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availing themselves of the stormy night , attacked the Turkish camp , where alarm and disorder were beginning to prevail . The Turks dispersed on all sides , and the following trophies of victory were carried off by the Montenegrins : —17 standards ( and among them that of the Prophet , which is said to consist of Mahomet ' s inexpressibles ) , 80 horse-loads of powder , 60 horses , a number of arms and silver-mounted yatagans , and last , though not least , 317 Turks' heads . The three Turkish vessels -which cast anchor in the Bay of Antivari on the 11 th were two steam frigates and a war steamer , with 2000 men on board . The squadron was under the command of Achmefc Bey . According to later advices from Constantinople , three other steamers have been ordered to the Albanian coast . They are to take on board several battalions of picked troops , which are to form a reserve corps .
A German letter from Vienna , of the 28 th , states as follows the tcnour of the instructions to General Count Iieiningenj on special mission to Constantinople : —Austria offers her good offices and her intervention to re-establish the status quo ante . In her quality of protectress of the Christian populations subject to Turkey , she demands the cessation of the persecutions and arbitrary acts to which the poor rayahs of Bosnia and other provinces are subject . In the event of a refusal of these demands , Count Leiningen is to inform the Porte of the iixed resolution of Austria to intervene for the protection of the Christians against all oppression and persecution .
On the whole , the accounts are as yet in favour of the Montenegrins ; but Turkey is making prodigious efforts . The Vienna correspondent of the Times , writing on the 29 th ult ., says— "It must be observed that , although the accounts are favourable to the Montenegrins , it is much feared here that Montenegro will be occupied by the Turks before General Leiningen ' s mission can be accomplished . Things have much changed here . A few years since the Montenegrins were honoured with the epithets of ' robbers , ' ' bandits , ' savage brutes' ( tvilde J 3 esticn ); now they are persecuted Christians . ' " The Montenegrine question is assuming very serious proportions , and demands the close attention of our Government . "Austria , " writes the Correspondent of the Daily
JVeivs at Vienna , " urged forward by an unseen hand , is to do the Czar ' s work , dismember European Turkey , and perhaps enrich herself with one or two of the provinces now subject to the Sultan . Such at least are the doings openly discussed at the court of Vienna , and embodied in all the correspondence of the entire European press dated from the Austrian capital . George Petrowitch , cousin of Daniel , is still at Vienna , where he appears to be singularly welcome . What promises may have been made to him , and whether , as is asserted , Austria Las engaged to defend the Montenegrin frontier from Budua to Albania , it is impossible to say . But certain it is that General
Leiningen has been sent off to Constantinople by special steamer , with most urgent instructions , while the Austrian army of Dahnatia has been reinforced , until it now num"" Ders between 25 , 000 and 30 , 000 men , a force preposterously out of proportion to the defensive needs of the frontier at any time , and especially so when each of the possible invaders has an enemy in hand . The- latest movements in the war department at Vienna indicate immediate military action . On the 2-lth ult ., two corvet batteries were sent from Vienna to the frontier , and two days after the regiment Constantino was ordered to Cattaro , with all its equipments mid field batteries . If English diplomacy bo worth anything , now is its time . f
lhe house of linpsburg appears willing to seizo this comparatively safe opportunity of paying tlie debt which she owes . Russia for aiding her in 181-S ) , by robbing Turkey , which did not aid the II ungarians when the existence of the Austrian monarchy was in question . It will , however , be for tlio western powers to consider whether the important military and naval positions aimed at by the secret protection of Montenegro are to be quietly conceded to a power more Asiatic than European , because ( lie ruler of Austria , the pretended bulwark of the west , has nil account to settle with the Czar .
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The Piediuontese Senate approved , on the 27 th ult ., by . ' 38 voles ( o 10 , the bill for the repression of tho slave trade . The Chamber of Deputies adopted on the hhiuo day , by 81 . to 27 , the project of law for tho reorganization of ( he Chambers of Commerce . There have been . serious apprehensions of disturbance since the ( rial of Ma / . / . ingbi , at Genoa , for preaching the-Gospel . The priests emboldened by the success of thin commencement of persecution , proceeded to make further arrests in the neighbourhood of Genoa , on tho name charges , amidst , the indignation of tho people . The king has granted a free pardon to Mazzinghi , but it is elear that , either the barbarous lawH of the old code uiunL be expunged , or the present constitution , guaranteeing religious toleration , must be sacrificed .
The Opiiiione of Turin of the . 'tint ult , states Mini . Count Cavour , President of ( lie I'icdmonlcsc Cabinet , is seriously ill of fever , and lias been bled live lime . s . Hy ( lie hint accounts , the fever bus abated , and the complaint him taken n favourable ( urn . A letter from Turin . slides that Mr . lire 11 . has ju . stsigned a contract with the I'iedinontoHe government , for a submurinc telegraph between La Spe / . ia and Cngliari . The expense is to be . 't , 00 O , OO 0 f ., bearing f > per rent , interest , guaranteed for f > 0 year . ) . The winter linn at Inn I . commenced in Savoy . Snow bad fallen for several ( luyn , after which a hard frost not in , to tho great , satisfaction of the peasantry . Letters from Naples of the 'J-Mh ult . announce that ( lie Grand ttpeciuff (' our / , has commenced proeeedingH against . kh ( J persons accused of participation in the jiiMurrcclinii of t \ w ICiUi oi" May , 1 H 1 H , who have absconded . 1 lie Doily AYw . s- correspondent at Naples gives a singular account of the doing * of the Neapolitan police . One man wan denounced for putting u ,, imperial crown on a pie . Another person being arrested , demanded to know on whut grounds , when tho only answer that ho received
from the commissioner was that he was not " geniale to him . Some objection vras taken to the style of his beard , on altering which he was pronounced " galant , " and discharged . Of the real efficiency , however , of the police in maintaining order and assuring public security , the writer gives an ^ - instance in the case of Mercadante ,. the composer . The " maestro" having brought out a new opera at San Carlo , as a Neapolitan " maestro" would boon such an occasion , svas bedizened well with chains and rings . Loaded with applause and trinkets , the poor " maestro" left the theatre at the close en route for his house , but was relieved of all his finery by four men in some part of Toledo . His first application was to a barber , bleeding being always had recourse to in cases of fright—his-second to a commissary of police , and whilst the tale was being told , and the investigation made , the maestro" exclaimed , "There are two of them , " pointing out , in fact , two of the guardians of public order and security .
The finances of Naples , as of other modern despotisms , are not flourishing . Recently , a million of ducats was taken from the Casa del Amortizzazin , which answers to tho fund in the hands of our Accountant-General of the Court of Chancery . Very interesting excavations are being undertaken , at Cumas , by the Prince of Syracuse . Amongst others is a temple erected to Diana , 345 palms in length . As yet only one side has been laid open to public observation , and the columns and capitals and other fragments have been carried off to the Prince ' s gardens , with a view to their restoration there . The architecture and the embellishments are of the highest Greek art , and are said to equal anything which we possess of the remains of the Parthenon . We hear from Home that the papal military chaplains are busy collecting the oaths of fidelity from the various detachments of Roman troops in country quarters .
General Gemeau has now left Home , and his successor , General de Montreal , has arrived . Tho King of Bavaria is still in Home . The Pope paid him a visit on the 22 nd ult ., escorted by French cavalry , as well as by his own dragoons and noble guard . A great sensation has been created in Rome , by an attempt to poison the entire family of the Marquis Bandini , by slow and gradual means , mixing the poison with the food .
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WIND-UP OF THE PEACE CONGRESS . The Free-Trade Hall , sacred as the theatre of many eld League meetings , when Manchester was making itself powerful , was the scene of the last gathering of the Peace Conference . The three orators , famous in the rhetorical triumphs of the North , Gibson , Cobden , Bright , followed each other in succession ; and the audience they appealed to was one of the largest ever assembled under that roof . Mt . Wilson announced , that the subscription up to that time ainounted to 4525 Z ., it was proposed to make that tip to 10 , OOOL The Rev . John Burnet moved the following resolution , —
" That as it is of the utmost importance to the peace of Europe , and to the general interests of civilization and humanity , that friendly and cordial relations should exist between this country and France , this conference deems it to be the special and solemn duty of all friends of peace earnestly to discourage whatever has a tendency to revive suspicions and jealousies between these two great nations , and to promote all such measures as shall serve , by extending their commerce and multipl y their amicable relations , to bind them more closely m the ties of interdependence and friendship . " Seconded by Mr . Ashwortl ) , of Bolton . Tins was unanimously carried .
Mr . Gibson defined his position in regard to the movement . He was not indiilercnt to tho safety or the honour of the country , hut he thought that the best way of promoting those objects was to secure the national friendship and good-will of foreign nations , instead of constantly suspecting their professions , and supposing they hate and envy us . . Hut tho fact was , that this cry for national defence , came- in with a surplus of income over expenditure . The " services" know that if John Hull can bo . sufliciently frightened , they will stand a good chance of getting some of that surplus . They have their eye on it at this moment . " T , also , have my eye on it , —1 want to apply it to the repeal of the Taxes on Knowledge . ( Cheers and laughter . ) Hut , as a , tax involves patronage , there is a great indisposition to apply a surplus in repealing a tax . "
Aggressive war was likely to follow a large peace establishment . The l YencIi army was never much smaller than now ; it will probably be lessened , as the ruler of France , seeking popularity among the agricultural classes , would thereby lessen conscription . There was nol , a single fact to show that we are menaced by I'Yanee . " I believe , upon my conscience , that there never was a time when tint prospects of peaces were so encouraging as ( bey are now . ( Cheers . )
" They talk of Cherbourg . Well , what of Cherbourg ? 1 ' cople fancy , I suppose , that Cherbourg in something .. that may come here . ( Laughter . ) Why , the guns of Cherbourg cannot reach to lOugland ; and unless you go there they will not , interfere with you . ( Cheers . ) Hut there is a great , work at . Cherbourg , and which , in point of fuel ., lias formed it great item of French expenditure for many year * in reference to the port ,, and that in the breakwater ( here , for tho purpose , in gales of wind , of rendering ( . ho anchorage secure , i know Cherbourg well . 1 have Noen tho English Union jack ami tho American slaru all triad
to take shelter from the inclemency of the weather under this breakwater of Cherbourg ; and I , for one , instead of viewing these works with jealousy , or with a feeling that they are intended to injure us , 1 view them as worts in which the world has an interest ; and I say the commerce of all mankind which may pass through the Channel ought to thank that great country for having , at enormous cost , constructed a work which enables merchant ships to find a secure anchorage when they might otherwise be stranded upon a rocky and dangerous shore . How absurd I Have we not subsidised great companies , and actually called upon them to build vessels suited for war purposes to cwry the mails to the West Indies and the United States , and
so forth ? Has not America done the same ? But the moment France p resumes to have a line , ' Oh , it can have no other object but to invade England . ' ( A laugh . ) I do not share in all these alarms . I believe the security of this country rests on our being a united people , on our being a peop le who have some knowledge and appreciation , %£ the freedom of our institutions ; and I will conclude these observations with the words of that eminent man , Sir James Mackintosh , when he said , ' Small peace establishments , a House of Commons jealous of the sword , tenacious of the freedom of the press , a people discussing fearlessly , and in the light of day , all the measures of their Government—these are the things which have conferred happiness and greatness upon the British islands . ' ( Great cheering . )"
Mr . Cobden began his long discourse by saying , that the papers accused the peace party of holding meetings in Manchester , and inviting the French to come over and invade us . There is a new—" not a new , but a renewed and increased organization in existence /' He would , once for all , offer an explanation as to its principles . " We have been , for three or four years , engaged in an international agitation , which has assumed the name of Peace Congresses . It was a happy idea , originating with some of the gentlemen connected with the Peace Society — from that society in New Broad-street j which , although it has been entirely , I believe , supported
by a few members of the Society of Friends , will be tie parent spring from which will flow the great stream and flood which are now destined to overspread this country . But that Peace Societ y was in itself founded on a principle which was recognised by the Society of ^ Friends , and it was generally considered to invite the co-operation only of those who adhered to the * non-resisting principle . It was a happy conception of some of the members of that body , that , by engaging in an international agitation such as the Peace Congresses became , they might open the door to the co-operation of all who wished to take any steps , however short , in the direction of peace , without compromising , on the one hand , the most moderate of politicians , or , on the other hand , those sincere and benevolent men
who have advocated the non-resisting principle . Well , gentlemen , it was when that peace congress agitation began that I first began , myself to co-operate with the Peace Society . I have never been myself a subscriber or a member of the Peace Society , strictly so called . Now , I do not wish to say that with a view to let it be inferred that I want to disparage that society , only I think it is best for all parties that there should be , once for ah " , a distinct understanding ; because that which enables mo to cooperate witli the gentlemen who have hitherto formed tho Peace Society will enable all those who really wish either to prevent war altogether , or to diminish its cost , or to in .
any way diminish the chances of war , it will enable all to co-operate for that great object . Then , what are our objects ? Not peace , at any price , it will bo said , becauso there are many who would not maintain peace at the expense of aggression unprovokedly committed on themselves when they had exhausted every moral means of settling a dispute . What is our principle ? Our principle is this : we Bay , all these- warlike establishments aro an evil . Some people may say , they aro a nocessary evil . We accept them only as a necessary evil , and we will diminish them as much as wo can , and would abolish thom if we could . "
Their position is , that military establishments aro an evil ; that if they are kept up by two countries * for the purpose of mutual defence and attack , then that by negotiation they could bo diminished proportionately on each side , and , finally , abolished altogether . Let our Executive make a proposition to tho French Executive to reduce their expenditure . It is revolting , humiliating , that while we are incited to Increase our a ran ainents , becauso Franco is increasing hers , our ambassador's lady should be dancing with Louis Napoleon , and not a word said by anybody except the peace party iu favour of stopping the evil of military expenditure .
" Now 1 . will give you a word of advice—I have boon talking enough , it may be thought , to our own Government - but , i am now going to oiler a hint to Louis Hapoleon ; and I . dare say I . shall be' charged for this with being a secret ally of . Louis Napoleon . I don't know anybody who has ( I will not say with what success , but with heartier goodwill ) fried to hamstring tyranny in every form , than I have done , and will do again whenever I have the opportunity ; hut I Khali be accused , I . tlaro say , of being the confederate of tho Emperor of tho French ; but
at . the rink of that I . will give him a word of advice . If were Louis Napoleon } would treat this cry in away that would lift , him up upon a moral pedestal , in spite- of hi « antecedents ; that would give him the advantage over all the crowned heads and governments of Europe . I would invite a conference- of the representatives of nil the grout powers ol Kurope , to see if they could not agreo to effect a mutual reduction of ( heir armaments . If lie wore to do no , my ( inn and conscientious conviction is , that if hucIi a conference- an I . have suggested met him on this question , there is not an executive government in all Europo which
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124 THE LEADER . [ SaWjmhV ,
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Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 5, 1853, page 124, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1972/page/4/
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