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IJSTB I A, AND INDIAN PROGRESS.
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iafcr , John Mitbhell , now dates his letters from 3 ^ 138 , whence he writes to defend himself f rom the * &aige of having violated his parole when a convict . 3 tte says he will not lie under that charge . He wants it probed to the bottom . The accusation of tfce ^ English Government that he did so , is , in Jus estimation , an outrage which he cannot tolerate . Madame Dubois-Davenne has been entrusted -with the execution of Beranger ' s bust in marble , &ar the sessional room ( Salle de seance ) ol the . Academy .
T * he death of the Hon . John William Fortescue wjcurred at Camacha , Madeira / on the 25 th ult ., at the age of fortj years . The deceased was son of -7 « he second Earl Fortescue , and was born ^ in 1819 . Sb -represented Barnstaple from 1847 until 1852 , when he unsuccessfully contested Youghal , being fflnly defeated by the small majority of two . The will of tie late Mr . I . K . Brunei , C . E ., has * e en administered to by the executors ; the personal - ^ estate being sworn under 90 , 0001 . .
The writ for the election of a member for the county of Ayr , arrived on Tuesday , and the sheriff lias fixed Wednesday the 26 th inst . for the nomination and Friday the 28 th as the polling day . Both ¦ candidates have now concluded their canvas , and it othfrom the terms of new addresses issued to the constituency are confident of success . Time- only ¦ will reveal who is tobe the " coming man , " although numerous bets are being taken that the young Conservative will be at the top of the poll on the 28 th .
The Bishop of London has conferred on the Rev . l ? rancis Garden , M . A ., curate of St . Stephen ' s , . Rochester-row , Westminster , the honourable dignity *> f Sub-Dean , vacant by thedeath of the Re # f Charles "Wesley , D . D . Mr . Garden is of Trinity College , Cam-Inridge , B . A . 1833 , and M . A . 1836 , and gained the Bulsean Prize Essay in 1832 . Castje at a Discount . —There are eight or ten thousand labourers , we learn from a correspondent of the Bombay Gazette , employed on the Bhore - < Jhat . Those who do the blasting business ( natives ) are thusnotieed : — " Day and night lihey work continually , without one atom of ventilation to cool * hem , or a greater movement in the air than enables .
them to breathe . They take from ten to twelve iours at a spell , punching a heavy steel bar against rock which they can scarcely penetrate at a greater xate than an inch an hour . These men found it impossible to sustain themselves oh vegetable food , and , left ot liberty by their caste , they eat and drink , as they work , very much like English navvies . From ten to twelve oxen are killed daily for their use at JKliandalla , where beef formerly was a thing unfcnown , ar id they can wash down a comfortable beef-« teak with a glass of grog without the danger of drunkenness . They are the only class of people who stick to their work all the year round , and iiave scarcely visited their villages since the tunneling began . "
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THE STATE OF INBIA . Before Tire have done with the European mutiny , got up by Lord Canning ' s monstrous refusal'to recognise the legal position , and rights of the soldiers , we have another specimen of his lordships aptitude at earning a fortune of jE 25 , 0 OO ayear "by doing dis-service to the state . ^ His last proceeding is to set the whole country in flames by . bungling with an Income Tax or Trade License , which if judiciously , arranged , would have done much to restore the shattered credit of Indian
finance . A scheme so important should have been thoroughly considered in all its bearings and details , before it should have been permitted to see daylight , and every just provision should have been made to secure for it a fair aspect , as well as a probability of fair working . Instead of this , on the 13 th August , Mr . Harrington , who represents the official views of Government House , laid before the Legislative Council a crude scheme for taxing trades and professions , and exonerating the highly-paid Governor-General , the members Of the Council—whose £ 10 , 000 . a-y ear would bear
a little clipping without detriment , —^ and all other officials . Landholders and fundholders were also to be exempted . Professional men and traders were to be divided into eleven divisions and charged froni 2 rupees per annum up to 2 , 000 rupees . The calculation of the proceeds of this plan showed that it could only provide for a portion of the deficiency , and no explanation was given how the balance was to be raised . The scheme met with general condemnation , and on . the 25 th of August Mr . Harrington came down with what he called ah
amended bill , in which those occupying the first of bis eleven divisions were to pay 5 , 000 rupees , instead of 2 , 000 rupees as first proposed , and the civil servants were to pay 3 per cent , on tleir incomes . In reply to questions . and opposition , Mr : Harrington declared that the Government could give no information as to the amount of its probable requirements , that it had no financial scheme , and could not say by what other measures this Income Tax Bill would be followed . He further explained that the Government dare not adopt a general income tax , nor a house tax , nor
a further tax on Jand , nor any tax on the proceeds of government securities . After much discussion the Council passed the second reading of the . Mil , with clauses to include staff military salaries above 100 rs . a month , and then adjourned for two months . When the mail left , the Sheriff of Calcutta had * in compliance with a requisition signed by men of all parties , called a public meeting to consider *• the project of taxation now before the Legislative Council for taxing trades and professions , and in connexion therewith , the corfduct , constitution , and order of proceeding of the said Council . " We learn also from the newspapers ,
that a general determination existed to resist the measure , not from unwillingness to submit to a just income tax , but from a dislike to the partial operation of the Government scheme , and the want of any suitable machinery for carrying it out . The malcontents complain of the exemption of the zemindars and fundholders , as they assert that Lord Comwallis ' s Permanent Settlement -was never intended to exempt the former from every other mode of taxation , except the annual rent or tax upon their lands , and they see no reason yhy the latter should be allowed to escape their just share , of the public burdens .
Indian taxation is , no doubt , a matter of great difficulty , and will put to the test any hitherto undiscovered faculty of statesmanship that Mr . Jaiaoe Wilson may , possess ; but it is not creditable that a number of gentlemen with . 610 , 000 . a * year each , and presided over by a nobleman hired at nearly three times the amount , should be found totally unequal to the business for which they are so highly- paid . In Calcutta Lord Conning is assented to do the chief cause of this disgrace , and mercantile-letters urge upon their correspondents in London , to exert every effort to , procure his recall , before , bis incompetence brings about some new disaster of conspicuous magnitude . Europeans and natives know perfectly 'well that his lordship
was not saddled upon them from any idea of h fitness for his work ; but in the hope of smoot ^ times , and in order that he might make a f ortune ' of which he was known to be in need ; and his reign has been characterised hy a Beiiesof blunders that would have long since led to the recall of any one not belonging to the privileged caste . The paper on Indian trade , recently read by Mr . Mackenzie before the British Asspciation in Aberdeen , and which has justbeen published , contains ample matter to convince everybody that with decent government , India would soon get rid of her financial difficulties , and enter upon a cai'eer of prosperity that would enable her to . . ^ . •»« ^ ' *• ' _ i- '
meet all the demands of a just and necessary expenditure . From a valuable series of tables appended to this paper , we see that between 1833 and 1858 the exports from British India increased 120 per cent ., while the imports oi merchandise ( excluding treasure ) increased 225 per cent . . After pointing out the exports of merchandise from British India in 1858 , amounting to . £ 27 , 453 , 692 , of which . £ 9 , 106 , 635 was opium , none of which was entered for British consumption , Mr . Mackenzie remarks , " It is remarkable that a drug , which we only use in minute quantities , should represent more than a third of the whole value of Indian exports , and be equal in , value to nine-tenths of all the manufactures and
produce we receive from her . ' In another place he mentions coffee , tea ,, dyes , other than indigo , and oils , grains , oil seeds and fibres , all of which-India could produce to an indefinite extent , and which we could consume in any quantities , but as yet only obtain in small proportions . On the authority of Major JDrury he tells us that 674 plants of a valuable description are grown in India , but although many are capable of entering largely into commercial transactions the greater part are unknown to European trade .. Mr . Mackenzie strongly urges attention to develope these sources of wealth , and points out as one great
obstacle in Bengal— -the uncertainty of land tenures . To cure this evil , and pay off a great part of the Indian Debt , he recommends permitting and encouraging the Zemindars to redeem the la nd tax on their estates , which he apprehends most of them would do , by selling portions sufficient to provide the requisite funds . As the matter now stands no one can have a good title to zemindary lands unless he holds the entire estate , because the first non-payment of a quarter ' land tax by the zemindar , or his agent , exposes the whole estate to sale , which extinguishes all titles the zemindar may have granted . The want of banking facilities in In dia is also a great" hindrance to trade . It appears from Mr . great" hindrance to trade , it appeals irom jjxt . Mackenzie that the onlthree banks of
' s paper , y importance , and in which the Government holds shares , have an aggregate capital of less than two millions ; and the result of this small supply of banking power is that " nearly all payments have to be made in the bulky form of silver ; and it is estimated the Government now employ 30 , 000 troops in their treasure escorts , at a cost of some three per cent , on their revenue , while m proportion to their transactions , private ^ parties have'to pay for a similar costly process . " Every nerve ought to be strained to develope this Indian trade as fast as possible 5 and , in addition to judicious , taxation and legislation on the spot , the Home Government should adopt systematic measures to acquaint the mercantile and manufacturing world with the numberless neglected but important articles which India yields .
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INDIAN FINANCE Mk . George CAMrnnLi . has reoordod , \ n a sn * pamphlet of sixty pages , his conclusions on incnan finance , and acknowledges that after the war expenditure has passed , and after overy soldier we can spare has been sent home , we shall still navo a permanent annual deficit of eight millions Btorllng . The permanent military expenditiiro , even on tne scale suggested by the Commission , will exceed xne old ratio by four millions . The debt is inoreasedby two more , and at least two will be required to me&s the old deficit of £ 900 , 000 and some indispensable public works . Even this estimate is infinitely below the truth , for it ia based on'the idea that the native army will be 190 , 000 men . Mr . Cartipboll , alter a careful examination of the records published by tuo Commission , proves that it already exceeds 3 ou , uuv men , that w have at this . moment an * nx » y , m xo ~ pean and Native , of 438 , 111 men . W « will however , take the figure at only eight millions , and even
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j $ 74 THE XBAJpJBB . ; , ^ p . 500 / . ; Q . cT . ' ag ; T 859 . ¦ ¦ .. ' . '> ¦ ' ... ¦ ¦
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JErin-go-Bragh or Irish Z / tfe Pictures , By W . H . Maxwell . In 2 vols . Richard Bentley .. Shakespeare Papers ; Pictures Grave and Gay . By Wxa . Magin . Biohard Bentley . 37 he Bye Lanes and Downs of England . By Sylvanus . R . Bentley . SThe Queen qf Hearts . By Wilkie Collins . In 8 vols . . Hurst and Blnckett . / Slhe New and the Old , or California and India in Momantic Aspects , ByJ . W . Palmer , M . D . Sampson X . ow , Son , and Co . ZTwice Mound the Clock . By George Augustus Sala . Houlston and Wright . Jonathan Oldacre . By J , Crawford Wilson , Word . and Lock .
Ikfurder will out , A story qf real life . Roufcledge , . Warne ^ and Co . TJieGitana . A Ballad of Spain , & o . By Ariell Thorn . W . Kent and Co . The Habits of Good Society } a Handbook ofMtiquette . \ J . Hogg and Sons , jPsalms , and Hymns . By the Rev . Edward H . Bickerstoth , M . A ., Incumbent of Christ Church , Hampstead ' . Dean and Son . The Volunteer ' s Mand-booTt . Dean and Bon . % fo . Principles and Practice qf Harmonious Co-^ Jtpuring of Photographs , W . Kent and Co . tltiistrations to show how to work with the Mi-$ ^ 9 < $ Pe ' , By Lionel Beale , M . B ., F . R . S . John XiiapftaiiQn ' Hov ) it is related to revelation' and the « m $ 4 «< m . TPtttawr an * Co . Wtd . | . '' li . . i ^ ¦ .
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. "'W » V "' i , ' ' ' ' imMniv * . :, ¦ .. ¦ , ¦ . ^ 3 B > RJiAi'Ii S . « PiJ ^^^ ffftW ( w (« w .- ^ No . 8 SJ * . Longman , Green , J Mtm ^ mi ^ K . \) . * i > . iu ^; t ^ mM ^ W ^ iPrpto'Worka . Parti . Dean and Son . 3 W > Historical Magazine . Wo . IX Trttbncr and Co .
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BOOKS RECEIVED .
Ijstb I A, And Indian Progress.
IND I A , AND INBIAN PROGRESS .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 22, 1859, page 1174, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2317/page/10/
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