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past eight a . m . ' ( Thursday , the 18 th ) , and th 6 n lashed up Ms books , land Said he -would go and see how the ice was driving . He had only been gone about four minutes when I went round the same hummock under which we were sheltered to look for him , and on returning to our shelter saw Ma stick on the opposite side of a crack , about five fathoms wide ^ and , the ice all breaking up . I then called out , ' M . Bellot ! ' but no answer ( at tMs time blowing very heavy ) . After tMs I again searched round , but could gee nothing of him . I believe that when he got from the shelter the wind blew him into the crack , and his / southwester' being tied down , he could not rise . "
The man was asked , '' Do you think M . Bellot was afraid ? " and he answered " , Sir ; he was a good officer . " Another man of the party spates that Lieutenant Bellot inade a remark to him a short time before he was lost , saying nothing made himmore happy than to think that he was not on shore , for knowing his duty as an officer he would see the last danger , adding that he would rather die here than be on shore to be saved . A very interesting letter describes the meeting between Lieutenant Pirn , of the Eesolute , and Captain M'Clure : —
" TMs is really a red-letter day in our voyage , arid shall be kept as a holiday by our heirs and successors fat ever . At nine o ' clock of this day our look-out man nmde the signal , for a party coming in from the westward ; all Vent out to meet them and assist thciri in . A second party was then seen . Dr . Pomville was the first person 1 met . I cannot describe my feelings when he told me that Captain M'Clure was among the next party . ' I was not long in reaching him and giving him iiianyhearty shakes— -no purer wore ever given by two men in this world . M'Clure looks well , but is very hungtyi His description of Pirn ' s making the Harbour of Mercy would have been a fine subject for the pen of Captain Mariyat ,
were he alive . " M'Clure and his first lieutenant were walking ; on the floe . Seeing a person coming very fast towards tnem they supposed he was chased by a bear , or had seeii a bear . Walked towards him ; on getting onwards a hundred yards , they could see from his proportions that he was not one of them . Phn " began to screech and throw up his hands ( his face as Wr . ck as my hat ) ; this brought the capiain and lieutenant to a stand , as they could not hear sufficiently to make out his language . "At length Van . reached the party , quite beside himself , on M ' Clure
and stammered ouf ^ asking him , ' "Who are you , and wherp arc you cone from ?' - —' Lieutenant Pirn , llerald , Captain Kbilei t . ' This \ v » S more inexplicable to M'Clure , as I was the last person he sliook hands with in Eehring ' s Strait ? . He at length found that this solitary stranger was a true Itagliahman . — angel of light ; lie Sily 3 . — < JTC soon was seen from the ship ; thoy had only one hatchway open , anil the firowwere fairly janibcd there , in their endeavour to get up . The sick jumped oufcof their hammocks , and the crow forgot their , despondency ; iu , fact , all was changed on board the , Investigator * "
Tlie whole narrative sliows . us'that the . Arctic Seas have afforded a naval school , in which our brave sailors have learned their old lesson of doing their duty with cheerful courage . . , ' ' ' [ It appeared by out report last week as if the Iny . estif / ator had completed the North-west Passage . . This was an error . Lieutenant , Cresswell , . sent , with despatches from tlia Investigator , completed , the passage by a transit partly across the ice . 1
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AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP . Mil . EVERETT ON THE CUBA QUESTION . A VEttY good sj ) ccimcn of the state papers , issued by American statesmen , is Mr . Everett ' s reply to Lord John Russell ' s letter on the Cuba question . Mr . Everett , being no longer a Minister , writcH in his private capacity , but expressly * in answer to Lord John -iv-UBsell ' s despatch . After stating calmly that American Htato papers , uneensd at by tho English newspapers for their length , are extended becauso American ministers expound their viows in this way and not by Hpeuehes , the writer defendn the matter of his former despatch . ' ¦ . ¦¦¦
"Tliat sketch of the territorial changes Avhich haw taken place on Ihia continent during the lust century ,, ' Ayas . intended an an illustration of ( lie ' proposition , " that our entire history kIioavh it io bo numerical to attempt , in reference to . specific measures , to bind tip fot * nil future time tbo ditj - ? 'vction of a Government <( stablinhed'in a purl ; of the world of which so inuchiH still lying in a Htato of nature . ¦ I had another motive . Tlio public ; . opinion of Christendom , erealed in a good degrco by the pretMj , ha » become an oloinenfc of groat and increasing ii \ llut > iic , e > \ n the c . oi ^ tUiet ; of international affnirH . Now , it in A'ery jn , u <; li , the . linhij ; of a conniderablo porti on of tho Kuropoan press to ni > ealc < A" the Kloiuly and rapid ' extension of tlio territory pf l . ho'United Nlnlci on tho indication of a irrasbinff ' npirii on thomtrt of
•• heir Government mid people . ' The' " fliibjedijS in rarely alluded to by one Hcliool of traiinatjnntie public writers for any oilier pi ' irpoNo . Thus the public mind of the civilized world in poisoned against iih . Therein not only ' inaiiif '« nled <> ti the part , of these wvilorn iln entire Inmtnujbility tit ) the beauty mid grandeur of the avovIc that , is gomg oil - ivioi ' o b » nelir . cnl ; if poKniblo to Kuropo thftn to Ufi , "in the relief It in "Hording her -but , Wo m ' o ( lotunlly held up At , times nn a imtioii of land pirates . ' ' It , ' Wa . s plirtly Vny objeet , tu eoun-< cruel , thin diHponitioh ; Io uho \\ r that our growth had lxon <> natural growth '; that , o \\ v moot importantucceHn | oiiK of territory hud taken place 1 Ily great , national ( raiifiactiona , to which England , France , lit ' ul Spain hiul been JmrtieH ; urul in othor eaftoH by the operation of caused which' necoHHngril y ijilluonco tlio occupation and Bcttlcirient of a nc \ v cbunirf
in strict conformity with the laws of nations , and not in violation of them . " Mr . Everett then points out that the oi'ganization in the United States of the Cuban expedition is fully paralleled by the permission accorded by the English Government to Mazzini , Kossuth , and other refugees , to direct from London aggressions on foreign power . He does not defend the conduct of the expeditionary parties , and shows how they were discouraged by the President of the United States . He describes the antnal state of Cuba : — - '
" Tiere is , no doubt , widely prevalent in this country , a feeling that the people of Cuba are justly disaffected to the Government of Spain . A recent impartial French traveller , M . Ampe " , confirms the impression . All the ordinary political rights enjoyed in free countries are denied to the people of the island . The Government is , in principle , the worst form of despotism—^ yiz ., absolute authority delegated to a military viceroy , and supported by an army from abroad . I speak of the nature of the Government , and not of the individuals by whom it is administered , for I have formed , a very favourable opinion of the personal character of ' tKe present captain-general , as of one or two
of his predecessors . Of the bad faith and the utter disregard of treaties with which ttis bad Government is administered , your committees on tho slave trade have spoken plainly enough at the late session of Parliament . Such being tlie state of things in Cuba , it does not seem to me very extrnordinary or reproachful , that throughout the United States a handful of misguided young men should bo found ready to join a party of foreigners , headed by a Spanish genera ] , who was ready to persuade them , not as you vicAy it , ' by armed invasion , to excite the obedient to revolt , And . the tranqtdl to disturbance , ' bttt , as they AA ere led to believe , to aid an oppressed people in their struggles for frefi < 16 m . Therei is no reason to doubt that thpro are
at this moment as many persons , foreigners as yvell as riativesj in England , who entertain these feelings and opinions , as in , the United States ; and if Great Britain lay at a distance of 110 miles from Cuba , instead of 3500 , you might not , with all your repressive force , find it easy to prevent a sinall steamer , disguised as a trading vessel ,. frona slipping off from anouiporfc in tie night on an uiiLwful enterprise . " Mr .. Everett then characterizes the former conduct , in respect of aggressions , of France and England—the two Powers who-now ask the United States'to refrain from taking Cuba : — " Consider , too , the recent antecedents of tho Powers that inA'ite us to disable oursclvos to the end of time from
the Requisition m any Avay of tins natural appendage to our continent . France Avithin the present century , to ¦ gay nothing of the acquisition of Louisiana , has wrested' a moiety of JHuvnpe'frorn its natiA ~ e sovereigns ; hns ] iosscsj » ed hev& ' elf by force of arms , ami at the time greatly to the discontent ; of- England , of six hundred miles of the nort-liorn const of Africa , with nn indefinite extension into the interior ; nnd has , appropriated to herself one of the most important insular groups of the Pacific . England , not to mention- lior other numerous recent acquisitions in CAwy part of the . globe , has , even since your despatch . of .. tho iOth of February avos Avritt en , annexed half of tho Bunnnn Umpire to her overgrown Indian possessions , on groiyidt 'if tho statements of Mr . Cpbilen ' s pamphlet are to he
relifid . upon-r-couipnred Avith which tho rcnsons assigned by Kussia for invading Turkey are respectable , The United States do aiot require to bo advised of ' tho utility of 1 those rules for the observance , of international relations Avliich for . centuries hayo been known to I ^ ui'ope by the name , of tho' law of nations . ' f ' hey are known and obeyed by us under the same venerable name . Certain circumstances in our history have caused them to he ' . studied more generally and more anxiously here than in Europe . From tho breaking out oftlvrt Avavs of the French Revolution to the year 1812 , the Unitc p l States knew the law of nations only as the victims of its Nystomatio violation by tho great maritime Fownra of Europe . For these violations on the part of England , prior to 1794 , indemnification Avas iniulo under
the flOA'Onth article of Jays trealy . Jh > r nunilar injurioH on tho part of France avo were compelled to accept ; an illusory set-off , under the Convent ion of 3 800 . A few yearn-only elapsed before a now Avarf ' are upon our neutral rights wiis commenced by the two ' iPowerH . One hundred millions , at'least , of American property were wept from tho neon ivmlcr the BritiHh ordw . s in council , and tho French , Berlin , nnd Milan decrees . These ordcra > an < l <(] cer « CH avotc-at 1 'hc time wifiprocftlly < leelawd to be in ci » itravontion of lha law of nations by the two Powerri thornfl (? lv « M ,, e « ch ppenkiug <) f the measurcM of the other party . In IBfJl , nfter \ hn generation , of < , 1 jk ^ original HiiHerern hsid mink under their , ruined fortunes to tho grave , France ueltnoivle < lg « 'd ' lM' » " < IeereeM to liaA'e lxu i n of" that , cliiiractcr by a lat <» and partial mensure of indemnification . For our enormous loosen under the British orders in council , avii not only never received indemnificalion , but the HnerificeH
And MilVerintfrt of Avar Avens athled to those , ( spoliations on our commerce , and im'aniori of our -neutral rights , whidh led to it , n declaration . TJio . se orders wero at the , timerogarded by the JjariHclowneci , tho . lluriu ^ , ( he nroughamn , audithoothtir onlightiined st « teHincnof ( he Hchool to AvhiHi yf > u holon ^ , «« a violation of right um . l justice , an well im < it . floiuul policy ; « nd Avithju a , very 1 , ca , v years ( ho present th ' HtuigviiHhed Lprtl Chief . Tustice , pln < 'ed |> y youvnelf at , tho ' heiul ' of tho ( ril ) unaln of England , ha . s de ' elarocl that , Mho orderii in council AVere grievously unjuat Io n <> ntralH , und it is now pfepei-ally allowed that , they ' were contrary Io llxi law of TiiitiotiH ntitl our own municipal huv . ' That I ( ' all , my lord , to borrow your expresHion , « u uielaneholy avowal ' for tho chief of the juriMpriiflenc ^ vor a gvvnt orn pire—nciH ofiit « sov < u"oif 3 [ ii authority , countoiia . iurr . il byitu Parliament , rigidly oxecuicd by if , n Hncto . pn .. every tmi , enfon ^ ed m-ihe Courts of AdaiirHlty by a magintUto' wIiono , leiirninij owl elo (| ueiu-e urn among the uioderu glurioH of En ^ laiul , imtniHte < l in till M 10 lawful eojnimerce of a neutral und kindnjd tuition wua nnnihiluted , atul pronouncod by ( ho highest
legal authorit y of the present day , contrary , not merely to the law of nations , but your own municipal law . " The conclusion of the . letter is very good : — " You . will , not ,-I hope , misapprehend the spirit in which this letter is Avritten . As an American citizen I do not covet the acquisition of Cuba , either peacea !> ly by force of arms . When I cast my thoughts back upon our brief history as a nation , I certainly am not led to think that the United States have reached the final limits of their growth , or , what cornea to very much the same thing , that representative government , religious equality , the trial by jury , the freedom of the press , and the other great attributes of our Anglo-Norman civilization , are never to gain a farther extension on this continent . I regard the inquiry under what political organization this extension is to take place as a vain attempt to penetrate the
inscrutable mysteries' of the future . It will , if we are Avise be under the guidance of our example . I hope it Avill be in '• virtue of the peaceful arts , by which well-governed States extend themseh-es over unsettled or partially settled continents . My voice was heard at the first opportunity , in the Senate of the United States , in favour of developing the almost boundless resources of the territory already in our possession , rather than seeking to enlarge it by aggressive Avars . Still I cannot tliink it reasonable—hardly respectful—on the part of England and France , while they are daily extending themselves on eA ery shore and in eA'cry sea , and pushing their dominions by neAA conquests to the uttermost ends of the earth , to call upon the United States to bind themselves by a perpetual compact , never under any circumstances , to admit into the Union an island Avhich lies at their doors , and commands the entrance into the interior of their continent . " The dignified tone of this letter is in , contrast to the " shade of sarcasm" in Lord John ' s letter , the improper tone of which Mr . Everett calmly rebukes . ME . MAECT ON THE KOSZTA AFFATE . The Austrian Minister at Washington made the expected official demand for the extradition of Koszta , claiming" him as still a subject of the Emperor . It also protested against the breach of international law committed by Captain Ingrahani , in '' threatening the hrig of his Imperial and royal apostolic Majesty , the Hussar , v / ith a hostile attack . " To this document Mr . Marcy replies at great length . Koszta was one of Kossuth ' s companions at BTutayab . At the instigation of Austria he was exiled from thence , and came to the United States , selecting that country as his future honfe .
"On the 31 st of July , 1852 , lie made a declaration under oath , before a proper tribunal , of his intention'to become a citizen of the United States , nnd renouncenlleginnce to any other State ov SoA'exeign . After remaining here one voar and eleven , months , he returned on account , as is nlleged , of private business of a temporary character , to Turkey , in an American vessel , claimed the rights of a naturalized American citizen , and offered to place himself under tho protection of the United States Consul at Smyrna . The consul at first hesitated to recognise him as such , but afterwards , and sometime before his seizure , lie and the American . Charge d'A ( TainM , ad interim , at Constantinople , did extend protection to him , and furnished him wit U a tezkcreh —si . kind of passport , or letter of safe conduct , usually
given by foreign consuls in Turkey to whom they extend protection , as by Turkish laAVs they have a rig ht , to do . It is important to observe that there is no exception taken to his conduct , tiff ov his return to Turkey , ami that Austria lias not alleged tluit lie was there for any political object , or for any other purpose than the transaction of private business . While waiting , as is alleged , for an opportunity to return to the United States , he Avas seized by a baud of IravIchs men—freely , perhaps harshly , characterise : d In tho despsitehoa iib ' ruliiaii ; , ' ' Greek hirelings , ' ' robbers '—avIio had not , nor did they pretend to have , any colour of authority emanating from Turkey or Austria , treated Avitli
Violence and cruelty , and thrown into the mm . Immediatel y thereafter he aaiih taken up by a boat ' s creAV lyirnj in wait for him , belonging to tho Austrian brig of war , Jlussar , forced on board of that vessel , and there con lined in irons . It , ih iioav avoAvcil , as it , avjih then suspected , that these desperadoes Avore instituted to tin ' s outrage hy tho AuHtrian Consul-Goneral at Smyrna ; but it is not preteiulcd that , he acted under the civil authority of Turkey , but on tho contrary it in admitted that , on application to tho Turkish governor at Smym .-i , that magistrate refused t . o grant the Austrian Consul any authority to arrest KoHztn .. ' '
Mr . Marcy then relates the cndeavouiH made by the American ( Jonmil to get Koszta reloaded , and titatcM tliitt while : ui inquiry w ; w avowedly pending an to tho dLsponal of tins prisoner it , cnnu > to tho oar « of Captain Ingiahain that Ko . szta AvaH to l > o Mirrep ( , itiounly mmoved to TrieHfce . H « , tlierelore , threatened to uho forco in contravention of the removal , and tho ro . sulfc waa that . Koa / . ta Avao placed in charge of the lAeiieh ( . ' oiiHiil (} onoral at tSniyrna . Mr , Mar < : y tlton di . 'icuksom tlio j ) rineiplea involved in tho ju'ocoedingH . Kirst Htating tlio old theorioH of " allegiance , " indcHtructiblo or only changeable by mutual coiiKont , bo tit » ten " the fioiuuh'r and more prevalent , dootrino . "
'' The citizen or Hiiltjeet , having faithfully ]> erfbrinocl tho past , and present , duties , resulting from bin nshition t < j th « Sovereign power , may fit any time rcleaHo himself fvom tlvo ol > . | iga ( , ii ) ii ( i of ullegianee , fre < f'l y (| iiit , the land of hju liirth or adoption , Heek through nil eountrieH a home , and ticletrt iuiywhew' Mutt , which o / Ior ; i him ( ho fun-oat proHpocfcoi' l > appine . sji for himself mid posterity . When l , ho Sovereign power , Avlierever it may bo placed , < loon not nnmvoi- thn end for which it in l ) e « toweil ~ -wlieu it in not exerted for II 10 general wo ) fare of ( lie people , or ban become oppressive to individuals- thin right to withdniAV renln on an firm abasia , » unl iij Hijiiilav in principle to t ' ho yi ^ lit which legllimiuea rc'HJolunco to ( yranuy . "
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GcTofeEfe 15 , 1 . 8 S 3-1 T ^ H E h E A PER . . & 91
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 15, 1853, page 991, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2008/page/7/
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