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each year . In case of invasion or imminent danger , the Queen may order the volunteers to be called into actnal Bervicej and during exercise and actual service the men are to have the pay of able seamen . In case of emergency , the officers and men of the Coast Guard and seamen riggers may be required to serve in the navy for a limited period ; and upon invasion or dange r * seafaring men in public departments are to be called to temporary service in the navy . There are certain
penalties set forth ; and it is provided that persons not attending when called into actual service may be apprehended ^ and punished as deserters from the royal navy . It is also provided that the volunteers who may be called into actual service shall not be liable to be sent beyond 100 leagues from the United Kingdom , and that the term of their actual service shall be one year , subject to being extended to two , by a royal proclamation .
The late Admiralty regulations of giving increased pay and other advantages to men and boys entering the' navy for continuous service are confirmed by a newbill . Every boy under eighteen years of age , entering the navy , shall be liable to serve until he be twentyeight years of age , and every person above eighteen , for tfen years * service from the time of entry . In future every man detained after the expiration of his term of service in cases of emergency will receive two-pence per day extra pay . The double bounty is repealed , and the rates of bounty , and the increase for early entering , &c ., are to be fixed by royal proclamation . The provisions of the act of William IV ., limiting the term to
five years' service , are repealed , with a saving clause in favour of the men at present entered under those conditions . The service of seamen may be extended by royal proclamation , and they may be required to serve for a further period of five years , if so . long required , and for such extension are entitled to a bounty , to be fixed in the proclamation . Powers are reserved to the Admiralty to discharge men , and those entered for continuous service will be entitled to pay while in sick quarters . Men absent for forty-eight hours without
leave forfeit their pay during their absence , and desertion may be punished summarily by officers commanding any ship with six months' imprisonment . Persons making fraudulent representations on entering may be punished as rogues and vagabonds . The powers of courts-martial are extended over persons in full pay of the navy for offences committed in the dockyards or victualling yards . The railway companies are to convey naval forces upon the sartie terms as the military and police . Provisions are also made for the payment of sums due to the relatives of deceased seamen . While our present sea force is thus being improved in spirit and efficiency , the preparations for building a new screw fleet are being actively carried on . The following is a statement of the ships , with an account of the ports at which they are to be builfc : — 1 IKB-OP-BA . TTI / E BHIPS . Conqueror 100 guns Devonport . Hero 00 „ Chatham . Bepulse 00 „ Pembroke . JfRI&ATESj Porto 60 guns Deptford . Topaze 60 » Dovonporfc . Aurora 60 „ Pembroke . SCREW COBVETXESp earl 20 guns ., Woolwich . Pylados 20 „ Sheorness . Esk ..... 20 „ Millwall . SCREW SLOOPS . Fawn 10 guns Deptford . Saloon V > » Pembroke . Ariel 8 » Pembroke . Total addition to tho ecrow fleet , 12 ships , to mount 630 guns . _____
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THE FARMER AND HIS FRIENDS . THE " agricultural interest , " no longer a political cry , makes practical demonstrations in fine shows and sensible speeches . This year ' s exhibition of tho Royal Agricultural Society has been hold at Gloucester with increased buccoss . Tho reaping machines havo contested as boforo , there being many in tho field , and though Hussoy ' u from America , and Boll _ from Scotland , aro noted ws good , tho prize is not yot awarded . A now invention that appoarod was " an automaton arm , " to make tho reaper deliver corn in sheaves ; it failed , but promises satisfaction . In portublo steameniritios tho great object is to reduce tho consumption of coal in proportion to tho power , and tho point just now reached w 4 . 32 lb . per horso-powcr per hour . Improved ploughs , drills , scarifiers , turnip setter , clodcrushorH , and oven Borne digging machines , show that machinery is being rapidly brought to replace tho labour removed by emigration . It is complained however * that tho machines exhibited aro of a kind and price more Huited to large landowners , and to the iianttcors of model farmn , than to tho atnallor tenantry who havo neither mind or money to appreciate them . In the cattlo show tho now rule of tho society «
disqualifying for over-fatness has worked well , though the evil is as yet not thoroughly abated . The pigs were still too fat , and so were the Cotswold sheep Respecting the latter the society is accused of having made a mistake through prejudice . It puts the Cotswold sheep , as " long wooHed sheep , " : in competition with the , Leicesters , When in fact it ought to recognise them as a distinct variety of stock . The general character of the show is thus summarised !— " The shorthorns make no great show , the Devons are very good , the Herefords fair * and the Welch very poor , the Southdowns , Shropshires , and Cotswolds excellent , but the last named too fat . The Leicesters do not come
up to the usual standard of merit . There is nothing very striking about the horses exhibited , but the Suffolks bear the palm away , and the display of Welch ponies is very inferior to what was expected . " The usual dinner of the society was distinguished by some very useful and agreeable speeches . Mr . Ingersoll , the American Minister , expressed a hearty applause of agriculture , " as not only the most aneient but the most honourable and useful employment of our race , " and as " the bond of union" between America and England in the exchange of their respective productions . He referred to the capability of English soil to support more than it now maintained , but if not " there is plenty of room in America , where you will receive a hearty welcome . " Lord Ashburton , who presided , was most eloquent and instructive in praise of agriculture . We quote his speech hi full :- ^ -
-. " I feel proud of having my name connected , even for a day , with a society which has done so much , for agriculture—so much for England . Other societies have risen before to beg or to extort assistance from the authorities of the day . They have passed away with the occasion that ( rave them , birth , without leaving a trace of their existence . This society has been , founded upon the principle , that ' God helps those that help themselves . ' We have left Governments to do their best or to do their worst . In spite of heavy blows and some discouragements , we have kept our shoulders to the wheel ; and God has so blessed our efforts that now , at this time , if you were to ask any one of the distinguished foreigners that honour England
with their presence , what produce of British industry is most unquestionably superior to the produce of the rest of the world , what is the produce of Great Britain which gives him the highest idea of the judgment , ingenuity , and practical skill of Eng lishmen , he would tell you that he has seen better silks in Prance , more beautiful cottons in Switzerland , that we are losing ground in edge tools and cutlery , that America equals , if not excels , us in shipbuilding ; but that there as one kind of British produce , the excellence of which no othercountrp can approach—one kind that menflockfrom all countries to see and admire , and purchase at fabulous prices—and that produce is tho produce of tkeBritishfarmer . ( Loud cheers . ) He would tell you further ,
that whilst Manchester and Spitalfields , and Stoke-upon Trent , and our other hives of industry , are wont to call in Frenchmen , Germans , and Italians , to assist , direct , and instruct them in the higher branches of their several arts , the inhabitants of the world come to us to learn farming . ( Cheers . ) But I am not satisfied with merely claiming the palm for our produce . I venture to assert that the farmer has far greater difficulties to contend with in his calling than any other producer—that his contest with those difficulties employs , cultivates , and develops more energy , more courage , more resource , moro practical wisdom , than is created by any other industrial pursuit . Take , for oxamplo , the case of tho cotton-spinner . He buys his end
machine—puts his wool or cotton in at one , to take the finished article out at the other . He undorgoes no risk , no anxiety ; ho deals , indeed , with tho powers of nature , but powers delivered into his hand , controlled , mastered and domesticated by his machinery . The farmer also deals with nature , but with nature in her wildest and most wayward moods ; he has to encounter her in tho tempest , ' in tho burning drought , in the overwhelming flood , in the plague of insects . Tho qualities required of him aro those of one who navigates his vessel amidst tho storms of tho Atlantic ; the qualities required of tho other are thoso of tho captain of aWgo , towed upon the peaceful canal . Tho consequenco is , that the farmer of the prethan tho steam
sent day is no moro liko tho farmer of yore - ship , that forcos its regular passage in spito of wind and current , is liko tho tub-flhapod galliot of old , that lay-to in ovory head wind , and mado ono voyago a year . Liko tho steamer , you havo learned almost to defy tho elements . ( Cheers . ) It is true you cannot stop tho dolugo of rain , but you drain oft" superfluous moisture—you cannot prevent drought , but you give such a crumb to ( ho aurfaco of tho soil by your implements , hucIi a strength to tho crop by your manures , as to defy it—you cannot arrest tho plague of inseots , but you hurry tho growth of tho turnip by artiiicial means , and raiso it out of their roach—you havo invontod breeds of boasts and shoop to make beef in twonty montlm and mutton in fifteen—( ChoorH)—you havo callod
the , steam-engine in to do your work—in short , you havo raised agriculturo from being a moro empirical punmit' to become a master acionco—a dominant art , rallying under its guidance , in wibordinato cp-oporation , tho . labours of tho chemist , the physiologist , and tho mechanician . Tho result is , that wo farmers of England , thwarted by naturo as no othor industry in thwarted —smarting under heavy blowa and sore discouragement experienced at tho hands of man , havo , by skill and por-Hovorance , elevated our calling to tho highest rank oi industrial purHuitft , and havo aono moro to illnntrnfco tho fikill and ingenuity of England than any othor proibsaioii . Tho roBulfc is , that wo , who havo mado groat ana generous Biicrificoa to tho public good , have mado more progreu *
even than those on whose behalf those sacrifices were made . ( Cheers . ) Now , gentlemen , why do I insist upon this ? It is not to flatter those entitled to this praise . It is to stimulate the backward ^ to shame those who still cling to the antiquated practices of their forefathers , who , in tho midst of light , still live in darkness . What is to bo done with those who , with our show stock before their eyes , go on rearing bony scrags of beasts that no feeding can fatten , who , with our prize implements before . their eyes , do that still by hand which they could do cheaper with machinery ^ who allow the runnings from their fields to wash the goodness out of their yard into the pond that gives drink to their cattle , whose horses are half-fed , whose fields are undrained , whose crops are unhoused , who reap as much
weed as wheat . ( Cheers . ) Depend upon it the days of f _ 08 e men are numbered ; they are condemned , not by the law of man , but by the law of God—by that law which he has made to regulate the growth of all that has life , by that law which speaks out to them in their fields , in their woods , that the plant which , stops in its growth is first hovered , then stifled . ( Cheers . ) The lagging farmer can no more hope to be exempted from this doom than he can hope at his will to add a cubit to his stature . I fear , gentlemen , that I have wearied you —( No , no )—but allow me , before I close , to address a parting word to the landowners . They also must perform their part . If they do not wish to see their lands desolate they must put up suitable buildings for their improving tenants ; but , above
allj they must prepare betimes to meet that great , that happy change , which is taking place between the labourer and his employers ; a change which I have earnestly wished for ; a change which , I thank God , I have been permitted to see , for it will raise the labourer from serfdom to the independence of a freeman . It will awaken into a new life of energy and usefulness that sluggish indifference into which his hitherto degraded position has cast him , and he will henceforth be a better workman , better parent , better citizen . ( Cheers . ) This only was wanting to fill up the measure of blessings which Providence has showered over our country ; but then we landlords must be prepared to meet this new emergency . It is no lonerer our business to seek , by emigration , to keep
down numbers within the limits of employment . It is now our pleasing care to retain the energetic , the active , and the industrious , hy increased comforts and by improved cottages close to their work . ( Loud cheers . ) So only can we render the home of their forefathers moro attractive to the labourer than the gold fields of Australia , or the increasing wages of the manufacturing- districts . But I will no longer linger upon this grateful subject , which . will be far better treated by my noble friend , Lord Harrowby , who will give you the toast of ' The Labourers . ' ( Cheers . ) Permit me to thank you for the kind attention with which you have heard me , and to drink to your health and welfare . " ( This spirited speech was heartily cheered . )
Lord Harrowby , in proposing " The Labourers , " was warm in bis hearty wishes for their improvement , ' and hopeful in anticipating good for them out of the new circumstances of agriculture . In disproof of the belief that machinery displaced hand labour he said : — " I recollect a remarkable instance to the contrary which occurred in the beautiful vale of tho Severn . I recollect where a farmer in the vale of Evesham employed ten men on his farm before the introduction of improvements ; he employed thirty or forty afterwards , when lie was using every kind of improvement in agriculture . Wo also find that where a district is backward in improvements of this kind there is to be found an idle , pauperised , and vicious population . Ifc stands to reason that if wo havo activity , if we havo enterprise , if we havo wealth and intelligence
employed by the masters , it is inevitable that these qualities will redound to tho benefit of tho employed . There is no fear that labour will bo superseded , but tho result of these improvements will be that tho agricultural labourera will become a higher order of men , and instead of expecting a labourer to bo a moro mechanical animal , thoy will be obliged to havo one of a inoro relinod understandingono who will be ablo to deal with an implement from hand to hand . Lot us not then bo jealoua of education ; lot us not bo jealous lest our labourer ' s child should get an education equal to that of our own . Tho Scot eh aro the best educated of the labouring classes , and thoy are notoriously tho most industriousmon in tlieBritish dominions . Men uro not moro idlo or less useful becauso their labour is directed by
intellect ; and if wo give them moro comforts tho advantages will not bo limited to themselves , but would bo participated in by tho omployor . They will not bo less faithful servants if wo supply schools for them to attend in tho evening , instead of spending their timo in tho alehouse . Very little attont . ion has hitherto been paid to their comforts . Thoy aro ill lodged and cared for , but attention has latoly boon turned to this Hubject , and tho seed which has boon sown had borno very good fruit . But in all thoso thingH , with regard to land , wo cannot expect to attain tho namo rapidity of improvement which lias boon accomplished in manufactures . Wo havo not tho sumo amount of floating capital at our command as tho manufacturers , i V i I il * il i " I and ted with cautionand
our improvements aro adop , slowly . But although tho improvements in ngriculturo aro not ho rapid an in manufactured , tho results of tho last ton yearn aro moat aonaiblo . Tho labourers of thiB country always nhow groat kind-haartcdnoss ; they possess gratitude and good naturo , and mutually help each othor . Lot uh not judgo too harshly of thoir conduct towards thoir employers ; man aro too apt to expect from others moro than they give to them , and omployora too much expect from tho labourer that ho should show an amount of nolf-dovotion to thoir interests which , when thoy no longer needed tho labourer ' s hel p , thoy aro not thoniHolvoH apt to display . "
" Tho health of Judge Haliburton" having boon proposed by Sir Roderick Murchison , tho author of Sam Slick ropo and epoko with great pith and humour .
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_ July 16 , 1853 . ] THE LEADER . 681
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Leader (1850-1860), July 16, 1853, page 681, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1995/page/9/
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