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M . ARMAND BERTIN AND THE " JOTJRNAI * DBS DEBATS . " The following 1 interesting history o £ the Journal desi Delta ts and M .. Armand Bertin ' s connexion , with it is ! given in the Stick : "At the moment : of M . Armand Bertin ' s death the Journal des Debate had . entered the sixty-fifth year of its exist- ' ence . This journal was founded m 1789 by Loavet and Rarrere , under the title of Journal des Debate el Decrets . In I 860 Messrs . Bertin brothers , bought the paper . The Journal des Debate vr ^ a one of the few journals that survived ' the 18 th brumaire . Wbe » the first consnl was crowned emperor , this jonnud took the title of Journal de PEmpire , bvt at the fail of Napoleon it resumed its former title ; which \ it abandoned on . the return from Elba , and again resumed on > tb& second return of the Bourbons .. It is known that the ' . Messrs . Bertin were dispossessed of their journal under the empire .
w We ; do not pretend , to inquire into the- part played by this journal from the establishment of representative government in France , down to 184 & Many reproaches have been launched against it , which appear to be just , even at this moment-when-party ; animosities have disappeared ., but it is d-tte to the fiibatsxomif , that it never was the mere tool of tfaa Governments , that it defended . During the monarchy it was culled the- Ministerial Joornal , and * perliapB , it was wrongly designated * , if that word i&tobe understood in its full signification . A ministerial journal ( at this moment there is no sueb . thing in existence ?) is the servile instrument of the cabinet ; It is the post upon-which ministerial idc « 5 are placarded , the nail upon which tha administration haags np its
programme . A ministerial journal has no will ; it-is the chattel of one or mox » men ^ Th » Journal des D&bat * , wiiile aoder Mi Bertin ' s , management , never accepted this subalfcenr position ; It ; may * in Jactj be said that ifcnwer served , bat rather protected , cabinets . It may have misled governments , but . it never-lent- them the- support of its influence without having made its own conditions , after examining the policy , proposed to be advocated . This is so true tint , under the last ministry of the Government of July , M . Guizot tried ? lore than onee to emancipate himself from tlie protectorate -of tiie-JcfcrnoE des Bebntsi The Globe and JSpoqu * were Sounded out oTjealousy x > ff ? tbe > influence of tnis journals - Unfortunately for . them the- Globe and Epoqus fc * fc several million * in vain , aotdbtbr eabktek which Ead intended to ¦ escape the domination ; of tbab Jeurnahdee JMtatamtarssxa
pelledjto n > ak » th » 0 auMd ^ osara 6 % aad « oliat £ he protoo taon of the obiwixious JournaL " The most eminent men o ( the constitutional monarchy were frequenters of theroffiee of this journal . The editors study was for 80 years the , confident' of political secrets Chateaubriand , Laine " , de Bonald , Gamille , Jordan , Martiguae , Casinrir Perier , Royer-Collard , Gtnzot , Thmrff , Cousin , Sal * andy , Vrttemain , Saint Marc Girardin , de- Saey , were , aanong * host of others , constantly hi the coancUJr of the editors , " M . Armand Bertin belonged to- the same school as his lather , who never would accept pUce or digpitiea . He was a p leasing , and exceedingly- ckrer man . It has- , been said < of tun that he was a sceptic , and ^ et believed in constitutional tnonarchr , that he was a Voltawaian , and yat supported Ihe Pope . He loved the arts , and elegant society , buthis habits as a man of fashion never abstracted his attention from tbe
« uties ' -of the day . He was the very model of an editor-in--chief-of a jourtiak At a ^ fixed hedur every day be distributed to his staff of -writers then ; daily task . Before the law , requiring newspaper articles to be signed , M . Bertin was not an the habit of writing , but he was the centre of that intellectual chain of which every writer wa&A riaa , and he eontented himself with imparting to the editing , « the Journals ' ties DebcUs that marvellous unity which so mnch \ fiontributed to its reputation . Since the law of signatures he wrote princi p ally the foreign articled . Under the monarchy of Juljr M . Armand Bertin had but to say a -word to be loaded with favours . He scarcely -used his influence for any other purpose , than to place decoraiions on the breasts of his fellow-labourers on the journal .
As to himself—was it from a feeling of dignity ? -jhe would aiever consent to -stick the smallest bit of riband on the button-hole of his coat . We ntraat also notice the singular I circumstance , that during the eighteen years of the Govern-Tnent of July , M . Armand Bertin never once set his foot within the Tnileries . Everj evening , on returning from the opera , th « BoufFes , or an evening party , M . Armand Bertin went to the office , called for the proofs of the journal , and read them all through , from the first line down to the printer ' s signature . When this heavy labour was . over , when he had seen , read , and corrected everything , lie left the proofs to be printed , and went borne . "
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CENTRAL AMERICAN TROUBLES . In April , 1850 , Sir Henry Bulwer and Mr . Clayton , on behalf of their respective Governments , made a treaty between Great Britain and the United States for settling the troublesome questions arising out of our Mosquito protectorate and Central American possessions . When , in the * summer of 1852 , certain islands off British Honduras , were erected into the " Colony of the Bay of Islands , " some ^ of the American politicians , most jealous of England , were greatly scandalised , and General Cass brought tip the subject in the Senate at Washington , round . lv charging England with a violation of the Clayton aoid Bulwer treaty . The subject cauaed a deal of discussion , in the course of which Mr . Clayton put an interpretation on the treaty which was what lie intended , he said , when it was agreed upon . By that interpretation ,
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BRITAIN PREPARES FOR WAR . Great naval activity prevails : in ail on * ports j ami rumours of warlike intentions abound . Energetic measures are being tafken to raise the coaat volunteers , and the additional aeamea . Captain Sharing * ham , commander of the Western division of the coast blockade , with Mr . Scaife , Paymaster , Captain W . H . Kennedy , Inspecting . Comfjaaijder of the EjE * r ventive Service , and lieutenant Basweti i RNi , of the Tumchapel etationrvisited tl * e Barbican , at Plymouth , on Monday , for the purpose of explaining tbe terms of the new eervice . A coaaider » ble num *
ber of seafaring people being awembled , Captain Sheringham stated that those he proposed to enlist were to be employed solely in the defence of tljg coast , and not io the navy at larg ^ . "No doubt existed thattbbcountry was on-the eve of * s very severe conflict , and it became the duty of every man to defead bis own- hearth from ihe intrusKxu of the foreigner The Government thought corrcctly that fishermen ^ bo ^ Len lightermen , and thosfr employed , in thle coast trade we ' re the mart suitable persoas tp . bfr engaged in thid deftnee ^ They would , naturally have a doubla motive to aetuair them . It was not to be ezpeeted thatr half-a-dozen
meaof-war would be kept ljlnje in Pfymoath &oand when their services were required , perhaps , in the ; Blackfjeiu He was pjeased to know-that , tfeough the active exertions of Captain Kennedy , 60 suitable men had- already vofon- » teeced . Tbe entire ntimber-of * 10 , 4 ) 00 would' be required ; and of these the western district / which he had tn # honour to command , > od which extendoi from Sospprt to Weatoa-euper-tfftre , would baye tafumisU ^^ OOi lit mmtut no use to put raw countrymen iotp fekinfcaJtwpSj aod ;) b was equally useless to put fishermen bel » UjoV guns and carbraes ' ttnless they understood t ^ e use of them . ; . Whatever portion of tbe year would be niost , convenieot , to thewse ejLrolled would he selectedjfbr adrilt ;| rJSi < 5 lI w . a ^^ i j ^ ited'by « it of Parliament to 28 days ; it mi ^ ht be . shorter , V » u . t Devec longer . If 500 or 600 men were enrolled ' ^ hece , pj ^ cdoutjfct would be the port of rendezvous and msttucuon . Sbould
10 , 000 notvdHunteer , England would appear cpotemptiWe in the eyes of Russia , au < Jif mendecHnea toiervein theaiode , propiosed , the Admiralty would ba compell ^ to , go to the . House « f Commons and get power to ballot , when every n \ an , would be liable to serve at such times and under such circuinutancesas would bo most convenient to this nation , without reference to his family arrangements . The age for ^ volunteers was from 18 to 35 , hut health y men from M . ^ to 45 would not be rejected . They were paid 10 a . each on . enter * ing , obtained a protection from service in the navy , an 4 received is . 7 d . per day while on drill . When on board ship they got their provisions . Every 25 th man became a pettj ) officer . The Naval Hospital received all who were eicfc . while on service . At the end of the drill every one got a guinea , and went where he liked within the division or within hail of it . Volunteers were not to be taken more than 100 leagues from the coast . If an enemy came they beat him back , and if he did not come they stayed at home . "
This address was v ? ell received , and some volunteers immediately gave in their names . Placards were extensively circulated throughout the metropolis , on Tuesday , by command of tb-9 Lords of the Admiralty , inviting landsmen to enter for the Royal Navy , The description of men to he entered is as follows ;—They must be between 19 and 24 , active , stout , and able-bodi « d . & five , fpet seven inches in height , and in all respects healthy an ^ l fit f 6 r the naval service ; the preference being given : tj >
those young men who have been used to boats , J n ,, addition to the Royal Naval Rendezvous on Tower * hill , and the Crocodile receiving-ship off the Tower , men will be received and entered by their making application on board the fjlag-shipa at any qi the naval ports , or at tbe rendezvous at X * i # erpopl and Bristol , and at the agents for transport at !» eitu . The ships now manning are the Diamond , JBosaawen , Juno , Princess Royal , Frolic , Duke of Wdtington ^ Si . Jean a"Acre , Medea , and Cyclops .
A supplementary contract for the Royal Navy , of 8000 tierces of beef and 8000 tierces of p » rk , ie announced to be taken on the 24 th inst . The Limerick Chronicle stateB that " the recent increase in our fleet , and the important considerations now involved in tha war between Russia and Turkey , have called for this additional victualling supply . "
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January 21 , 1854 . ] 1 THE LEADER . && 11 * " ~ — i
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• This Ih a finesse of the Sidcle . It alludes to the foot that unilor the present highly oontralisad govomnaont , there is no responsible cabinet . The ministers are mere individual servants of the crown . There nro , therefore , no immaterial , although there are government journals .
Great Britain was represented as having virtually abandoned the Mosquito protectorate , at least she had precluded herself from defending by arms the rights of the King of Mosquito against his neighbours . In December last the Senate agreed to a motion requesting the President to send certain documents relating to the treaty . They have been sent ; and some ox them published . One is from Lord Clarendon which , as it was intended at the time to define our position , we reprint : — " Foreign Office , May 27 , 1853 . " Sir , —As great misconception appears to prevail , not only among the neople of the United States , but also among persons placed in high and responsible situations in the
Govern-^ r ^^ i ^^^^ i ^ z 5 g * 3 SS 23 S #£ ii ^ ^ ldef 8 tand ' continue 8 the Queen's Advocate "Mr . Clayton also to assert , that by the treaty Great Britainihas abandoned all dominion inthewhoW Central America , which assertion U , in my * S f incorrect , and at variance with the factr-at least a * regards Belize and its dependencies , it iodeed . thia exception was not intended by Mra /" Mr , Clayton is greatly incensed at the fact that bis speech in the Senate has . been , reviewed by the Queen ' * Advocate . Mr . Bererdy Johnson , Attorney General in 1850 , sustains Mr . Clayton's view , in a long and able letter . The Senate , on the 3 rd , ordered all tbe documents to be printed .
ment of that country , with regard to the true nature of the engagements into which Great Britain entered by the Convention of Washington of April 19 , 1850 ; with respect to her present and future relations with the Mosquito andtbe other nations of Central America ; and as that misconception , if not immediately corrected , might lead to a serious misunderstanding between Great Britain and the United States , I think it highl y desirable that question should without delay b < e ptit upon its right footing , by a clear and distinct explanation of the view which her Majesty ' s Government take of ife , and of the conduct which they intend to pursue with regard to it . The article ( 1 ) in the treaty which treats of tin * matter runs thus : — The Governments of Great Britain « nd the United States hereby declare that neither the one
nor the other will ever obtain or maintain for itself any exelusive control over the said shi p canal , agreeing that neither will ever erect or maintain any fortiticationa commanding tbe same j or in the vicinity thereof or occupy or fortify , or colonise , or assume , or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua . Costa Rica , or the Mosquito Coast , or any part of Central Ameriea . Nor wiD either make use of any protection which ait her affords , or any alliance which either has or may have t < r or with any State or people , for the purpose of erecting oar noamtaihing any each fortification , or of occupying , or fortifying , or coloaismg Nicaragua , Costa Bfca , or the ftfosqmto Coast , or any part , of Central America , or of assmning or exercising dominion overthe same ., To every stipulation contained in this article her Majesty ' s Government will faithfully adherethey will neither eeek
-. ; to obtain- any exclusive control over the ship canal if ever formed , nor will they exact any fortification commanding or m the vicinity of that canal , nor will they occupy , or fortify , or colonise , or assume , or exercise any domuiion over any-part of Central America . Nor will they make use- of any protection which they afford , or may afford , or any alliance which they have , or may have , to or with « ny State or people for the purpose of occupying , fortifying , or coloiming any part of Central America , or of assuming or eacBrcising dominion over the same . All these engagemehts Great Britain will religiously keep , as ., she does not doabt that theywiH be religiously kept by the United States ; buj Great Britain has nowhere in the treaty of April , 1850 , renumneedV nor ever had any intention ; to renounce , tbe mil
auid absolute right- wmeh she'possessea over her own lawful territories in Central America—such as that designation , was distinctly underetpod and declared by those negotiators of jthe trtaty- —nor has Great Britain renounced b y the treaty , by which sheJias for centuries past afforded , , au& still aftcrdV . assistance tor thi Mosquito territory , with « view to relieve thesquestion of the Mosquito territory , or whatever there may be indefinite about it , and to place it upon a clear and ^ stable footing , which will be equally advantageous to Mosquito itself , and . to all the- Powers which are any way connected with or concerned in it . Her Majesty ' s Government have already on many occasions , within the last twelve months , made overtures of the fiurest and most liberal and practical character to the United St » tea .
Government , inviting that Government to go band hi nand with the Government of Great Britain hi devising and establishing a scheme of adjustment by which the affairs of Central America ( Mosquito included ) shall be satisfactorily and permanently settled , and the honour of Great Eritain , as an ancient protector of the Mosquito , shall be preserved intact . Her Majesty's Government are still re& dy and desirous , at any moment , to enter into friendly communications with tha United States Government on this important matter ; and they ate of opinion that the sooner such negotiation is opened aud terminated the better it will h « for all the parties concerned , and the greater will be the security for the maintenance of tbe friendly relations which now so happily subsist between Great Britain and the United
States ; but until such settlement be finally concluded , it is obvious that Great Britain cannot abandon her present ; position with regard to Mosquito . Nor can she permit either Nicaragua or Honduras to assert , and still less to attempt to establish , by force of arms , over any part of Mosquito , a right of possession which Great Britain has always denied , and still denies , and if either Nicaragua or Honduras were still to continue to make aggressions on the Mosquito territory with that object , it must be at their own peril . Such are the views which her Majesty ' s Governmont entertain with respect to Cenrtral America aa affected by the the treaty of Washington of the l&bh of April , 1850 , and such is . the course of conduct which her Majesty ' s Government propose to pursue with respect to that country , and
to the venous qaeatipns which huve arisen , or may arise , under the treaty . I will , however , add that her Majesty ' s Government have no intention of disturbing or departing in any way from the arrangement entered into between the two Governments for tho maintenance of the o ! e facto Government and position of Greytovvn . You will read this dispatch to the United States Secretary of State , and you will , at the same timo , repeat to him the earnest desire which ia felt by her Majesty ' s Government to proceed throughout the whole of this matter cordially , and in the most unreserved manner , with tbe Government of tbe United 'States . —I am , with groat truth and regard , sir , your moat obedient humble servant ( Signed ) " Cuaubm-uoj * . " To J . F . Crampton , Esq ., &c , &o . " Another document ia from tho Queen ' s Advocate ,
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Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 21, 1854, page 55, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2022/page/7/
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