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Leader (1850-1860), 10th September 1859, Edition 1 of 2, Page 1028

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      1028 THE LEADER - [ So . 494 . Sept . 10 , IS 50 . -w— -, ¦ ii ^ jj , " ^^ . ^^ .. I iii—i ¦ I —^—» rj »^ - »^ - ^^ ar : ^—t-t—u n in » i = ^ aqj ^ g ^ . w-rTTire aatL - » ag » J ^ - 'xMii . »« j ¦¦^ a r ^ arjj-i iiwuwj ¦ i n i ¦ wttiw— * = sarjra-. sl ^ ,. MrtJM

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      all such persons as shall bring- their money , into the public "bank of jour Exchequer ; as the rivers do -naturally empty themselves into the sea , so we hope the veins of gold and silver in this nation will plentifully run Into this ocean , for the maintenance of your Majesty ' s just sovereignty on the seas . " This system was extended in 1667 , by the 19 th and 20 th of Charles II ., cap . 4 , for assigning orders in the Exchequer without revocation , which recites :

      — " Whereas it hath been found by experience upon the late Act for 1 , 250 , 000 ^ ., made at Oxford , and other Acts of Parliament since that , time , that the power of assigning of orders in the Exchequer upon those Acts , without revocation , hath been of great use and advantage to the persons concerned in them , and to the trade of this kingdom , and given great credit to his Majesty's Exchequer ; " and enacts that ail orders registered in the Exchequer may be assigned , and the assignor may not revoke his assignment .

      Large advances were now made by the goldsmiths , since called " bankers , " who made 8 to 10 per cent , out of money which their customers had placed in their hands without interest , or which they had borrowed at the legal rate of 6 percent . But these " visionary profits" were cut off in 1672 by the suspension of all payments upon all assignations in the Exchequer for one year . The result was a general crash in Lombard-street , and a severe financial " crisis " it is estimated that the bankers and others were thus defrauded of 1 , 328 , 526 * . The King , by letters patent , charged his hereditary revenue with the interest of that sum at 6 per cent ., which was punctually paid till a year before his death ( 1685 ) . The payment then stopped , arid the creditors of Government , unable to move the Legislature , went to law . In 1697 judgment was obtained against the Crown ; this decision was set aside by Lord Chancellor Somers , but ultimately affirmed on appeal by

      the House of Lords . An Act of Parliament , however , was passed in 1 . , by which a different arrangement was made , and here we stumble on the origin of the Farmers ^ Funded Debt . In 168 S , the year of the glorious Revolution , the whole amount of debt did not exceed 84 , 888 / ., exclusive of arrears due to the army and navy , amounting to 300 , 000 ? . The ordinary revenue was 1 , 580 , 000 ? ., and the average annual expenditure in the reign of James II . 1 , 700 , 000 / . Xn 1695 Long Annuities originated , and in 1694 the Bank of England was incorporated , and the foundation laid of our present national debt . Exchequer-bills were first issued in 1696 , during- a period of great financial distress , about a year before the conclusion of the celebrated Peace of Rjs wick , at which point the last volume of Lord Macaulay ' s History leaves off . And soon the molehill rose into the high mountain , beneath which the nation groans like the fabled giant entombed beneath Etna .

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      THE RELIGIOUS « REVIVALS " IN IRELAND . From the columns of a contemporary much read and admired by the " Evangelical" part of the Church of England we quote the following sensible remarks : — , J > " As we write , some hundreds of girls and even young men in Belfast and elsewhere in the north of Ireland are actually being trained to fall into hysterical fits , and to believe that their insane moan-Ings are manifestations of the Holy Spirit . To those who understand what hysteria really is as physiologists describe it , this must appear a very gross blasphemy . That the delusion largely exists is now unfortunately a matter of public notoriety , and

      it behovea every moral man and woman , fathers , mothers , husbands , and brothers , to unite in condemning its digraceful practice . Hysteria , in effect , is essentially the very opposite to anything purely spiritual . This , its medical and true aspect , is the only correct one . There can bq no religion in nny such gross movement . The ganglion , ! c nerves , that is , the ncrvtfs of the stomach , play the principal part in the affection . How , then , can thcro be anything divine in such merely sensuous indications ? They are gross enough in n private "house , under the eye of parents and an able physician , but what shall wo say of them when made the substance of public devotion in an established place

      • of worship ? The Presbyterian meeting-houses of Belfast nro at present u ) l hot-beds of this impious mania . Humble girls , working at the mills , and young men equally ignorant and laborious , are studiously taught that the offensive diseaso known » s hysteria , Is a sure indication of the motions of tho Divine Spirit . If any of our readers ore desirous of obtaining a clear insight into what wo must call tho profane practices in tho meeting-houses in the TWtli of Ireland , they will find tho whole very suc-¦ clfiQtly and ably explained in a pamphlet just issued , -entitled The Worl- und tho Counterwork , ' by tho m " * ' Edward A . Stopford , archdeacon of Meath . Aue effects may bo truly stated , in theatrical language , as startling . « I was present , ' observes tho

      reverend gentleman , among other instances , ' in a Presbyterian meeting-house , at a prayer , offered with the most frenzied excitement and gesticulations , that God would then and there descend and strike all the unconverted to the earth . That prayer was accompanied throughout by a storm of cries , and groans , and exclaniations , and amens , all having the true hysteric sound . This was the most frightful scene I have witnessed in nay life ; the moment of the awful command to the Almighty to come down and strike , it was perfectly terrific . No such scene would be permitted in any Bedlam upon earth . Presence at sucli a prayer could be redeemed from guilt only by the purpose of warning . I have many

      terrible recollections of life , but this praj-er is the most frightful of them all . I have been used to be calm in the presence of hysteria ; I was calm then ; but the physical effect upon myself was as if I had been drinking plain brandy . Is this the worship of the Church of Scotland ? ' Were this a solitary instance it would be bad enough , but the disorder is almost epidemic in the north of Ireland . Young men are sent out to propagate it , and young men are employed to treat the female patients when the fit comes on them . The moral effects may be imagined . We are indulging in no exaggeration here . We are reciting some few of the facts simply as detailed by Archdeacon Stopford . "

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      MR . NEWTON'S DISCOVERIES IN ASIA MINOR . Ant one who has entered during this year the court of the British Museum must have been surprised to see its noble portico deformed by a long " lean-toi" If he has been allowed to look through the dirty glass walls of this excrescence he has discovered that it contains a range of Greek sculpture , some as colossal as the most gigantic of the remains of Nineveh , and some as grand as those of the Parthenon . They are the produce of 385 cases , brought by her Majesty ' s ships Supply and Gorgon from Budrum ,- Cnidus , Branchidav Calymnos , and Rhodes , containing the sculpture , the architecture , the pottery , and the miscellaneous antiquities discovered and disinterred by Mr . C . T . Newton in the three years of his memorable expedition .

      Of sculpture and architecture the portions most noble in style and in execution and the most historically interesting- are those supplied froiu the Mausoleum . The colossal statue of Mausolus , which crowned it , is most happily put together out of sixty-three fragments , and but little injured . The portions of two of the horses of the car on which he stood , and four slabs of the frieze , in high relief , which run round the external portico , are in very fine condition . An angle capitol , several steps from the pyramid which supported the car , and mouldings from other parts of the ruins , probably afford the means of restoring the plan of the building , and innumerable fragments of figures and friezes show the nature of its decorations . Inferior only to , the treasures from Budrum are those from Cnidus .

      The most remarkable are a lion , ten feet long and six feet high , cut from a single block of white marble , which once : crowned the pyramidal roof of a Doric tomb on the promontory near Cnidus . The Temenos of Demetex , Persephone , and Pluto , has given up to us several statues of tho two former divinities , several marble pigs dedicated to Persephone , and many fragments in fine Parian marble of the best period of Greek sculpture A statue of Demeter has reached us , found in its original niche in a tomb erected by the people of Cnidus to their eminent citizen , Lyucethios , a name which owes its preservation to their gratitude .

      A lion and a sphynx and ten seated statues , t a ken from the sacred way leading to the Temple of Apollo at B ranch idoo , arc the most interesting products of tho excavations near Miletus . They a ^ ro all remarkable for their archaic , almost Egyptian forms , and two of them contain inscriptions in very ancient Greek characters . They may belong to a date between n . o . 500 and n . o . 520 , end in that case are among our earliest specimens of Greek sculpture . Tho inscriptions which Mr . Nowjtpn has preserved for us form a long and interesting' series , exhibiting tho chief varieties of Greek palocography , through a range ' of time of not loss than 800 years , from n . o . 220 , or earlier , to a . p . 300 , or later ;

      Tho most romarkable of thoso inscriptions are : — 1 . The base from Branchidro , dedicated by the sons of Anaximandor , with tho name of an urtist Tcrpslclos , the maker of tho object dedicated . 2 . Tho votive inscription on tho lion of Branchidttt , in which a tenth is dedicated to the Apollo of that temple by a number of persons probably citizens of Miletus . 3 . Tho votivo inscription to Apollo , by Chares , ruler of Telchiosa , on tho chair of hia statue in tho sacred way—Branehidoo .

      From Cnidus are a number of inscriptions from the Temenos of Demeter and Persephone , containing dedications to these deities , to Pluto Epirnachos , to Hermes , as conductor of the dead , and to the Dioscuri . One of these is in hexameter verse . These inscriptions were placed on the bases of statues of the duitics worsliipped in the Temenos . From the Temple of the Muses are two inscriptions—one containing a dedication of Apollo Pythias , the other to the Muses ; from the Eastern Cemetery is an inscription in elegiac verse relating to a paltestra , in which where statutes-of Pan and Hermes . Other inscriptions from Cnidus are valuable , as mentioning the senate and chief magistrates of the ci ty , or as giving the name of new artists . Of sepulchral inscriptions of the Roman period there are numerous examples ; one of these is an epitaph in elgiac verse of some length .

      Among the inscriptions collected at Budrum is one which relates to a stoa , built at llalicarnassus by Ptolemy Philadelphus . Another of the Ptolemies , the eighth of the dyftasty , is mentioned in an inscription found near Branchidae , which records the bringing of an ivory door from Egypt as an offering to the Temple of Apollo . From Rhodes is a long inscription containing a decree by the people of Lindus , and b y another city or tribe previously unknown . From Calymnos is a long- decree relating to the building of a proscenium , and part of a decree of proaienia . Most of these inscriptions are in very fine condition . -Of Fictile Vases , the following interesting examples belong to the last cargo of the Supply . ( 1 . ) Rhodes . —A large collection of vases of the archaic period recently discovered near . the presumed site of the ancient Camirus .

      These vases are chiefly of the style known as Phoenician , in which friezes , monsters , animals , and floral decorations , painted iri crimson and black on a cream-coloured ground , form the subjects of the picture . The collection now brought from Rhodes e xhibits great varieties of form * among which the most remarkable are large platters , of a kind which have not been found elsewhere . The viprour of the drawing and the brilliancy render

      and freshness of the colouring in these vases them most valuable specimens of archaic art . They have , moreover , a peculiar interest from the circumstance that they were discovered near the presumed site of the ancient Camirus and in the same tombs with other antiquities , some of which were certainly imported from Egypt , while others are probably specimens of Phopneciah art , executed in that earlier period before the Greeks had driven out the traders of Sidon and Tyre from their station in the Eastern Mediterranean .

      The antiquities found in these tombs form a remarkable illustration of those found at Pallidrarar near Vulci in Etruria , some years ago . From the island of Telos are three large vases oi the latest period of Greek fictile art , and very sumlar to a class found in Southern Italy . From llalicarnassus are two vases with red figures , discovered by Mr . Newton in tombs in the Eastern Cemetery . In these tombs were several unedited silver coins , placed in the mouth of the dead to pay the passage over the Styx . . , .... When the vases here described are combined witn thoso previously obtained by Mr . Newton in the islands of Cos , Calymnos , and Rhodes , they will form a series of examples of fictile art from tlie-Turkish side of the Archipelago more comprere than is at present to be found in any European

      museum . . . At Cnidus no large vases have been foun . i , J » u a great variety of lamps of a black ware , reseiHUimt Woflgewood ware , wero obtained from the l omonos of Domoter . Of Terracottas , tho most Interesting . son c small and beautifully modelled figures and licaua from the site of the Mausoleum , and from n > ° Temenos of Demeter and Persephone .-atCnulus . Some of thoso from tho Mausoleum may P ° » " » JJ havo served as models for tho sculptors ompioyy * on that edifice , but the groat majority are certnimy votive offerings . . , _ .., „ <•„ - ruiiYv wuwi Aiigo « » ill f * i \ r romnrkabio tor

      A collection of small figures , more numbers than execution ,. wiv » found in the vuu" » of a building of the Homan period at Budrum , anu some , interesting specimens of groups emboiaou oi » cups and lamps in an excavation at Cnulua . Among tho coarser pottery may bo monUo . ^ I ' large collection of handles of diotuo , also specimens of drain pines , roof tiles , and artificial orniimonw from tho site of the Mausoleum and fVom Cniuus . Of miscellaneous antiquities tho most rcmiXTkuuia aro tho following : — „ v _ ,. „< , 1 . Tho alabaster vase with tho name ot Aorxos in hieroglyphic and cuneiform Chan-actors , discovers

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 10, 1859, page 1028, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2311/page/8/