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ijiSUW 3. 184?., ^ ^ _ THE NORTHERN S^A ...
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#oretp iftobements*
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•< « And I will war, at least in words, ...
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Colonial anlr fornix {ntdlfgtmr*
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INDIA AND CHINA. Despatches have been re...
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THE CASE OF POLA.VD. TO THE rEnr-WS OK O...
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3$flnftrupt0,
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[From the Gatelttof Tuesday, December 20...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Ijisuw 3. 184?., ^ ^ _ The Northern S^A ...
ijiSUW 3 . 184 ? ., ^ ^ _ THE NORTHERN S ^ A R . 7
#Oretp Iftobements*
# oretp iftobements *
•< « And I Will War, At Least In Words, ...
•< « And I will war , at least in words , ( i ( Aud—should my chance so happen—deeds , ) With all who war with Thought !" 11 » l mink I hear a little bird , who sings CtfTte people ^ and by will be tke stronger . " — Brsc-x
T THE AMERICAN AGRARIAN REFORMERS . ' We announced last wedTthe '' jwaw ^ " 0 f of the Derao wticparty a ^ mblingat Taminan UaH in in favour of some of the views of the Nat onal Skew " thfwhole of their views appear ltkely £ JoKSJ eralonsby the " Democrats " aa the Efollowing » rticle , extracted from the New \ ork S Sh Olobe , one of the leading organs of that party , wi will testify : — t « T « KCifsrri of a issnro democbaci is o » db » to MKKRVX THE SOVEailCSTI OF THE PEOFLE .
TXe may safely appeal * ° the history of every goveram meat and every country in the world , to pre » e that per . m maient sovereignty ofthe people cannot exist where the st sc il is monopolized by the few . A sovereign Democracy , ai and a landed Aristocracy , cannot coexist , they are ir incoropatibles . It may be stated as an axiom , that just ii in the proportion that the number of landless men ii increase in a country , will the sovereignty of the people d dt crease . The people of all nations derive their chief « i « upport from the soil ; and when the soil is monopolized b bv the few , dependence aud want are the condition of the TJ rainy . It is the highest doty of a free government to p ptevent a monopoly of the soil , as that is the only method c of preserving the sovereignty of tbe people . That our
c cou ntless mdlions of acres of rich and fertile public lands s should be disposed " of in unlimited quantities to those , wio can pay 1 dollar 25 cents the acre , is an act of gross j jm ' astic : - to the landless millions of the present and f future generations . That they should ta a source of i revenue to defray the expenses of the government is also i uiijust . These lands belong equally to the rich and the 1 peer , they are the property ef the whele people . The ¦ trie principle of raising revenue to defray tbe expenses < of government , is to draw it from the people in proper-1 tion to their ability to pay , or in prop « rtioa to . the value i ofthe property each man has to protect . It is certainly ¦ uijustto selTthe lands of the poor , to protect the pro-] j ; rtyof « herich .
If the Government would allow every man who has no lsiil to take possession of as much as he could cultivate fire of price , or at a price barely sufficient to defray the expense of a survey , it would dtrive more revenue from pursuing such * policy than it does from a sale of the had at 1 dol . 25 cents tke acre . It may be asked , by those who are not very far seeing , how this assertion can be proved . Let us state the grounds upon which we make the assertion . It will not be doubted that freedom of the Public Lands to those who wish to cultivate them would increase largely the number of tax payers . Thousands who now loiter in idleness in our great cities , and subsist
upon charity , having no means to purchase land , would , in a few yean , become Independent farmers , and tax payers . Tfcey would consume largely of imports upon which duties are laid ; and it is no exaggeration to assert thit in five years they would pay as much money into the National Treasury in the shape of duties as Government charges now for 160 acres of its test lands . The withdrawal of these landless men , from our cities and towns , to become independent farmers upon the fertile soil of tb ? great West , would greatly benefit the labouring ch . ssts in the places whieh they left . There would be ar , increased demand for the labor oi those who did not
chose to become farmers . We do not intend now to exhanst the argument in fa ^ oar of this policy in relation to the Public Domain . We simply throw out a few suggestions with a view to avrak » n public attention to one of the most important subjects of governmental duty . We assert that the adoption of this policy would enrich the Treasury of the government , perpetuate the sovereignty of tbe people , inrresse the demand and compensation for labjur , and promote the welfare and happiness ol the American pe . ple . While it would fill the coffers of the Nation ' s Traasury . Jit would create a wider market for our domestic manufactures . It is a democratic measure , though it acght not to be a party one . It is so abs lately necessary to theperpBtuity of the sovereignty of the people tint ' * the Democracy of the Union wiil be forced to aiopt it . or it will cease to be the Democratic party . It is a r . form , in a long-established , but erroneous governmental policy , that cannot be delayed much Longer ., '
YTs live in an age characterised for its progress , and in oneia which " the mere nam * of Democracy , without the instance , is fast losing its hold on tbe minds ef the refleeting men . " We warn the intelligent and sincere worshippers at tbe altar of tke Democratic liberty , of the danger of disregarding , or attempting to check the spirit of progress that seeks the amelioration of the dependent condition ofthe toiling millions . This spirit was never so active as at this day . The time his been when its workings were confined to the great Democratic party of ths Union—it has now invaded the ranks of the opposite party ; and in a great majority of cases , in which our opponents have obtained political power , their victory has bc ^ n wholly owing to the infusion of this spirit iuto their ranks . These remarks of ours , fhaugh they contain sugges . tic ns that we have long thought of , are intended as a nnre introduction to the following letter vie received last evening from % liberal minded man , and a pure D mocrat , who resides in Xew London , Connecticut .
Sew London , Sov . 16 , ISiS . Sir , —The result ofthe recent election in the State of Kf w York has convinced me that tbe Democratic party tin no longer sustain its supremacy in this republic , on m--re surface measures of reform . Itmustplaee itself ou thjse which are deeply and thoroughly Democratic , or th » Democracy -will leave it and join some other party , as they are already too intelligent to be longer deceived with party names . They desire realities , possessing intriasic value , and will hare them , being convinced that at . itccratic institutions and usages have been engrafted u ; w this government by wicked men , which must be Ij ' . peJ off , « r the government cannot stand . They are a ^ -are that machinery of this goierument and the machinery of our social system do not operate harmoniously ,
a :: i that their iahereut opposition to each other is the cause of this mighty evil . They know that this govern , rc-nt is based on the sovereignty ofthe people , and see clearly that the moneyed power , sustains our social system , imported from monarchial England by our progenitors , and not changed when this government was established . It is fearfully obvious to the Democracy that ocr monarchial social systsm is rapidly destroying tbe sovereignty of the people of this Republic , and sinking tLemfoalevtl with tbe degraded subjects of kiagly desp ) ts . Already they behold , with soirow , in the manufacturing establishments of the moneyed power . S 0 Ters go operatives degraded aud oppressed by sovereign pr , prietors and overlookers . In the agricultural
district , sovereign tenants and sovereign landlords , severe in wages slaves and sovereign employers . On the cc ; an , sovereign common sailors and sovereign officers . Ir . a word , they see in every direction the sovereign poor aid the sovereign rich , sovereign beggars and sovereign a ; laoasires , foodless , clotheless and shelfless sovereigns , arj sovereigns who tare sumptuously every day . nre clt-thed in purple and fine linen , and dwelt in very costly ac J splendid mansions . These sights , and the appalling truths they manifest , are rapidly convincing the Demoency that the machinery of our social system must opeu ' e in accordance with tbe fundamental principles of s . r government , or the sovereignty of the people will sd an be destr-jyed . and the government become a complete tc .-neved aristocracy .
In view of these mighty evils , and tbe dreadful consciences that will be produced by them , unless they are tpjedily destroyed , the Democracy , will insist upon the adoption of measures the most patent for good , the most pnfound , and the most efficient , Neither a high nor low tariff , nor even free-trade will satisfy them . Measures mast be put in operation that will permanently elevate labour and thus prevent the destruction of the toveteigcty of the people . Legislation must cease to be a passive instrument of the monied power to rob tlr labouring millions and . vgrandise the non-labouring thousands ; but it roust do justice—perfect justice . It rcust co-operate , with those who obtain their bread by the « v tat of their brows to democratise our monarchical sotill system , by the enactment of equal and righteous U-vs . The sovereignty ofthe peop le of this great nation mist not be a falsehood , but a truth—practical , and not theoretical . Our property system must be based on the
t-TJal rights of the people , and operate in accordance wi-Ji tbem . The slaves of capital must be emancipated in every part of this Republic , and the workers upon the li ' id and the sea be placed in a condition to work for ttstnselves . Bounds must be set to the rapid strides of trail avarice towards universal dominion ; and tht most kiustrious , most useful , and most virtuous portion of htmariity be freed from its iron grasp . Land monopoly » iit ba annihilated , and the people ' s land placed beyond tte reach of capital , and within the reach of labour . It » art be possessed , in limited quantities , by actual setu ? rs and cultivators of the soil , and not by speculators ; * td effectual barriers must be set up , durable as time , gainst the vavo % d of «» vvtal ^ P **• ^ tt tl " * * foundation must be laid deep enough , broad enough , and K-osg enough , to sustain , permanently , a mighty Landed DMaocrary , without which a pure Kepublican govern . ffi * ntcan no more exist than can a monarchical
governu ^ st without a Landed Aristocracy . In my humble opinion , measu res less far-reaching * ' 4 radical than the abovenam « d will not be approbated k the Demo racy -, I hope , therefore , that the Democrat ic fcrty , as the party of reform and progress , will not only b ¦'¦• ;* them , but do all in its power to carry them iuto *• -n . By so doing , it will not only be the majority party , " "•* will 60 UI 1 beCome the party of the millions in « ppo-, ! 'i ' -n to the party * f the il » u = ands . Wid the Demonic party act wiser ? ! I hope i : will .
lours truiy , ClUBLES DOVGIAS . After reading the above , can any sane man doubt 1 Eventual triumph of the American Agrarians ? Ue article in the Globe called forth the following 1 * : ce in the Xew York Tribune ( of Nor . 21 st ) the $ ! <* t organ ofthe Whigs :-* te GUte of yesterday has an able and truthful jj ^ er en the necessity of a radical reform in the mode £ Ksio- ofthe Public Lands , introducing a cogent letter jpa Dr . Charles Douglas of New London , Conn , urging ^ same truths , " which in substance have been refcatedl y commended in our coluurnj . " # » » The ' '¦ fefcluBtlv cenftfiei ftavtoereiCTtf ShajaPonoem /
•< « And I Will War, At Least In Words, ...
is over—that it lies buried in tbe political coffin of its contriver and master spirit , Salas Wright . The party which has so long flourished and fattened on the perverted name of Democracy must now take a sttp forward or lie down irrecoverably in the trench wherein its own faithlessness to princi ple has thrown it . Is not this worth fdr more than its cost ? It is . The defeat of the " Democratic" party at the recent election is already laying the foundation for the triumph of real democracy . The " Democrats " must advance or perish as a partv , making wav for the National Reformers ; any way the triumph of Acrarian Reform is certain .
President Polk finding himself short of money to carry on the aggressive war against Mexico , has recently advertised twelve millions of arces of the public lands for sale , to en ; iblt > him to command the " needful . Of course these lands will be bought up by speculators , to the exclusion of tbe mass of the American people . Polk himself in his message to Congress , before he had engaged in the wicked war against Mexico , denounced this system ot land-selling in the following terms : —
It has been found by experience , that in consequence of combination of purchasers and other causes , a very small quantity ot the public Isnds , when sold at public auction , commands a higher price than the minimum rate established by law . —The settlers on the public land * are . however , but rarely able to secure their ^ homes and improvements at the public sales at that rata ; because these combinations , by means of the capital they " command , and their superior ability to purchase , render it impossible for the settle to compete with them in the market .
By puttin ? down all competition , these combinations of capitalists and SPECULATORS are usually enabled to purchase the public lands . ? g- INCLUDING THE IMPROVEMENTS OF THE SE fTLERS , at tbe minimum price ofthe government , and either TURN THEM OUT OF THEIR HOMES , or EXTO-tT from th-ni , according to their ability topsy , DOUBLE or QUADRUPLE , the amount payed for them to Government . After euloz'zing "the hardy pioneers of the West , " he added that "theyshould be protecltd from the grasping speculator . " He now affords t ^ speculators the opportunity of buying at once six times the quantity of public lands they have been heretofore able to purchase in one year : and tin" settlers" will be driven from their homes unless they can compete with the speculators on the day of purchase .
One of the recent acts of the National Reformers has been the adoption of thc | following resolutions in relation to this iniquity : — Whereas , nearly twelve millions of acres of the People ' s Lands are now advertised for sole by the President , to speculators , notwithstanding that this Association and Us auxiliaries throughout the United States have beer for two years remonstrating against the traffic in the People ' s Lands ; and whereas , the President himself has informed tbe people , in his first message to Congress , that the combinations of capitalists and speculators "by means of the capital they command , and their superior
ability to purctass . render it impossible for the settler to compete with them iu the market . " and that "by putting down all competition , these combinations of capitalists and speculators are usually enabled to purchase thlands , including the improvements ofthe settlers , at the minimum price ofthe government , and either turn them out of their homes or EXTORT from them DOUBLE or QUADRUPLE the amount p-. id for them to the government ; " and whereas , we believe , as the President -xprcs « ed himself in that message , that the settler " should be protectel from the GRASPING SPECULATOR , " therefore
Resolved , That we solemnly PROTEST against the proposed sale of the People ' s Lands . Resolved , that f-se landless people have a right to tha free nse ofthe public lands in limited quantities us actual settlers , and that it ' is the duty of the government to secure that right . Resolved , That should the proposed sales of tbe People ' s Lands to the sp culators be tffected , they ought to be considered null and void by tbe settlers and by tho community . Resolved , That ' a . copy of these resolutions he transmitted to the President , and to each member of his Cabinet . 30 n the subjects ofthe " war" and the " sale of the public lands , " Young America remarks : —
Already t * o or three ' thousand poor men have been sacrificed in this aggressive Mexican war , and their wives and children , relatives and friends , throughout tbe country , are now mourning their loss , in numbers of which the election tables may enable you , Mr . Polk , to form * ome idea ; and yet the game is still to be carried on , and that , too , by stealing the people ' s lands and increasing the number of the landless ! Belter , by far , to stop the war at once , on the easiest terms you can , or cv « n to back out . You are in tbe-wrong t The paltry dollars due to some of our rich capitalists might have been cause for non-intercourse , but could not authorize one mangled limb , much less a ! l the slaughter that has been enacted . Those who were houseleess aid homeless in our midst far more demanded the protection of the govern , merit than the speculators who could afford to send pro
perty out"f the country . -JiWill the speculators dare to buy these lands t And if they do , will the standing araiy be increased to protect their purchases from the Anti-Renters that will spring up upon them ? These ' questions are worthy of consideration where it is not too late . Some of them may bt bought , as it is no doubt intended tuey should be , bj slave-holders ; but is not this a pretty way for a de moeratic administration to " extend the area of freedom V Well may the " Union" call public ( speculatorsi ) attention to the fact that no such opportunity wll ' be likely again to occur of obtaining " such large bodies of fresh and fertile land ? , at the land sales ; " for if th . public attention were not already aroused to tbe stupendous iniquity of . this government land-jobbing , most assuredly this " manager ' s last kick" would wake it up .
We have now brought this sketch of the history o the Agrarian Reformers down to the present time ; a few words wiil suffice to conclude , and first as regards their principle ? . Their bond of Union as has been already stated is a " Pledge" which binds the persons subscribing tt it to vote only lor the candidates for public office * who will undertake to support and vote for the reforms set for in the Asscciation ' s " pledge . " Th ' first" pledge , " adopted at the outset of the society ' s existence was in our estimation faulty , because nid going far enoush ; as , however , that " pledge" has been set aside for another and a better , there is no need for us to state our objections to what has now ceased to feist . The amended pledge is as follows - . —
NATIONAL REFORM ASSOCIATION PLEDGE . We whose names are annexed desirous of restoring to man his Natural Right to Land , do solemnly agree , that we will not vote for any man for the Presidency or Con . grcss who will not pledge himself in writing to use all the influer . ee of his station , if elected , to prevent all further traffic in the Public Lands of the States of the Unitsd States , and to cause them to be laid out In farms and Lots for the free and exclusive use of actual settlers ; or for any man for the Governorship ofthe legislature who will not so plenge himself to the freedom of the Public Lands , to the limitation of the quantity of land to be obtained by any individual hereafter in thi « State , to the exemption of the Homestead from any future debt or mortgage , and to a limitation to ten ofthe hours of daily labour on public works or in establishments chartered bv law
We think this " pledge" is unexceptionable . The reforms therein set forth once established in the slate of New York , will speedily be demanded and enforced throughout the Union . Should this happy cjnsumroation come to pass , America will have no need to war , rob , and murder to add to her territory ; on the contrary , nations will be too happy to " annex" on the understanding that they are to be equal abaters in her ( then ) glorious institutions . The men who are engaged at the head of this movement appear to us to be fully competent to work out the great objects of their mission . George il . Evans , John Windt , Lewis Masqticrier , W . J Young , J . Cameford , Lewis Ryckman , John De La Montavne , Henry Beenly , Egbert Manning , James
Maxwell . Dr . Lagham , Ransom Smith , T . A . Devyr , II . Beenlv , M . T . O'Connor . Albert Brisbane , A . E . Bovay , Mike Walsh , W . West , W . L . Mackenzie , and Herman Krige , are amongst the best known of a whole host of talented and energetic men who have devoted themselves to this great work . Besides these , are S'ich eminent men as Parke Godwin , Josiah Warren , W . II . Channing , Gerrit Smith , and Horace Greeley who though not identified with the Association give their support to its objects . We say nothing now of the patriotic and talented men who in Pennsylvania . Massachusetts , IHiaois , and other states ofthe union are working in this great movement . We shall have occasion hereafter , we doubt not , to record their names .
Young America , the principal journal of the new movement , after struggling with enormous difficulties , is , we believe , at last thoroughly and successfully established . The Reformers of Pennsylvania have two or three journals devoted to their cause , one of them a " daily" with a very large circulation . •* 7 / ic Voice of Industry" and other papers in Massachuseites are identified with the movement ., and . » o likewise , arc several papers published in Illinois , Michigan , Ohio , and . other states . Mr . Devyr . besides the Anit-itaiter , is engaged with some friends in attempting to establish a daily evening paper in Albany ; we suppose and hope that Mr Devyr will be the editor ; he has our warmest wishes for bis
success , l he principal organs of the " Democratic and ' Whig" parties in Nt ? w York , the Globe and the Zriotmc , r . re both favourable to the new movement , and their influence will do much to accelerate success . Several " Liberty" papers come out boldly for tho whole of the principles and objects of the National Reformers . We have seen with much satisfaction that in the recent election tome of the most enliobtened of she " Liberty ' . ' party , ( the Slavery Abolitionists ) , have been the first to cast their lot with the ^ formers . This is well , this proves them to hTthorou gh haters of slavery—white as well as black By adopting the Reform principles , they will find that they have not only done right but they Eve als o done well ; we are convinced that the true JSSmI ft * Atolitioaiate w & fee V ) wuto *•»»
•< « And I Will War, At Least In Words, ...
the National Reformers , it being understood that the latter will vote the abolition of black slavery . This tbe Reformers will db , and will also guarantee a real freedom to the emancipated * -exemption from wages thraldom as well as whip slavery . We might say much more , but . we have already exceeded the limits to which we should have confined this article . Henceforth we shall take care not to fall into arrears , with our American friends , but as fast as the arrivals come to hand , we will duly announce their progress .
With earnest and hearty wishes for their success , we conclude this sketch of the history of our brother Reformers . As they have struggled against adversity , calumny and hostility in the past , so will they have to struggle against ether difficulties in the future . Not the least of these difficulties ^ will be the crafty wiles of !> arty charlatans and political adventurers , who will try to take the lead of the movement for their own selfish and villanious ends ; but of such knaves we shall have no fear as long as the Reformers held fast to their great palladium " the pledge , " and that our noble friend Evans stands to the helm .
Colonial Anlr Fornix {Ntdlfgtmr*
Colonial anlr fornix { ntdlfgtmr *
India And China. Despatches Have Been Re...
INDIA AND CHINA . Despatches have been received from Marseilles in anticipation of the overland mail , which left Bombay on tbe 16 th u't . The news from the kingdom of Lahore and the new kingdom of Jtimmoo represent them as both propped up by the British troops . In Jummoo there are four armies besides the troops of the numerous mountain Rijabs . The four armies are—first , that of Ghoolab Singh , who is struggling to obtain possession if his purchased sovereit-nty , composed , as it is , ofthemo = t ' iscordantmaterials ; second , the army ( the strength ol which is unknown ) of the Sheik
Eman-ood-Deen , who . secure in the valley of Cisliraere , refuses to submit to Ghoolab ; third , the force under the Lahore general , Tej Singh , which has cone on the ( to tlu-m ) most repugnant mission of fighting for the traitor Ghoolab ; and fourth , the two British divisions commanded by Generals Littler and Wheeler , who arc in possession of Jummoo , the capital , which they have undertaken to protect for Ghoolab , while he himself is encaged in the . field . The position of Ghoolab is ludicrously critical . He has no ri » ht or title to the sovereignty of the Hazarah ( or hill-country ) , save , that he bought it from the British , who were nvver in possession of it ; and ns lie is looked upon a * a traitor b * - th" SSIc '" , "d as an infidel by the Mahommcdans , he can havf no hope , except through his money ( the spoils of Runjeet Singh's treasury ) and through the protection of the British . He has bou » ht and paid for the government , but the Hill tribes , who are Mahommcdans ,
refuse allegiance to him . The British authorities cann-t waste blood and treasure in putting him in possession ot mountain districts which he will not be able to hold . 11- is becoming daily more and mnro embarrassed and indebted , and will have to yield the rule of his newly-acquired country to other petty sovereigns , who may , perhaps , pay him tribute for a few seasons . Sheik Eman-ood-Decn , whose resources appear not to be understood , has contrived by various shifts to put off the day of surrender until the snow fell in November . The latest news from Sir John Littler ' s force , which wps encamped at Bnkreewallah Ghat , on one side of theCohenab , and Brigadier Wheeler on the other , is to the effect that they were all disappointed at the non-surrender of the Sheik , which ought to have been effected before the 30 th , but had not taken place . The united Lahore and British forces were delayed several days bv heaw rains .
From Scinde there is no news of importance . Sir Charles Napier was at Knrrachee , where the climate « as pleasant . Preparations are going forward for the removal of five native regiments from Scinde in the course of January or February next , unless their presence should be required by any distuibance without the frontiers . In the interior of India tranquillity prevails .
NEW ZEALAND . Wmxi . vgto . v , July 25 . The Native ( or Maori ) Chief Rauparaba , or , a- » he is familiarly termed by the whalers , Robulla , who is a relative by marriage ofthe rebel Chief R ; mgihaietta , has laterly professed great ? mity and friendship for the Pakehas ( or white men ) , and hns been visiting the camp at Porirua constantly , and had interviews with the naval officers , and , only ten days since , with the governor , but has always refused to joined them in attacking Rangi . By those who have known him for years , and by all the friendly natives ,
he is considered the most cunning , " crafty , and theacherous of all the Chiefs , and it now appears he lias been playing his usual double game . An emissary ef his was arrested Iwith a letter on him from Ranparaha addressed to Rangihaietta , in which the former informed the latter that he had arms and ammunition for him . The result has been the arrest of Rauparaha and three or four others , together with thirty-seven stand of arms , and six or seven kegs of powder . 'Ihe prisoners will probably be sent to Norfolk Island . A reinforcement of troops lias just arrived from Sydney .
GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND . Some important documents respecting the future government of New Zealand , have just been published , ot which the most interesting is that containing the instructions from Earl Grey to Captain Grey , the Governor . This dispatch is accompanied by a copy of the New Zealand Charter , which repeals that of 1840 , and creates powers , municipal legislative , and administrative , by authority of the , Queen . The following extracts will afford our readers an idea of these documents which cover more than an entire page oi the daily journals . Tho first relates to the establishment of the New Zealand Constitution : —
" For the institutions established under the charter-of November 1840 , it contemplates the substitution of municipal corporations tor the government of each separate district which is or shall be settled by colonists of European birth and origin . Every such district is to be erected into a borough ; every such district is to elect a common council , from which are to be chosen a mayor and court oi jldcnnen ; every such common council is to elect members to serve in a House of Representatives , forming , one ofthe three estates of a Provincial Assembly . For this purpose the whole ofNew Zealand is to be divided into two or more provinces . In every such Provincial Assembly , laws will be made trom the province by the House of Representatives , by a legislative council , and by the Governor , who
together will constitute the provincial legislature . But as there are many topics of general concern to all the inhabitants of New Zealand , respecting which some uniformity of legislation and administration will be indispensable , it is further provided that a General Assembly of the New Zealand Islands shall be holden by the Governor-in-Chief . That General Assembly will be composed of himself and of a Legislative Council and of a House of Ilepre . sentatives ; but no one will be a member ofthe legislative Council of the General Assembly who tt not also a member of one ofthe Legislative Councils of the Provincial Assemblies ; neither will any one be a member of the House of Representatives of the General Assembly who is not a member of one ofthe Houses of Representatives of the Provincial Assemblies . "
For the purposes above mentioned five superior appointments will of course be necessary—a Governor and Lieutenant-Governor for each province , and a Gn-vernor-in-chief ; but for the present all these offices will be combined in two persons , tho superrior remaining with Captain Grey , and the lieutenant-govenioi-aliips being given to Air . Eyre , of Australian notoriety . The members oflegislative councils wiil be appointed by the Cr & w » . With respect to the inferior , but hardly less important appointments , these , 'it seems , are to be intrusted to the colonial authorities . The despatch states , that from the institutions above
described" Will flow all insubordinate powers , judicial , fiscal , magisterial , or of whatever other name they may be . The respective Legislatures will progressively mould these derivative organs of Government into such forms as the exigencies of society will require . To a great extent it will be competent to those Legislatures so as to mould even the institutions which the charter itself creates , by regulating the elective franchise and the whole systems of elections , municipal and legislative , care having been taken that no such enactments be cither repugnant to the text , or at variance with the spirit of the act or of the charter . "
The " sale of lands" is thus disposed of . All public lands not actually cultivattd by the aborigines are dcclaied vested in the Crown , which is nho to have the exclusive right of purchasing from the native tribes . But individuals , as distinct from tribes , are to be irecaa heretofore to dispose of tneirown property . This matter is explained in the following extract : — " The first and most important step which yrsu will have to take with the view of introducing a
regular system with respect t » the disposal of land will be lo ascertain distinctly the ownership of all tho land in the colony . The extent and limits of all that is to bu considered as the property either of individual j , of bodies politic or corporate , or of the native tribes , must , in the first instance , be determined , and the whole of the remainder of the territory will then he declared to be the Royal demesne . The results of this inquiry must be carefully registered , and a regular record henceforth preserved , showing to whom all the lands of New Zealand bclonu . "
The principles ot the proposed system are then declared to lie" That the power of tho Crown over land should never be employed for any purpose of patronage , influence , or favouritism ; that the Crown shall not be at liberty to make a gratuitous alienation of any extent of land , however small , exempt with a view to puMic . works , inMfluob , Vw wh / j wawifity pay hare
India And China. Despatches Have Been Re...
a more or less immediate interest ; that the alienation of such lands to any private persons , or for any private purposes , shall always be preceded by a careful survey ofthe land , and followed by an immediate registration of the grant ; that no such alienation shall be made without a previous public auction ; that at all such auctions all lands shall be offened for sale at a certain up-set price ; that the selection of the lands so to be put up to auction shall be made exclusively by the Government ; that the up-set price of each lot shall depend on the class in which it is placed , the three clashes being town , suburban , and rural allotments , the last class being again
subdivided into lands which are , and lands which are not , believed to contain valuable minerals ; that lands onco offered for sales by auction , without finding a purchaser , may afterwards be purchased without auction at the up-set price ; that the first application of the land revenue must be towards defraying the expenses incident to the administration ofthe Crown land department in iu all its branches ; and that the surplus or net land revenue should be applied towards the introduction of manual labourers from this country , unless when the exigencies of the public service may render the application of it to other loca 1 purposes indispensable , "
The third and last point of importance is the manner in which the aborigines are to be dealt with by the colonial authorities : ' — " The laws and customs of the native New Zea-Janders , even though repugnant to our own laws , ought , if not at variance with the general principles of humanity , to be for the present maintained for their government , in all . their relations to , and dealings with each other ; particular districts should be set apart , within which such customs should be so observed . .... The chiefs or others , according to their usages , should be allowed to interpret ' and to odmiuuvter their own laws . Even beyond those precincts the same practice should be followed in all cases , whether civil or criminal , in which the natives alone have any direct and immediate interest . "
FRANCE . A Terrific Storm visited France on the 22 nd . A number of vessels have been wrecked on thecoait . Several towns have been inundated . The storm of wind and rain was accompanied by thunder and lightning . The French democratic journals of the last few days have contained some excellent articles on the Polish question but we have no room for extracts .
SPAIN . The Nkw Cortks . —The , 'Court or Afrancesado party , that is , the Government of its naming , should the present one fail , will have a majority of between 170 and 180 in the Cortes . Several , soldiers of this parrison have nearly been frozen to death , and contracted fatal pulmonary disorders , in consequence of not being permitted to wear their cloaks during the intensely cold weather we are experiencing , PORTUGAL . TuE Civiu W mi . —Nothing decisive yet . Bavon Cazas , with about 2 , 000 of the ; Q- « en ' s tronps , has boen in the vicinity of Oporto , trying , by me'ns of bribery , to get up a . revolt in the town , to favour his attack ; his plans , though favoured by some paid agents , covered with British privileges , have not succeeded , and the consequence has been the arrest of many people , and the discovery of a number of ami * and a quantity of ammunition ; as well as to
manifest the weakness and demoralisation of the Queen ' s Government , who have no confidence in the forces , but only trust to seduction . The citizens show no disposition to flinch , but , on thecnntiary , seem determined to fi « ht it out , and as they muster about 4 , 000 well-armed and tolerably well-drilled men , it does not seem likely that the Queen ' s troops will be able to force their way in . The MigueliU-s are progressing . There is no doubt that Macdonald has a well-erganised force with him , of about four thousand men in the Minho ; that Dom Miguel has been proclaimed with all the formalities in the several towns of Jfinho , Trasor , Monies , and Beira Alta , where Juntas an- organised and governing the country in his name . Everything in Lisbon is at a complete stand still ; the Bank notes at a discount of 25 per cent , with few or no purchasers ; all the silver has disappeared ; provisions are rising in price , and distress and despondency the prevailing feeling throughout all classes of society .
SWITZERLAND . The new ambassador of France in Switzerland , Count de Bois le Comtc , presented his credentials on the 16 th to Dr . Zehnder , President , ' of the Federal Directory . Expulsion of a Gkrmax Rc tcoek . —The Government of Zurich has recently ordered the expulsion of a political refugee . This individual , a Prussian subject , named Heinzen , had been denounced to tho Swiss authorities by the Bavarian Government , as having lately published at Zurich , and spread throughout Germany , to the number of several thousand copies , a pamphlet entitled The German Tribune . The text of the judgment pronounced . vainst him is— " that he has violated the conditions under which political refugees obtain a legal asylum in Switzerland .
GERMANY . Tub Communist Arrests . —We understand that the greater part of the persons arrested here at Berlin on the 9 th ol this month , on suspicion of seditious intrigues , have , been already set at liberty , and only six now remain ' under arrest . The person whom the authorities announced to be most deeply implicated is a young merchant ' s clerk , named Ottensassor , wfco is accused of having read prohibited ppmes in a public place .
GREECE . Lord Palmerston has been administering a " gentle reproof , " to M . Colletti , denouncing the Greek Ministry ' s " system of bad uovernment , " whick truly says the English Minister has created "' brigandage , opi'i-esssion , murders , and insecurity of property . " To this M Colletti , with matchless assurance , replies : — " No ; robbery , violence , and murder arc not encouraged in Greece by the tact that they are left unpunished . Everywhere , and always , notwithstanding numerous obstacles , the firm will ofthe Govcrnmint has canned the laws to be respected . The life
and property of peaceful and laborious men are in perfect safety . " This specimen of political lying , is sufficiently exposed by the fact that the very arrivals which bring us iV . Collctti ' s " reply , " also bring the account of a long list of atrocities committed by tho brigands , in which robberies , rapes , and murders committed upun unhappy victims of both sexes , shine conspicuous . We have no room for the revolting details . Greece is in a wretched state . Wh y do not the Greeks kick out the imbecile Otho , and the rascally agents of the old mischief-maker , Louis-Phillipe ? There wiil be no repose for Greece till this is done .
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO . THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE .-PROGRESS OF THE WAR . The New York packet-ship , Ashburton , Captain Howland , arrived in Liverpool on Tuesday . The President ' s Message was delivered to Congress on the Sth ol December . General Wool took peaceable possession of Marts clova on the 30 th of October . Tho armistice has broken up , and General Taylor has again commenced hostilities . Colonel Doniphon took tho city of Chihuahua , without resistance on the 2 nd of November . It was rumoured that another revolution had broken out in Mexico , and that the Santa Anna party had declared liiir . dictator .
THE MESSAGE . This document comprises ten closely printed columns of the Morning Chronicle , yet of all similar documents it contains the least matter worthy of being reprinted . Of the ten columns not less than seven are occupied with a defence of tho Mexican war . It is impossible for us to do more than indicate the general tenour of this monster message .
PROSPERITY OF THE UNITED STATES . Fellow Citizens of the Senate and of tho House of Representatives , —In resuming your labours in the services of the people , it is a subject of congratulation that there has been no period in our past history when all the elements of national prosperity have been so fully developed . Since your last session no afflicting dispensation has visited our country ; general good health has prevailed , abundance has crowned the toil ol the husbandman , and labour in all i » s branches is receiving an ample reward , while education , science , and the arts are rapidly enlarging the
means oi social happiness . The progress of our country in her career of greatness , not only in tho vast extension of our territorial limits and the rapid increase of our population , but in resources and wealth , and in the happy condition of our people , is without example in the history of nations .. As the wisdom , strength , and beneficence of our free instituiions are unlo'dcd , every day adds fresh motives to contentment , and fresh incentives to patriotism . Our devote and sincere acknowledgments are due to the gracious Giver of all Good , for the numberless blessings which our beloved country enjoys .
FOREIGN RELATIONS . It is a source » f high satisfaction to know that the relations ofthe United States with all other nations , with a single exception , are of the most amicable character . Sincerely attached to the policy of peace , early adopted and steadily pursued by this Government . 1 have anxiously desired to cultivate and cherish friendship and commerce with every foreign power . The spirit and habits of the American people are favourable to the maintenance of such international harmony . In adhering to this wise policy , a preliminary and paramount duty obviously consists in the protection © four national interests from encroachment or sacrifice , and our national honour from reproach . These roust be maintained at any hazard .
TUB WAR WITH MEXICO . The existing war with Mexico was neither derired nor provoked by tho United States . On the contrary , all honourable means were resorted to'to avert it . The President then proceeds to relate the causta vrhicb . led to the mv , asserting tiiftt ; - *
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d'he wrongs which We have suffered from Mexico almost eversfnee she became an independent power , and the patient endurance with which wo have borne them , are without a parallel in the history of m , . ' rn civifeed nations . ine following extract will give an idea of the Qnn , " P 3 AGAINST Tire MEXICANS . whSW * ™ ' * Ml > xico achieved her independence , StS ,. v } ' d States were the first anion- ' the ? v ! Z aU ^ r l \ ^ 3 he commence ! th , «; n ^ n ? LS n P oiiUi 01 ' . which she has ever np & Xiin . 0 urc Iti » n . " 8 a ? cdin latful comfl , JfcIZ , K " ^ " ^ ve ** lsseized , and our flag msilted in her ports . If money was wanted , i r " 1 !? i A ,, d ' ° »» scation of our merclwn vessels and their '
caries was a read ; vc . our ^ , n it to accomplish their purpose it became necemrv to imprison the owners , captains , ami crews itVm done . Rulers supersede rulers in Mexico in i-anid succession , but still there was no change in the svstern of depredation . The government ol the Uniteil States made repeated reclamations on bi-half of its citizens , but these were answered by the perpetration of new outrages . Promises of redress rondo by Mexico in the most solemn forms wer « postponed or evaded . The files and record * of the Department of State contain conclusive proof of numerous lawless acts perpetrated upon the property and persons » f our citizmis by Mexico , and of wanton insults to our national flag . ' The interposition of our Government
to obtain redrens was again and again invoked , under circumstances which no nation ought to disregard . ' It was hoped that these outrages would cease after the treaty of amity , commerce , and navigation of ; April 5 , 1831 , Was concluded between the two R-pnblics ; but this hope soon oroved to be vain . " The President then proceeds to relate the several efforts ot Presidents Jackson and Van Burt-n to obtain '' redre .-s , " which were unattended with any success beyond fair premises on thopnrtu f tJieutfVijdws . Ne ^ ociations be tween the two governments at length resulted in the " convention « f the llih of April . . 1839 , 'for the adjustment of claims of citizens of
Ununited States of America npon the Government ol tho Mexican Republic . '" The mixed commission , was , at cording to the convention , to sit nut more than eighteen months . At the conclusion it was found that only a portion of the United Stat-s claims had been considered . The Mexican c .-inmissioneis , however , admitted claims .-igainst their government to the amount of ' two millions , twentr-MX thmisMWJ one hundred and thirty-nino dollars aiid sixly ci ^ lit cents . " Time to cash up was asked for bv the Mexicans and granted . But the debtor * have lon ^ since exhausted the patience of their creditors ; and Mexico has " twice violated the f ' : iith of treaties" by " failing or refusing" t . t pay the money .
THK ANNEXATION OF TEXAS To the United States constituted no just cause ol offence to Mexico , The pretext that it did so is wholly inconsistent , and irreconcilable with well authenticated facts connected with the revolution by which Texas became independent of Mexico . The President then proceeds to relate the historv of lVxas from the time of the overthrow of the Spanish power in-America to its annexation to the United States . After giving his own version of this history , he adds : —But there aro th » se who , c . needing all this to be true , ass-umo the ground that the true western boundary of Texas is the Nuesw-s , instead of the Rio Grande ; and that , therefore , in marching our army to the east bank of the latter river , we passed the Texan line , and invaded the territory lor Mexico .
To refute this assumption the President gives a " simple statement of facts , " intended to prove that the Rio Giunde was always the western boundary of Tcxis . On the annexation of Texas , hostile demonstrations on the part of Mexico , induced the United States government to prepare ! or War . The United States forces proceeded to occupy the east bank of the Rio Grande . There they were attacked by Mexican troops , who crossed from the opposite side of the river .
J bus , after all the injuries we had received and born from Mexico , and afver she had insultingly rejected a minister sent to her on n ini > sion of peace , and whom sho had solemnly agreed to receive , she consummated her long course of outrage against our country , by commencing an offensive war , ami shedding ; thu blood of our citizens on our own soil . The President then relates the several" honourable tfl ' orts" made by him to obtain peace , and recites the various revolutions in Mexico within this Inst two years , lie accounts for Santa Anna being permitted to pass through the blockading fleet on his return to Mexico on tbe ground that Santa Anna was believed to be friendly to peace between the two countries .
SUCCESS OF THE AMEKlC . lN AIIMS . 1 congratulate you on the success winch has thus attended our military and naval operations . In less than seven months after Mexico commenced hostilities , at a time selected by herself , we have taken possession of many of her principal ports , driven buck anU pursued her invading army , and acquired military possession of the Mexican provinces of New Mexico , New Leon , Coahuila , Tamaulipas , and the C . ilifornias , a territory larger in extent than that embraced in the original thirteen States of the Union , ini . auited b y a considerable population , and much ol it more iban a thousand miles f rom the points at which we had to collect our forces and comm-vnee our movements . By the blockade , the import and
export trade of the enemy has been cut off . Weil may the American people be proud of the energy and gallantry of our regular and volunteer officers and soldiers . The events of these few months afford « gratifying pnof that oar country can , under any emergency , confidently rely for tho maintenance of her honour , and the defence of her rights , on an effective force , ready at all times volunt irily to relinquish the comforts of home for tho perils and privations of the camp . And though " such a force may be for the time expensive , it is in the end economical , as the ability to canmand it removes the necessity of emptying a large standing army in time ot peace , ami proves that our people love their institutions , and are ewr ready to defend and protect them .
THE WAtt TO BE CONTINUED WITH VIGOUR . The war willcontinue to bu prosecuted with vigour , as the best means of securing peace . It is hoped that the decision of the Mexican Congress , t- > which outlast overture lias been referred , may result in a speedy and honourable peace . With our experience , ' however , o f the unreasonable course o ; the Mexican authorities , it is the part of wisdom not to relax in the energy of our military operations until the result is made known . In this view , it is deemed important to hold military possession of nil tho provinces which have been taken , until a definitive treaty of peace shall have been concluded and ratified by the two countries .
The war has not been waged with a view to conquest ; but having been commenced by Mexico , it has been carried into the enemy ' s country , and will be vigorously prosecuted there , with a view to obtain an honourable peace , and thereby secure ample indemnification for the expenses of the war , as well ; is to our much injued citizens , who hold large pecuniary demands against Mexico ,
MONKY WANTED . Near the close' of your last session , for reasons communicated to the Congress , I deemed it important , as a measure for procuring a speedy peace with Mexico , that a sum of money should bu appropriated and placed in tne power of the Executive , similar to that which had been made upon two former occasions , during the administration of President Jefferson . Tho reasons which induced niu to rccouimcud the measure at the time still exist ; and I again submit the subject for your consideration , and suggest the importance of early action upon it .
Tho President then recommends that Congress should immediately " provide by lawful' the trial and punishment as pirates of Spanish subjects who shall be found guilty of privateering against tho United States . " lie adds the rti ominendation that Congress " should immediately provide by law for lettu-sof marque and reprisal against vessels under the Mexican flag . After stating the receipts and expenditure of the Treasury for the past year , from which it appears that a debt of upwards of six millions of liolhus bus been contracted since March , 1 S 15 , the President proceeds to demand
A LOAK l-F TWENTY-THREE MU . 1 J 0 XS . In order to prosecute the war with Mexico with vigour and energy , as the best means of bringing it to a speedy and honourable termination , a further loan will be necessary to meet tho expenditures for the present and the next fiscal years . If the war should be continued until the 30 . ii June , 18-13—being the end of the next fiscal yiar—it . is estimated that an additional loan of twenty-three million of dollars will be required . This estimate is made upon the assumption that will be necessary to retain constantly iu the treasury -4 , 000 , 000 of dollars , . to puard against contingencies . If such surplus were not required to bo retained , then a loan of PJ , 000 , 000 of dollars would be sutlicient . If , however , Congress should , at the present session , impose a revenue
duty on tho principal articles now embraced in the free list , it is estimated that an additional annual revenue of about , two millions and a half , amountinr ., it is estimated , on the oOth of June , ISIS , to four millions of dollars , would bo derived trom that source ; and the loan reiju nd would bo reduced by that amount . It is estimated , also , that should Congress graduate and reduce the price of such of the ymWvc lands as have been long in the market , the additional revenue derived from that snuice would be annually , for seventh e-trs to come , between half u million and a million of dollars ; and the loan required may be reduced by that nmout also . Should theso measures be adopted , the loan required would not probably exceed IS or 10 millions of dollarsleaving iu the treasury a constant surplus of four millions of dollars .
1 he 1 resident then proceeds to speak of the act passed last session " to reduce the duties on imports , " and at gome length eulogises the system of ^ free trade . " These'congratulationa aro immediately followed by the ^ uggettion for laying on NEW TAXES . It is submitted for your consideration . YiheUwU
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may not be proper , as a war measure , to impose ra venue duties on some ofthe articles now cmb * aced in the free lisc . Should it be deemed proper to impose such dutico , with a view to raise revenue to meet the expenses of the war with Mexico , or fc > avoid to that extent tho creation of a publijdebt they may bo repealed when tho emergency which gave nso to them shall coaso to exist , and constitute no part of the permanent policv of tho country .
THE PUBLIC LAXP 3 . The importance of graduating and reducing the price of sucli of tho public lands as have been long offered in tho market , at- the minimum rate authorised by existing laws , and reman unsold , induce me again to recommend tho subject to your favourable consideration . Many millions of acre * of tl . csu lands have been o / rWed in the market , 'br more than thirty . wars , and larger quantities fur more than ten or twenty years , and being of an inferior quality they must remain unsaleable for an indefinite period , unless the price at which they may be purchased shall be reduced .
Itcannot be a sound policy to withhold large quun « titles ol the public lands from the use and occupation , ° . urc'tizens , b y fixing upon them prices whiiii experience has shown they will not command . Oa the conn-art- , t Wa wise uojjuy to sff ) rt ] f „ jjj t jC 3 to our mVm « f ^ i ? . otheown «» . at Iow and moderate n «^ . \ . tte tt h oi' ll'eir own , instead of being their ft ^^^ T ^ E ^ I'nnsts , tile sales piav hp 1-i . aii . ; t .., f i- - t . ; . ; o ?„ ., „» . ' i \ e , e " " teil , m limited qii . iu * par ^ Al ^™? ' ° PerS ° " »™^
ADDITIONS T . ) THE AHMV AND SAVy I reconiinend u . your early and lavom-aW e consideration she imcmii-cs proposed by the Secretary at V » ar for speedily fill j ,,., up tilu ,. ilI ) k a ) ll ! fi ! c ,.,. J reniiUir nrmy . lor its greater efficiency in the field and b-rriiiaing an additional force to serve during liio war with Mexico . I recommend to your favourable consideration the proposition to add to each of our forci-n * n ! iadrons an efficient sea steamer , ar . d . as especially demanding attention , the establishment at I ' cnsic ' oia . of the necessary means of repairing and r .-liui . 'it : the wssols of the navy employed in the < hilf of Mexico .
C 0 XCMISI 0 X . With full reliance upon tho wisdom and patriotism of your delibcration .-r , it will be my duly , as it will he my anxious drsire , to co-operate with yon in t-verV cmstitutiiuial efl ' nt to promo-o the wicfare and maiiitnin the honour of sur common country . James K . 1 'oi . k , Washington , Dec . 8 . 1816 . Since the dispatch of the accnnnls bv the racket ship Ashhurton , the packet ship Jol . n ' R . SUid . lv , Captain Lncfi , has arrived in the Mersey with advi-rs fr m New York to the 13 th inst . ^ inclusive . The present accounts are not unimportant . The general aspect of tho war had undergone no material (• lunge . Tiio operations of tho American forcc-i had b .-en chiefly confined to an advance against , S » l illo , th ; ' investment of Monclova , ami the garrisoning of rampico .
Our accounts fiom Washington extend to ti : c c ! o = e ofthe 10 th inst . The proceedings of tho Senate since the opening of the session on ' the 7 di lnul lieon almost or entirely confined to the transaction of ordinary business ; and u resolution of instruction to the Military Committee to inquire intn the propriety of granting ICO acres of land to each vol . nitcei' serving i-. i the war , and of increasing . the pay , had been adopted , and a bill had been intrmluci d to oivaniae a territorial government over tke Oregon . Th ..- proceedings ofthe I' . ouss of Represent a ives were more interesting , and a sharp discussiBii upon the M , xicaa war took place on thcUth inst . upon a motion of Mr .
Davis , calling upon the President for copies of all orders to generals and commander * n-lative to the establishment of civil governments in territories conquered during the war . On the 10 r . li the discussion was resumed , the motion being so modified as to make further demands of the President , calling on him to state , through the Secretary at \ V .-n- , whether the present war with Mexico was waeed with a view to conquest , or to what extent he designed to prosecute it . Altera nharp discussion the question was informally pa .-s A over ; and tin ? house adjourned to the 14 'h inst . This attack upon the Executive was thought to bu the prelude to a more serious onslaught at some future and not distant period .
POLAND . Mons RUSSIAN nAimiKITIES . Jnoii !* , Dec . 15 . While nothing of political influence is passing on this side of the frontiers , the accounts from Poland arc very melancholy . D miiciliary visits and arrests still continue , and well-informed persons affirm that the number of persons imprisoned in ciwspqucwe of tv . c attempted revolution amounts to 300 , many ol whom , after a vexatious inquisitorial proceeding , have been banished to Siberia , aud others hanged in the i-vtnde ' ioi' Warsaw . The noblemen find themselves suspected by the government , and believe that their ruin is intended , mikI the more so because the late half-measure
relative to the emancipation of the peasants seems to threaten their property and their personal safety . It lias frequently happened that rI > o peasants endeavour to realise by violence the promises which have been made by the government to grant them land-id property , and attack the estates of their lords , who o-i their part complain that the government does not sufficiently protect thorn against the violence of the peasants . Kvcrv traveller , whether a foreigner or a native of Poland , is obliged to sign a paper in the Polish , German , and French languages , in which he declares that he lias no letters , books , notes , & c , with him , otherwise he is to bo punished with all the rigour of the law .
' 1 he Frankfort Journal of the 27 th inst . publishes the following extract of a letter from Berlin , dated Diceml ) er 20 . " The fate of Poland is decided . It i . « to receive the title of New Russia , and is to be divided into two Governmeats ; viz ., that of Warsaw , and that of Lublin . Instructions is to bo given in the Ru > s : an language . Pi-inco Paskiewitsch is to he replaced by Prince Gortscluikuff . "
The Case Of Pola.Vd. To The Renr-Ws Ok O...
THE CASE OF POLA . VD . TO THE rEnr-WS OK OIIIAT BRITAIN AND IliEUXD . We have rend with great pleasure tho sever . il manifestation : ) of public opinion lately manifested in this country iu relation to the late subversion of the Republic of Cracow . But as regards the much talked of treaties of Vienna we think some popular errors ex ' u-t which need correction . Citizens of Great Britain and Ireland ! It is your sacred duty to watch over the honour and safety of your country . No doubt it is a noble duty . We , Poles , enjoying your hospitality will not , and cannot , interfere with your national rights : but we have our sacred duties , our national obligations , our unalienable rights , to declare to our friends , and to defend thcin against our eiiesiies . We therefore solemnly declare before you and till the world ;
1 . Thai the three European governments had no rii-ht to mutilate , to divide , and dismember the Polish empire in 1772 , 1793 , 1795 , and never cau rightfully m quire that iniquitous usurpation . IL That the European governments in IS 1 " > , at the congress of Vienna , by sanctioning the former dismnmbennents of Poland , acted against ail human and divine laws , and became participators of the horrible crime , committed , by toe three northern tyrants in 1772 , 1703 , 17115 . III . That tho Polish people were not either abet , tors or participators of the treaty of Vie- mi in 1315 , theri'fi . re the Poles are authorised by all < . iv : ne and human laws to take up arms at every pi-i > , ) iii . ui . «; momem , at every opportune- tmio , for m < ii » quering tli-ir ancient independence , their sacred tntioiwity , and their imprescriptible rights as p-wt ^ sul i . e'ore 1772 . For those visits they fought in i 7 i ) l , l $ u 7 , 18 H 0 , IS 12 . 1 S 30 , and 1810 .
I \ . That to invoke the treaty of 1 S 1 J iwainst the seizure of the Cracovian repub ie , is to acknowledge the validity of thit coiiL-resp , which saiu-tiotu-d tile dismemberment of ancient Poland ; which established the hereditary Muscovite ilymiH-v in Pohind ; which upheld the slavery of thn Pnl ' ish peonle ; which stigmatizes the glorious revolution of l ,- . ; i 0 as rebellion , and tho Poles a * rebels ; in one ww-l , to involve tho treaty of Vienna ;« to act against the regeneration of Poland , and -ig .-iiiiss the restoration of its ancient independence as it was before tho \ ear 177- ' . V . That all future nrr . ingrmi ' . nts which mav be made by the I' / . n-opean > . nv « -mmenr .. retarding Poland , without tin- consent of tho p , ;|; si , " j > v- » plt % will not bind the Poles , and will be considered as nugatory and void by tiie Poles .
Citixuvs of Great l . rilain ami Ireland . . Such is the case of Poland , such are tho sacred duiis-s and inalienable rights of ihe Polish people . It you i .-IFer your fraternal service , let . tiuse yi-uv m-ivk-cs he in accordance with the rights of Poland . Let these >;> vu-services , be for the ve-esiaWUhment of the ancient , entire , and indepciidant Poland , not for tho restoration of the now cxploadcd and abominable treaty of Vienna . Signed by tho Committee of the Polish people , on behalf of the Givmaila Praga . To . BuTKUVtii-z , Secretary . " J . Sucuk . nka , President , 16 th of December , 1 S 10 .
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[ From the Gatelttof Tuesday , December 20 . ) Mary Ann Sticnston , Rrewer-strcot , Somers Town , scale mamiftcturer—W , W . Colem .-iit , Southampton , provision merchant—II . Ik-cwer , Great Wtiltlunii , Kssex , draper and ( tracer—J . 11 . Morris , Kui |; st » n-upou-UuU , boot and Bhoi'inaker—J , 1 * . Moore , l'l ) inoutli , chemist and druggist --1 . Norton , lHrinJuguain , builder ,. „ .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 2, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_02011847/page/7/
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