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liave a significant example in the treatment which the « ,., „ town Bremen has lately received from the Zollverein . On this river ( Weser ) the tolls of « liei States trough which it runsr—Hanover , Hesse-Cassel , and Prussia—were just as oppressive and ruinous to its navigation as those on the Elbe . Those tolls have , however been suspended for ten years by a convention concluded between the riverain States on the 26 th of January 1856 ; but for that suspension Bremen has had to pay dearl y- Entirely Burrounded by the Zollverein , Bremenas a consideration for the suspension of the Weser
, tolls has been compelled to submit to the restrictive co mmercial policy of that hurtful confederacy , has been obliged to allow of the establishment of its customhouses within its time-honoured free walls , to become an incorporated part of the territory of the German Customs Union , and to acknowledge the right of its douaniers to repress commerce within its small circle . As yet , this pressure of Bremen into the Zollvereih does not include Bremer Haven , the port of Bremen for large shipping , which lies some sixty miles further down the estnary of the Weser . " but
The Haven lies some sixty miles below Bremen , the former can hardry be said to lie in the estuary of the Weser ; Bremen itself most decidedly does not , for the banks of the river where it runs through the city are almost within a stone ' s throw of each other . " That entrepot ( Bremer Haven ) still retains the freedom of commerce which for centuries was the pride of Bremen itself . But the Convention of 1856 , whereby the tolls on the Upper Weser were suspended , is a temporary arrangement only . That Convention remains hanging over the prospects of Bremer Haven , like a cloud ready to burst in 1866 , when the price to be demanded for its renewal may , and probably will , be the complete absorption of Bremen—Bremer Haven and all —into the Zollverein . Thus ' bad begins , and worse remains behind . '" "
The value of the foregoing extracts inay be summed up in the expressive monosyllable , Pudge 2 If the concluding quotation had been placed at the head of the article , there would have been then , one bit of pure truth in it ; as it stands , it is a jumble of fictions and statistical facts . In the first place , Hamburg is not the only town that has resisted the pressure of the Zollverein , for the Hause tpwn Bremen is at this moment as free as ever she ^ was with regard to trade ; and it is my private opinion that the SqjfcUe of Bremen , headed by a man whose patriotism and unwearied industry and disinterestedness in the service of . his little commonwealth deserve a wider fame , the late Chief Burgomaster Smidt , the founder of the port . of Bremer Haven , did more to resist whatever pressure there was than the
town of Hamburg . There is not one word of truth in the assertion that Bremen has become an incorporated part of the Zollverein , or that douaniers interfere in any manner with the trade , pf Bremen itself . Bremen is in evary respect a free and . independent territorj ' . The Bremen authorities have , indeed , permitted a few outlying hamlets , of no importance whatever , to be incorporated with the Zollverein lands , just to round off , as it were , the borders , and to facilitate the repression of smuggling . The authorities have also allowed the officers of the Zollverein to pursue smugglers within the Bremen territory , and this they have tolerated not from fear or pressure , but simply in tho interest of their own legitimate commerce , which depends upon fair and extensive trading , not upon petty smuggling .
As to the establishment of custom-houses within the Bremen territory , I would call the attention of the writer in the Daily News to Articles 6 and 7 of the Convention ' referred to , and which appears to have been 80 ill understood . Article 6 is to this effect : to give to the trade between Bremen and the territories of the Zollverein such facilities as may bo conveniently allowed without danger to the interests of tho Zollvereiri , it is agreed that a oustom-houso shall bo built in the city of Bremen whore goods intended for tho Zollverein lands may bo valued and the duty levied upon them so as to obviate tho necessity of further inspection or detention . Article 7 is to tho offout that , to facilitate the sale of
goods from tho Zollvorein lands to > other countries- — namely , across tho soa—a dopOt shall bo built , and placed undor the control of tho chief custom-house mentioned in Artjolo 6 . In this depot , manufactures of tho Zpllverein , or f oreign goods which have paid duty to tho Zollvoroio , shall be warehoused , and may there bo repacked , assorted , or divided into separate parcels according to tho wish and convenience of tho ownors , and may thereupon bo sent again into the Zollvoroin lands without any obstacles whatever . Tho management of tho depot will devolve upon tho free oity of Bremen , which undertakes to oroct and maintain the necessary buildings at its own ohargo .
The warehouses agreed upon in tho obovo Convention We now completed , and theso conveniences , as they really and simply are , have undoubtedly led tho writer of tho article in the Daily News into tho bolief that they wore custom-houses jq which goods intondod for Bremen are taxed . It muat bo evident thatjt is a groat convenience to have tho goods examined , and tho duty Jpvioil at thp outBot , rather than on the bordora—the goods aro saved irom . probable damage , and tho railway passengers from ftn annoying detention . Tho Zollvoroin depOt mentioned in Article 7 } a used oa a store for Zollvoroin
oods which , if unsaleable , may be returned without g eing subject to duty . It is needless to observe further hat it is also a great advantage for the German manufacturers to have a Government depot for their wares in the seaport of Bremen , and that it is just as advantageous for Bremen to have a . great variety and choice of articles that her buyers may suit all their wants upon one and the same spot . The trade of Bremen is ho more affected by the Zollverein than is that of Hamburg . The same applies to Bremer Haven and all other places belonging to the Republic of Bremen . For this state of things , to Bremen alone the merit is due . She owes as little to the Verein as Hamburg .
I have nothing to report of the Bavarian Parliament . The discussions are either carried on in secret , or , as I believe is the case , they are afraid to discuss , the members thinking , possibly ,, that better a Parliament without discussions than discussions without a Parliament . The King having refused to open the Chambers with a speech from tie throne , the opportunity to express the wishes and requirements of the country in an address was not afforded them . Some of the most resolute Liberals proposed presenting an address notwithstanding . The majority , however , decided against doing so . This resolution on the part of the majority is considered by some as evidence of . an inclination to submit to the will of the King .
Shall we have peace or shall we have war ? has been the great question of the week . It would be of little lise or interest to you * readers to give the various opinions vented by the press as to the probabilities and consequences , but this is certain , and worthy of note , although possibly of no great importance in itself , that the press and public of Germany are unanimously in favour of Austria against France and Italy . If the Germans were never of one mind before , I think they ¦ may . be truly considered so upon this point ; and I doubt very much whether Louis Napoleon would succeed in dividing them . There is little chance of a second Rhine Bund . If the Emperor had any admirers or sympathisers in Germany before , he has lost them within the last few weeks . . ¦ ' .
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THE BRITISH INSTITUTION . Although this year ' s exhibition is not particularly rich in good works , it contains an amply-sufficient number of them to repay the visitor ' s attention ¦; and the first pictures of the season , like its earliest flowers , have a special charm and attraction . Many are very good , and for the rest we shall do better in seeking for their beauties than , their defects . Sweeping condemnations are always unjust , as well as injurious . - Two things may be noticed in praise of , the present exhibition . One is the very small number of portraits , the other , that many of " the paintings are behind glass . There is good authority for the
opinion that all valuable pictures ought to be thus protected from dirt , damp , and foul air , especially in cities . To begin with No . 1 : — " Sardis , " a high-class work , by Mr . Harry Johnson , has some rich colouring in distance and good effect of light , with a certain hardness and crude green in the foreground . The same may be said of No . 478 , by the same painter , an Alpine scene in earlier evening . No . 2 , " The Sand-pit Road , by Redgrave , R . A ., and No . 3 , " Venetian Fishing Craft , " by E . W . Cooke , A . R . A ., are both small works , the only contributions of their respective painters , and neither of
them remarkable for excellence . No . 18 , " Saltarello Romano , " by R . Buckner , has merit , but the colouring is dingy . Mr . Buckner ' s . other work , a portrait , is quite a contrast in this respect . No . 19 , by T . Sidney Cooper , A . R . A ., is little short of reprehensible . " 1 / Allegro , " by W . E . Frost , A . R . A ., a repetition of a work formerly exhibited at the Royal Academy , is in the usual style of the painter . p . Roberts , II . A ., exhibits two pictures ( 26 and 173 ) , both -rather inferior to his ordinary productions . No . 37 , " Inye ' Ca . noe . li , Inverness-shire , " by J . Holland , is a noticeable landscape , which takes in a great breadth of moorland , and evinces
considerable power and originality . We much admire this artist ' s little bit of " Rotterdam " ( 262 ) , but his Venetian picture is too sketchy . No . 36 is a nice portrait by H . Weigall . « Thistles " ( 38 ) , by T . Worsey , shows some good and careful painting , though a little tameness and want of variety in colour . E . A . Goodall ' s " Interior of a Cabaret" ( 40 ) is well painted ; the colouring is too much that of an old picture , but to some tastes this may be a recommendation . In Mr . G . Pettitt ' s " Lake Lugano" ( 43 ) , the gilding sunlight is good , and the magnificent view of the Helvellyn range from under Place Fell , by the same artist , is truthful
and imposing . The dark , cold , lake and the stony foreground are most effectively painted . " A Peep at Nature , " North Wales ( 484 ) , by O . Pcttitt , a younger member of this artistic clan , is sharp , clear , and cold as the chips of stone it so truthfully renders . No . 44 is "An English Valley , " by H . Jutsum : very beautiful , but much injured by contrast with the colours of surrounding pictures ; 281 and 526 , by this artist , are also worthy of attention and praise . T . S . Robins has some good fishing-boats ( 42 ) . In No . 50 , " Dos Amigos , " R . AnsdeH , the woman ' s yellow kerchief against the blue and blue-green of the sky is cold , harsh , and tame
unpleasant , and the opposite corner looks very by contrast . The composition is not more agreeable than the colouring ; the horse ' s head and the mule ' s cars are surely over long . Mr . Ansdell ' s othor work , " Isla Major" ( 347 ) , makes n bettor picture , but he must guard against stiff and hard drawing * tho gigantic cattle scorn to ladk tho softness and uoxibifity of life . No . 54 , " Hush , " by A . l ^ ovis . is very pretty iadoo'd , Mr . J . Gilbert ' s " . Falstaft and his " half-dozen of sufficient men" ( 06 } , ™ » disappointing and decidedly unpleasant picture . Patches of red , blue , and yclldw in immediate of olive
juxtaposition , nnd n profusion muddy , nro by no means refined colouring ; and tho Ugureg are not olmraolors but caricatures . Iho tat , undignillod knight himself is porhaps the boat of them ; a big , ljurlv bruto , of mature agp , is identified as Bullonlf . by a onli-skin doublet 1 It may be doubted whether a melon and a pomegranate nro probable accessories . Wo believe Mr . Gilbert will bouo / it neither tho publio taste nor his own . reputation by exhibiting suoh oarelossly-oonooivod and coarsely-coloured works as this . Ho has done good service by his olovor and dashing woodcut drawings , cspooiully to tho lower olassps , in whom , tho outs in cheap' publications liavo greatly tended
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THE " PARLIAMENTARY ^ ' AND THE . " BOARDS" MAIN DRAINAGE . £ 1 , 000 , 000 against £ 3 , 000 , 000 . To the Editor of the Leader . Sir , —The last report of the Registrar-General conr eludes with very important warnings ,, which forcibly confirm that which was . urged upon the Government in letters published in 1846 , viz .: — One of the earliest commands given to inau was , that refuse should be carried a-field , and should be put underground . The fertility , which would , be caused thereby would naturally attract attention , and induce that preservation and application to agricultural purposes which has been continued among the Chinese ,
and which Hebig and others have taught us to adopt in Europe . There is , no doubt , a beneficent arrangement of Providence ( agreeing with the ancient command alluded to ) , and therefore the withholding from the land its due may be naturally expected to act most injuriously , both on the land , and also on the water and air , which improperly receive that which should fertilise the soil . The inhabitants of towns now so largely exceed the rural population , that the extravagant waste which exists on the part of the former must bring want as its natural consequence . English farmers depending upon foreign manure will not be able to compete with rivals , whose fertilising substances are economised by every neighbouring town .
Professor Liebig has again called attention to the urgent necessity which exists for England-to use , as manure , the residues produced by its large cities . The plan which was specially designed , perfected , and prosecuted , with the view of removing and utilising the metropolitan sewage , was spoken of , by the Government itself , aa a comprehensive plan for the drainage of the metropolis , which was under the attention of Government , the accomplishment do pending on the retention of the present sewage o the metropolis . This plan , consisting of two intercepting sewers , was embodied in tho Sewers
Acts of 1848 . Xiord Seymour stated to the House o Commons that this " plan , which proposed that there should be two tunnels—one on each side of the Thames—to receive the drainage of the metropolis , had been fully approvod by the committee " to wliioh it had been referred ; tho Government subsequently informed Parliament that the works which were urgently required wore " tho two great outfall drains , one on the north and tho othor on the south side of the river ; " , in 1855 , tho Government informed a deputation that the works to be formed wore " two main intercepting sowers , one on each side of the river Thames . "
It can be satisfactorily proved that this Parliamentary plan will effectually relieve the Houses of Parliament , tho Thames , and the metropolis ; that it can be executed at about one milion sterling ; that it is . in every respect , superior to tho Board ' s threemillion scheme , and that the Board has , on twelve different occasions evaded and refused an inquiry Into this less expensive and preferable plan . Yours , &o ., J . J . Mookh-wood .
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No . 464 , Fesruaily 12 , 1659 . ] J ? 1 , ^ ^> ^ ^ ^ _ _ -- - _ -1- 213 _
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Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 12, 1859, page 213, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2281/page/21/
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