the shower of advertisements , hand-bills , puffing reports , and through the chaotic mass of shops , warehouses , bazaars , marts , and emporiums , is almost like working to get out from a labyrinth ; and selecting the proper article in a given place , or transmitting an order and having it properly executed , becomes a very hard , troublesome , and hazardous task , accompanied with great loss of time ; whilst paying the right price for it is not a frequent case .
As regards the third statement , the practical endeavours hitherto made to counteract adulteration , or to keep competition ha the right path , as regards the double interest of producers and consumers , by the wholesome and righteous process of provident efforts , instead of the tardy and costly practical wisdom resulting from the blind and mischievous process of repeated experimental failures , have proved inefficient , have too much impeded and hindered tho realization of the desired object , and have been rather obnoxious to existing establishments . The growth of co-operative stores , although satisfactory , and in itself most cfesirablc , is slow , and has remained
hitherto limited to tho working classes ; the establishment of family stores by the higher and middle classes has not yet been begun , and will always bo checked by tho want of stimulus among people who can easily do without a little more comfortj and would not try to obtain it at the cost of inoro troublo and self-exertions . Meanwhile , both co-operative stores of working men and family stores have for their first result the displacement of tho existing trade , without affording to it any compensation for tho loss . Another effort ia now at hand—namely , tho concentration of trades , by joint stock companies , or by the spontaneous spread of tho principle of association among the tradesmen and merchants thomsolvcs .
This movement is also very desirable in itself , and would bo promoted , rathor than hindered , by any effort of the consumers to concentrate their demands , anil to act through a common centre . To help and assist honest tradesmen , desperately struggling against unscrupulous competition , is naturally comprised among tho objects of a well-combined industrial reform , and will bo carefully attended to by the founders of tho hereinafter described institution . In addition to the co-operative stores , and to the spontaneous concentration of the trades , the above-stated facts and considerations have consequently suggested the expediency of a new institution ( still wanting amidst the varied and manifold developments of association in England ) , having for its objects the increase of consumption , and the direction thereof through a proper channel , together with an especial care of tho consumer ' s interests . This institution , whose fundamental principles will l > o hereafter explained , is to be culled
T . II . K BOARD OV SUPPLY j YND DEMAND ; < : onhumishh' rnoTHcrrvn institution . That consumers need protection is a fact abundantly certified by the enormous amount of frauds in weight , quality , and price of articles , now prevailing in trade . But , a rational centralization of consumption is , at the name lime , the best means of serving the interests of labour . The groat obstacle to such a concentration of orders will be found , no doubt , in dho adoption by the consumers of that new mode of dealing with ( . lie trades , which will have * to ho carried out , in order to meet tho objects of The Board of Hupph / and Demand . But tho necessity of taking some trouble to that effect is to ho impressed upon tho mind of the rich , as a duly towards tho poor ; and upon the mind of the poor , as the only way of reserving to rightly managed otJlublitthinonlH tho market of their own labour .
A great concentration of orders will become , in the hands of the Board , a powerful means for developing industry and commerce in the right way , and for aiding co-operative associations of capitalists and working men , when properly constituted and properly managed . Hitherto the working ' of credit , as afforded by capital to labour , has been quite incomplete . The mero lending of money to the producer is rather burdening him , as long as a-market is not secured for the goods and articles produced by means of borrowed capital . Supplying money to labour is only one side of credit . The other side ( and , we should say , the most efficient one ) will be afforded by a proper organization of demand .
The Board of Supply and , Demand will distribute credit among the various trade establishments and workshops . It will exercise control and supervision over them , that it may insure the greatest perfection in the quality of articles and workmanship . Instead , then , of the customers having to deal with tho various trades , of which they know nothing , and of whose works and goods they are no judges , they will bo able to deal with a single office , to which they can safely entrust and refer all their orders . It is well understood , as a matter of course , that the customers , even after having become subscribers and clients of The Board of Supply and Demand , shall remain at liberty to forward their orders , at their own convenience , to the various existing establishments , and even to those recommended by the Board ; but the Board , in such case , will be free from all responsibility .
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COFFEE AND CHICORY . The following opinion from Dr . Ure has been obtained by persons interested in the coffee trade , with a view to its circulation among the retail dealers previously to the new excise regulation coming into force . It will be recollected that it was maintained by the late Chancellor of the Exchequer that there was no reliable method of detecting the adulteration of coffee with chicory . The error of this statement was demonstrated by the Lancet , but it has been thought advisable to take further steps to make a simple process generally known : —
" No problem in science is simpler or more certain than the detection of chicory , or of similar substances , in coffee powder . Ground roasted coffee imparts to cold water merely a pale sherry colour , whereas when it is adulterated with ground roasted chicory it communicates a brown colour , of greater or less intensity , to cold water . If three glass tubes , set upright , be charged respectively with a few grains weight of—1 , pure coffee ; 2 , of pure coffee mixed with a little chicory ; 3 , of coffee mixed with much chicory , and into each of these tubes a like quantity of cold water be poured , and if after- agitation the tubes be set upright at rest , the solid particles will soon fall to the bottom , and the transparent liquid in the stems of tho tubes will show , by the variable depths of the tinctures , the presence and proportion of coffee and chicory in each of them . An apparatus for making this experiment may bo had for Is . and would give test results of sufficient precision . "
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ARAB WRECKERS . AnABS , in the character of sea thieves , are not uncommon portents in the Indian Ocean . The Bengal HurJcaru reports the loss of the Centaur , commanded by Captain Salmon , and bound for Calcutta , having indigo on board . The following extract from Captain Salmon ' s narrative of the incident will be read with interest : — " May 14 . —About 00 30 a . m . ( civil time ) , tho gunner reported broken water ahead and on larboard bow . I ran on deck , and ordered the helm to bo put hard a-port . Tho vessel paid off , but not quickly enough , and struck . No land to bo seen , but the broken water was close to . Wafer under the stern , 3 fathoms ; under main chains 2 }; forward , 2 i fathoms . Furled all sails , lowered the quarterboats , and ran out a stream anchor and hawser to S . JK . vessel striking , but not very hard ; tho bottom 1 found was sand . Jlovo taut on the hawser , but finding that the vessel did not move , I . commenced to heave rice overboard from forehold , to lighten tho vessel forward , aho being free abaft . About 3 or hull-past I saw tho black broken cliffs of a capo to the N . IO ., and knew then that wo were about two miles to the southward of Ras-el-Kubba , 120 miles from Mu : ; cat , and , as the day broke , saw a s-iuuly beach ahead , from which we were distant about 300 yards . After daylight , observed ( ho current to set strong to S . W ., winch , taking the vessel on tho starboard-bow , had forced her to tho west of her course . Saw some largo boats coining down to us from southward , and shortly afterwards they came alongside , and all hands came on deck , in number about seventy . They appeared very friendly , and ollered to assist us in taking out our bower
anchor if I paid them . 1 made several bargains , each rising in price . At last , perceiving that 1 was losing time , 1 declined their assistance , and began to put the anchor into our own boat , but this ( hey would not allow , and with their drawn daggers drove the crow from ( heir work . Their numbers were now fast increasing , as they were swimming off from the shore on inflated goala' skins " , every one armed with ii creese , and some with swords . They now began to show their thievish propensities , the brass belaying pins going one by one . Still ( hoy tried to persuade me that they were willing to assist , only they said that the three parties which were on board could not agree about ( . he division of ( he money ; but , Inshallah , ( boy would got ( ho vessel afloat . Hy degrees Mioy threw off ( ho mask of friendship , and told ' us that the ship was theirs , having come ashore on their land , and was a gilt from tho Almighty to them . I begged of thorn to allow lift to work , but their answer was ' Wait" und ' Tho ehip ia oura .
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August 21 , 1852 . ] THE LEADER . 795
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Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 21, 1852, page 795, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1948/page/7/
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