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they will be covered with a chain of English . state s , which Will spread civilisation in the plains and secure th Wn ° cntbe SSITGovernment liberally bestowed its revenues and energies on the introduction of the tea cultivation ^ it was little thought that such great social results-would be achieved ; it was supposed Indian tea WOuld be carried to England-it was not supposed English industry would be attracted to India . The tea experiments in Assam , the cotton experiments in Darjeeling , and the coffee experiments in the Dekkan , have proved the proportion that there is in India scope for English industry . It may still be left in doubt with civil functionaries whether sugar manufacture from native
syrup is not an investment for Englishmen preferable to holding ryotwaree sugar lands in the plains , and they mav still hold out that Englishmen cannot there grow cotton , but must buy it of the natives * but in the hills and term tea , coffee , and sea island cotton can certainly be cultivated by European superintendence , on lands neither zemindaree nor ryotwaree , but held on grant tenure nt fixed quit rents . The first tea garden that succeeded secured the English settlement question and the land tenure question , for so surely as the hill lands acquire an English population will it be required that the quit rents shall , a 3 in Canada , be converted into
fee-simple tenures . . The Kumaon and Deyrah Dhoon tea cultivation have proved successful in their early stages , and tea , tea-seed , and tea-seed oil are fetching remunerative prices . Of the Darjeeiing progress less has been known , but recently the planters having been called upon to furnish information to the Government , some interesting particulars have been obtained as to the tea and coffee cultivation , but we Tegret to say nothing as to the important experiments in cotton , which it is hoped the Cotton Supply Association will press on the notice of the Indian Government . _
The tea plantations in the Darjeeiing district are those of Captain Samler at Kurseong , of Mr . Brine at Hope Town , of Mr . Martin at the Dhoodareah plantation , of Captain Samler at Darjeeiing and at Lebong , of Captain Masson at Kurseong , Major Wardroper , and Mr . Grant . AJtthese parties have sent in reports of their progress , and their plantations have been visited , and examined by the Superintendent , Dr . Archibald Campbell . The number of tea-trees now in these plantations is 1 , 200 , 000 , and 500 , 000 seedlings are ready grown for next yeaFS operations , when the total will be near 2 . 000 , 000 . In March of next year , instead of the local been the
manufacture , which has hitherto practised , manufacture by Chinamen will be begun . It is to be observed that Chinese immigration for tea plantation is taking place on a small scale , but in time , as the field of employment becomes better known , there can'be little doubt an immigration of Chinese will take place from the south-western provinces of the empire across those districts now little known and little traversed . Such an event will tend to consolidate our hill settlements by supplying them with other than Hindoo labour , and prepare for the spread of our settlements northerly , which , little as we may try to extend our empire , must be the certain result of our continued sway in
Hindostan . The plants grown in Darjeeiing are the Chinese plant and the Assam plant . As yet black tea alone is made . The qualities of the Darjeeiing Chinese teas are by their own planters claimed as superior to those of both Assam and Kumaon , though not equal to some of the Kangra teas . The Assam plants do not in Darjeeiing produce such fine-flavoured teas as the Chinese , but are found 3 trong . Strength has hitherto been much considered in the India-grown teas , but we must look forward in the course of time to the planters devoting their attention to ihe more delicate and costlier teas , as in China , which either do not admit of export , or are not appreciaW in a distant market . Thus Indian teas are likely to fetch higher prices in India on the whole , than we should expect , judging by tl » o low rates of Chinese common teas . Calcutta will soon have
five or six classes of teas of various flavours and qualities , and the tea crop admits of as much variety Jin treatment as a , vintage . Captain Samler reports of his plantations that at Darjeeiing he had up to the end of last year planted 70 acres of land with 150 , 000 treea . The progress of hia plantation was as follows ; - — In 1850 58 , 000 1857 ..., 91 , 400 Of these most were one-tree plants , but of two-tree plants there wore 8220 , and of throo-treo plants 8220 . By July , 1858 , Captain Samlor had increased his total of ground to 78 acres ; only about 48 , 000 plants will bo in bearing iu 1859 . The . ultimate produce of this plantation will bo about 2 ff , 000 ] bs . ¦
His Knrsoong plantation includes 04 acres , planflH with . 136 , 000 toft-troos , all three years old , and whitih wiUcomo into "bearing next year . Tho ultimate produce wil ] bo about 2 O , 0001 bs ., and the total of the two gardens 45 , 000 to 50 , OQ 01 bs . ' Mr . Brine , of Hopo Town , has carried on his operations on a very largo soalo . Up to tho end of July last ho had 800 acros under plantation , with 450 , 000 plants , besides 400 , 000 seedlings . In , tho nursery , bolncr noarlv
half the stock of Darjeeiing . The nurseries are 14 acres in extent . By the end of the rains Mn Brine will increase his plantations to 500 acres . He complains of a great scarcity of labour for clearing the jungle and for weeding , and his operations are impeded . He intends to bring 1500 acres undertea-plants by 1860 ,. the manufacture will not begin till that year . This large property is capable of yielding 300 , 000 lbs . of tea , of a probable value of 15 , 000 / . sterling . European assistance is much wanted . _ The plantation of Major Wardroper is on a smaller scale , but it is three years old . There are 35 , 000 to 40 , 000 old trees on 20 acres , and 20 , 000 on 10 acres . Mr . Martin's plantation at Dhoodareah consists of 60 , 000 four-year old trees and 200 , 000 two-year old treesThere will be some produce next year . ^ ' ¦ ¦ .. __ ^ .
. To Captain Masson the colony of Darjeeiing has been much indebted for the progress of the tea cultivation . He has some few old trees of seven years , 15 , 000 to 20 , 000 trees , and 12 , 000 , to 15 , 000 seedlings . Captain Masaon has a good crop of tea seed , and has earned the tea manufacture to such & stage as to have greatly improved the character of the Darjeeiing tea . On Mr . Scanlan ' s or Captain Cornish's plantations are 35 , 000 tea plants and 10 ^ 000 seedlings . The total produce of Darjeeling * in a few years will be many hundred thousand pounds of tea , besides seed and seed oil . and of an annual value of above 50 , 000 / . not much advanced
The coffee plantation is so . Captain Samler has seventy acres under cultivation at Kurseong , with 68 , 000 plants , of which 11 , 000 are of last year ' s growth . There are [ 500 , 000 plants in the nurseries not yet put out . There are a few berries already on the older plants , and all are looking healthy , it is , however , still matter of experiment how far coffee will succeed on these heights . The great obstacle to the progress of this important settlement is the bad state of communication with Calcutta by land and water , w ^ jfeb , so far from improving , gets worse and worse . It now takes jive months to get goods a distance of less than four Hundred miles as the crow flies ! Mr , Thomas Login , a distinguished civil engineer , is employed by the Bengal Government in improving the road from the Ganges , but this is insufficient for the wants of the disirict . The settlers have made a
verv strong application to the local government m behalf of th ^ Northern Bengal Railway , which has not yet been arranged by the Supreme Government . It is represented that , both as regards itsdevelopment as a sanatorium and a settlement , Darjeeiing is kept back by want of this . The railway from Rajmahal and Caragola Ghaut to Darjeeiing will make the lands and climate of Darjeeiing available for the English troops in Bengal , the residents of Calcutta , and settlers from home . With a railway , the inhabitants believe Englishmen , capital , and enterprise will be brought to Darjeeiing ; without it , they believe that the extension of railways elsewhere will divert to other districts resources in which they are fairly entitled to share . For this advantage they earnestly press , and it is to be hoped they will be supported by the superintendent of Darjeeiing and the Government of Bengal in obtaining this concession from
the supreme and home governments . When it is seen what a small knot of Englishmen , officials , and retired officers have done in creating a revenue on the hills and in the jungles of Darjeeiing , it is impossible not to anticipate great results from the full and free action of English enterprise .
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NOTES ON INDIAN PROGRESS . Slight additions to the SantapiHy lighthouse have been authorised by the Madras Government . The work is to be done at once . Some discussion is going on as to the distinguishing marks of the small posts in Ganjara . The Marine Board had propbsod obelisks of 40 or 50 feet high , and painted , but the subject is remitted to them for consideration , as the colour would bo affected by the rain , or indistinct at any distance , or in hazy weather . The Madras Railway Company have been authorised to expend 1564 / . fbr works connected with the station at Masulipatam , and 1147 / . for a temporary engine shed at Beypoor . This has been the subject of a long correspondence with the Government . Another effort of red tape has resulted in authority to erect steam saw-mills at Perambore at a cost of 2207 / , Steam saw-mills will be a great boon to the country , but the paternal care of the officials required great thought before tho mills could bo set up . There has been a correspondence with a variety of authorities about the railway contractors outting timber in the Government forests . The Government have made a grant of timber to the Company for railway purposes , but when the contractors set to work to cut it , it is found that all kinds of formalities have nftt been gonp through , and Which tho Government then set about .
In Ceylon , the Railway Company is earning golden opinions . There was some jealousy lest the railway should interfere with the roads and with other means of progress , but the company have made a good ddbut hv Mharal invitations to tho nnonintr . as an
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earnest of their disposition to cultivate a good feeling in the island , and all jealousy is at an end . The first god was to be turned on the 3 rd of August by the Governor . The supply of labour for the Ceylon Railway has been taken into consideration , and tha Manchester has been sent to Madras to obtain cooties . There was considerable difficulty in obtaining leave from , the Madras Government for coolies to emigrate , but at length permission was given for the Manchester to embark five hundred . The supply of extraneous labour is most important , as labour in Ceylon is scarce and dear . «««• . •« ;»«••¦ »» # + V > a ;» < 4 isnnaitinn t . rt cultivate 3 . GTOOd
The regulations as to Madras emigration will require revision now that India is an integral part of the empire , and the emigrations to Ceylon , the Mauritius , and the Tenasserim coast , must be put on a freer footing . The Madras Government has been so careful of the coolies that no coolie has taken part in the Australian gold diggi ngs , although there is a good field for coolie labour in those provinces , and there are swarms of Chinese there . By this time Victoria would have obtained a large population of Madrasees , and many Madrasees would have returned home with a good supply of golddusta better reward than their Mauritius
earn-, ings , and both India and Australia would have benefited . Instead of this , Australia has been cursed with the beastly Chinese , who are bad neighbours and bad subjects , for , as is too well known by Singapore experience , their combinations set our police at defiance . Under a freer syste Tenasserim , Singapore , Hong-Kong , Labuan , Sarawak , Australia , Seychelles , Natal , and South Africa would have been strengthened fey Indian emigration , and Ceylon and the Mauritius would have been better supplied . The Chinese emigration is filling up Australasia and many parts of the south-east , while our colonies are languishing for want of labour .
It is only now in the Masulipatam collectorate that the Government authorisation has been obtained for the abolition of the tax on mamoties and cowboys . This trumpery and injudicious tax only affected the Peddana , and amounted to six pounds yearly . It is very gratifying to find that Shevaroy coffee , the produce of that promising English settlement in the Shevaroy hills , is aojttping a name in India , and it is to be hoped it will take a good rank in time in the English market . . The Government School of Industrial Arts is doing its work at Madras , but , in imitation of the
South Kensington School , is charging high prices to students , instead of teaching them free . If industrial art is to be encouraged , it must be encouraged in the spirit of the French Government , and not taxed and bargained with . An entrance fee of two shillings , and a school fee of two shillings a month , are heavy charges for India . The subjects taught are very copious—geometry , mechanical drawing , outline drawing , perspective , architectural drawing , chalk drawing , artistic anatomy , flower drawing , drawing from the life , wood engraving , copperplate engraving , photography , and modelling .
In the industrial department of the school is a novel feature . Instruction is given in the manufacture by hand and machinery of bricks , pipes , tiles , telegraphic pottery , encaustic tiles , and all kinds of structural pottery-Colonel J . S . Smith , late of the Madra 3 Engineers , is now in London , . superintending the purchase of articles of drainage for an experiment on Captain O'ConneiPs plan for draining the Black Town of the city of Madras . The project of a steam-tug for the port of Cochin meets with the approval of the Government .
The passage of tire bill in the Legislative Council of India for the maintenance of a police force in the port of Madras is no mean step in progress . Everything that tends to the improvement of that disgraceful institution and den of thieves , the police system of India , which for iniquity can' only be paralleled by the Court of Chancery here , must be hailed with satisfaction . There is every prospect that the Madras Presidency will now have the benefit of English superintendents of police throughout , but one great impediment to the organisation of an efficient police system in India is the want of Englishmen who have resided long enough to acquire local experience . For this purpose alone a freer
immigration of Englishmen is desirable ; but indeed , in every department of Government , tho want of competent assistance is as much felt as in Russia or Paraguay . A very important moasuro of improvemont is now being opposed in the trades' union spirit . The Madras Government , following tho movoinont of tho otlioru , is « taking measures for superseding tjio copyasd as fur as possible by tho printer , and in consequence the groat caste of the writers is throatonod with eclipse ; and it is urged in thoir behalf that tho affliction on them is great , because the traditionary immobi ity ofthecoffiyin its customs forbids the hope that thoi can easily replace one means of livelihood by
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Tfo . 446 . October 9 , 1358 . ] T H E I , E A P E R . «*? 3 . ¦ —' —— - ^~~~~ " ^ m ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ¦ - ¦
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 9, 1858, page 1073, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2263/page/25/
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