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share of scientific knowledge ,. and instructed to apappreciate its value . ' . ¦ .-, ' - " "We have heard that one of our legislators not very long since , when speaking of his own ignorance with regard to science , lamented that he had been born in a- pre-seientinc era , referring , we presume , to the absence of scientific instruction in our .-chools and universities till up to a very recent period . " Every word of this is true , only too true . The Derceptiqns of public men , however , have at length awakened to the high significance of scientific knowledge to the country in a material point v .
view Scientific men , also , have united , though not without great opposition , for the purpose of conferrin" -the blessing and-power of their knowledge on mankind ; and we may readily accept the work before us as reporting progress and cherish the expectation that as the ages advance ignorance will disappear and the future be more under the control and ' governance of the highest wisdom , enlightened in earthly affairs by knowledge universally extended and partaken both by governors and peoples . Philosopliy and Science must go hand in hand , if the race is to . be regarded .
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Scott ' s Patent Generator , the great Ecopomiscr of Fuel , L abour , and Space , with Exemption from Explosion ; or New versus Old S ' team . London : King and Co . This pamphlet , which contains numerous plates of steam . boilers , &c , to illustrate the working of Air . Scott ' s new steam generator , should receive the best attention of all engineers . "With this generator it is proposed to produce very high pressure steam , without auy boiler at all . It appears to be a reversing of the construction of the locomotive boiler , which consists of a great number of tubes running parallel with the boiler , the water surrounding the tubes , and the flame and heated air passing through the tubes —the whole enclosed in a heavy sheet-iron casing , and weighing several tons : whereas the patent generator consists of a cone of tubes ( to be multiplied to
any extent required ) . This cone of tubes is fitted in the furnace , the flame and heated air passing all ever the tubes ,, the steam . '' being inside . The steam is first produced in what is called the mixing box , being a mixture of water and air , which , are forced through heated vertical partitions of -wire gauze . After leaving ; this mixing box the steam passes through the cone of tubes , and becomes superheated steam . The advantages accruing from this form of generator , and mode of generating elastic fluids , may be enumerated thus : —A saving of life and property , a saving of fuel , a saving of space ( for no cumbersome boilers are required ) , and a saving of labour . Could this new form of generator be applied to locomotive and road engines we should soon have better dividends and lower fares on our rnihv . iys , for the saving of fuel would be full 50 per cent .
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Guide Boohs — to the Coast of Kent — to the Coasts of Devon and Cornwall— to the Coasts of Hants and Dorset—and . to the Coast of Sussex . Edward Standford . These Guide-books arc nil prepared by Mackenzie Walcott , M . A ., of Exeter College , and form a series of manifest utility , extending from the KcculverS to the Land ' s End . " Here , then , we have on illustration to the south const of England , in pocketvolumes , intended to point out the objects of rail
interest , and , to adopt the . author ' s words , " recalling those events and man which have given life , and the modes of thought which have imparted , a romance to places . " The author hns also indulged in the patriotjc wish to persuade his readers that their own country has attractions superior to those of the continent . Coloured local maps are attached to theso pleasant Jittlo green-covered books , which are ronlly compiled with care , rind calculated to serve us the key to the traveller ' s inquiry and investigations .
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Eighty Sermons on various Subjects , JJ van gel tool , Tjetwtianal , and Practical . 3 Jy Joseph Lathrop , ]) . ]"> ., ' Pastor of thb First Church in West Springfield , U . S . —London : Thomas Jepp . l 6- > 0 . Thesis eighty , sermons will be found of groat servico to our country clergy . They are reprinted from the seven-volume edition of Dr . Lathrop ' sermons , published In America soYno years ago , and now ( according to Mr . Jopps ) very sea rev . Wo lmvo not road thorn , but of so much hulk tliuro must bo something " smart , " as tho Yankees say .
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¦/ ifl Jiiva / s , a talo of tho Anglo-Saxon Church . Tins Is another of tho sarlos of talcs publinhod by John llanry and Juntas Parker , ami is of fair nvor-« go merit . The objoct of tlumo talcs , tho publishers siuto , is "to . glvo a faithful renroBontutlon of the condition oftho Church hi past owes . "
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THE WOOL TRADE . WK pointed out last week tho amount and value of our imports of foreign corn ,, and the cruel absurdity of' the legislation ' . which , for a long period prohibited or impeded such a gainful and necessary traffic . We now proceed to give a similar short account of our trade in wool . This is one of the three articles of the import , of which a somewhat minute account is given in the annual Statistical Abstract ; cotton " and corn being the others , on account , we presume , of their superior iniportan . ee / . As we stated last week , cotton , in point of value , is the greatest of our . imports . The value of the quantity imported in 1858 was
¦ £ ; 3 O , 1 OG , 9 G 8 ; that of corn and flour was . £ 20 , 15-2 , 641 ; and that of wool , , £ 8 , 972 , 218 . In value , wool is also surpassed by the sugar imported , which , in 1858 , including molasses and sugar candy , amounted to , £ 13 , 467 , 867 . We select wool for our remarks , because it has been more subject to legislation than cotton , and is a better illustration of the ' foolishness of meddling with trade . Latterly we have all become convinced that Dr . Franklin deserved more honour than he received for the remark that . the legislator was one of the greatest fools on earth -when he began to nicddle * with trade ; the only doubt remaining now is whether he be not equally foolish when lie meddles -with other matters .
Down to 1802 the importation of wool was quite free , but . the exportation—from a notion that English wool should be kept for our own manufacturers—was entirely and strictly prohibited till 1824 . The exigencies of the reyolu-r tionary war , when it grew into a custom to examine every article in use only to ascertain if it could bear a tax , led to the imposition of a duty on wool . At first tho tax was , 5 s . 3 d . per cwt . ; in 1813 it was raised to 6 s . Sd . per cwt . ; and in 1819 to 56 s . The tax yielded handsomely-when first imposed , and our manufacturers then having a monopoly of the colonial mai-ket , and of . ^ almost every other marketdid not much complain of it
, or oppose it . After the peace , however , when the monopoly had ceased , and they had to compete in the foreign market . both for the raw material and to sell their cloth , the additional duty was a grievous injury to them , and they became clamorous for repeal . They interested in their favour only a few intelligent public writers , but everybody and every thing were then so taxed that they derived no great help from the nation at large . ; each class being naturally anxious to procure the removal of its own special burdens . 1 hey were told , too , by the prime minister that lie had no objection to give up the tax , " provided they would wool but
atrreo to the free exportation of ; " they would not till-they' "were pinched very severely by foreign competition , in 1824 , a bill passed removing " this manufacturers ' tax from industry , and reducing the import duty to 3 d . per lb . This change was as vehemently opposed by tho protectionists of that day us the repeal of the eorn laws was opposed in 1840 , and it was made in spite of thyir patriotic exertions . Terrible were the , denunciations of ruin to our manufacturers by allowing foreigners U > have any of our lon «> - wool , and to our flock-masters by permitting foreign wool to come in at a low duty . The latter , led on 'in tho south by the Duke of Richmond ,
threatened a revolt or a . departure , which , as they could not carry tho South Downs with thorn , was not allowed , to frustrate , though it sufficed ^ to retard-liberal legislation . In July , ' 1825 , the import duty was reduced to , } d . or Id . por pound , as the wool was worth loss or nun it than Is . per pound . Finally , when Sir Robert Peel amended the tarifl the import duty on wool was entirely abolished ; ninco tnon wool has been free of duty , though it still bus , in deference- to old usage , to be recorded and examined at tho -Custom JIouso . Now wo wish to call attention to tho present extent of the trade , which manufacturers , landowner . * , and Mtatosinun agreed to impede , or prohibit before
1 H 24 . . First , as to tho wool grown at , home , there are no records kept of this or of tho number of wheep , but wo have , very good reason to buliovo , from tho continuous and increasingly abundant supply of mutton l \> v tin inoreasimr ' population , amongst
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whom the consumption of meat is extending , that the number of sheep in the ompire . has continuall y inoi-eased . About 1830 they were ' estimated at 32 , 000 , 000 . Since then the number is supposed . to have doxibled , and if the wool crop at that period estimated at 4 lbs . per fleece was 128 , 000 , 000 lbs ., -we may well conclude from the great extension of the woollen manufactures , and from the improvement in the cultivation of wool since , that the produce now is not less than 260 , 000 , 000 lbs . per annum . It is , however , quite certain that since the duty was reduced , and afterwards abolished , that the increase of woollen manufactures , including worsted and-mixed fabrics , has been much increased , and the growth of wool has been also greatly increased . The value of the woollens and worsteds exported was— . »
Jn 1820 £ -J ,-lS-- \ 8 fl 7 111 lSJll-S average Vi , Wt : i , 7 Oi Or in thirty years the exports have increased three-fold . Though imported wool is largely used in our manufactures the chief part of the wool employed continues ' to be of native growth . Prior to 1824 not one pound of home-grown wool could be exported except smuggled ; but in 1857 , the latest year of which we have the detailed statement of our trade , the export of English wool was 15 , 144 , 322 lbs ., of the value of < £ ! , 009 , 499 . Supposing our growth to be now 260 , 000 , 000 lbs ., we export nearly the sixteenth part , and the agricultural interest is benefitted by the competition of foreigners with our own . manufacturers to obtain some of their wool .
ISTow we come to the quantity of foreign and colonial wool imported into this country . Total Wool Imported : — lb * . In 1 S-J 0 with a Cd . duty .... 0 , 7 s <> , 000 5 SJ £ 8 ) 4 uty 4 d .. ndW . ...... { g $ 2 $ S 111 1 . S 50 free 7 < i , 7 (> y , (> 47 In 1858 Tree 1 UO , 7 : W , 7 ^ J So that we now import almost luilf as much as we grow . To show that the last year is not exceptional , we will mention that the average quantity imported in the three years , 1856—1858 , is 124 , 233 , 338 lbs . Thus , since this trade was set free , the import of wool has increased nearly fourteen-fold , and the whole of that import gives in proportion employment and remuneration to several classes of our people . It must not be
inferred that our manufactures have increased in exactly the same pro-portion , for a very considerable-quantity of this wool is re-exported ; but a good deal of the import to re-export is due to the article being perfectly free of duty . Of the ii . nports the quantity exported , taking as the specimen the average of the last three years , was 29 , 847 , 194 lbs ., which left for our use 94 , 386 , 144 lbs . To <> ive a complete history of this great branch of the national business is by no means our intention : we wish only to point out its progress since it escaped the control o f duties and prohibitions , and ior this purpose these facts may ^ suflice . Combining imports with exports—both of the raw material and the manufacture—it seems not too much to say that since the trade was net tolerably free in 1824 it has increased fully fourfold . In the
interval population may have increased 00 per cent . —certainl y it has no't doubled . Wo » iay oonsidor , therefore , all tho dillcroiu'e between tho actual increase of the population anil tho actual increase of the manufacture and trade of wool as the consequence of the abolition of the restrictions and of tho duties on this part of tho rational industry . Tho inherent principle of population which has boon thought , so powerful us K > override all other circumstances , and be , by tho im-ronse of people u ia certainl
perpetual source of social degradation , y powerful enough—though this extreme representation is now known to bo untrue—to . have tit Jeiist increased tho manufiictiwe as . f ' asL as the population It has , however , increased much liister , and wo nmy concliiilo Hint tho slmv progress prior to tho repeal of the laws was due to tho old restrictions Tho legislation us to wool , like , tho legislation as to eorn , greatly impeded tho national " ¦ nnvth and the national prosperity . Unlinpnilv the legislature is ever ready In repeat such
rrn . rs and tliq people ever rewly It . encourage if . in dnin" thif < kind of mischief ; mid , therefore , we tihall whenever wo have an opportunity , cull attention to example * , like these of wool mid corn , of its wrong doing . Wo must , however , remark that , of lute , tho supply <> '' wool imported from tho different countries of Kuropo has fallen on " ,, uudtho aupply ( rum
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jSTo . 494 . Sept . 10 , 1859 . j THE LEADER . 1041
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 10, 1859, page 1041, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2311/page/21/
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