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Jantjahy 27, 1840. THE NORTHERN* STA R. ...
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LETTERS TO THE WORKING CLASSES. XXXII. "...
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THE VERDICTS ON "DO-THEBOYS-HALL." UltOT...
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Revolutions, ihek Causes asd Emcis.-A pu...
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XilB CHOLERA. Toortso Cholera Cases. — T...
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muct
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THAMES.—Brutality at Ska.—James Grieves,...
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<E&atti0tBUeUigeme.
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The Executive or the National Charter As...
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Rational ?ta«U Company.
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Bradford, Yorkshire.—A meeting of Land M...
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TO FEARGUS O'CONNOR, ESQ., M.P, Horsemon...
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THE MINERS OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM....
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TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR. Sin,...
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LATEST NEWS. Ireland.—-Dublin, Wkdnbsda-...
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THE POSTAL CONVENTION BETWEEN. ENGLAND A...
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What Ireland Knaps..—What the Irish peop...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Jantjahy 27, 1840. The Northern* Sta R. ...
Jantjahy 27 , 1840 . THE NORTHERN * STA R . - - ; ~ " * ~ ¦ : —^ ' ! ^ ^ mmtsmm ^ g ^ , q
Letters To The Working Classes. Xxxii. "...
LETTERS TO THE WORKING CLASSES . XXXII . " Words are things , and a smaU drop of ink Falling—like dew—upon a thought , produces That which makes thousands , " perhaps millions , think . " BTEos .
The Verdicts On "Do-Theboys-Hall." Ultot...
THE VERDICTS ON "DO-THEBOYS-HALL . " UltOTHEK PkOLETARIAXS , The Coroner ' s Court is , in theory , one Of the most valuable of the institutions banded down to ns by our ancestors . I Say in theory , for in practice the inquiry of a Coroner's jury is too often a juggle and a iarce . Innumerable times I and you have read the disgusting verdict ;—" Died by the Visitation of God , " when it was " as notorious as the sun at noon-day" that the subject of tho inquiry had died by the wickedness of his fellow mm .
" Crowner s Quest Law" is proverbially a Subject of popular ridicule and contempt . The grave-digger in Hamlet must have represented the popular feeling in the days of Shakspere ; and still—thanks to the general run of Coroner ' s-court verdicts—the joke still excites the risible faculties of the million . Fortunately , verdicts based on justice and common-sense have been occasionally recorded . Had it been otherwise , the institution must long since have perished . Alaw—ajGovernment—aninstitution may exist—at least ^ for a great length of time , in spite of popular hatred , but it is not
possible for either to exist when assailed by unmitigated popular contempt . Ignorance and servility have too often characterised Coroners' juries ; but occasionally good sense and patriotism have dictated the decisions of those bodies . A noble instance was exhibited in the case of the Calthorpe-street jury . A band of legalised ruffians , acting under the orders , and even under the eyes of the lately deceased " Lord" Melbourne , had brutally assailed an unarmed public assemblage . Men , women , and children were struck down , and brutally beaten when down . In the midst of the tumult
occasioned by this savage attack of the police , one or more of the people assailed , returned blow for blow . One or two of the police were irounded , and one killed outright . On the inquest it was proved that the slain policeman had been foremost in the brutal attack upon £ he people , and had distinguished himself by assaulting and injuring even women and children . As before said , he got his quiet us—with " a bare bodkin , " or something of the sort , and the jury very properly returned a verdict n ft rrrcimrm V » t -n » T : r * ~ \* vcT ^ ^ TTVE 9 , fPl ... * of That
* " JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE . " verdict—boldly recorded in defence of the lives and liberties of the people—commanded and obtained a nation ' s thanks and gratitude . Verdicts based on the cant and falsehood of " Died by the visitation of God , " are now less ¦ c ommon than formerly . But even now it too often happens that Juries give verdicts of a negative , and therefore useless character . 'Thus the Kensington Jury have declared , that 4 he boy , John Wilkes's , " Died from the mortal CtfectS of exhaustion consequent upon
iever , supervening on an attack of malignant ¦ Cholera . " It is true the Jury added an " opinion "that the Tooting Cholera " proceeded from tbe insufficiency of food and warm clothing , and the want of proper ventilation in Mr . Drouet ' s establishment . " But of what importance is such an " opinion ? " The law takes no cognizance of opinions— " Chartist opinions " excepted . If the Cholera was produced by Drouet ' s bad treatment of tho victims committed to his keeping , and if—as was the case—that disease destroyed the lives of
those victims , it is as plain as a pikestaff that Drouet is responsible for the slaughter . Either the " opinion" of the jury is unwarranted , or if in accordance with the evidence , then the verdict is imperfect , and next thing to useless . It appears that when the Kensington children were removed , Drouet directed the workhouse messenger _ to tell the Guardians that his Brother was inclined to go and thrash them all . I am sorry that Drouet ' s " big brother" did not act in
accordance with his inclination , and thrash away . Undoubtedly , the Guardians well deserved thrashing for keeping the children at Drouet ' s den , long after they became aware of the infamous system carried on at that establishment . Perhaps if Mr Drouet ' s "brother" had been * ' called in" to quicken the sensibilize ? of the Kensington jury , the effect would have been favourable to the interests of the public . A thrashing administered to the jury might tare thrashed thee & gf out of them , and , induced—a more fitting verdict .
The verdict of the St . Pancras Jury , though emphatically condemning the conduct of Drouet , is still in effect the same as the verdict of the Kensington Jury . There is added an expression of regret" at the remissness of duty shown by the St . PancrTts Guardians ; and an emphatic condemnation of the practice of farming pauper children . All very -well , but did not the evidence demand a more definite verdict 1 Let ns see .
As far back as the 8 th of June last , a Eeport was laid before the St . Pancras Guar--dians , which stated that a number of ( the St . Pancras ) children had run away from Drouet ' s place , in consequence of being insufficiently fed , and otherwise badly treated . On the 22 nd of August , the Guardians received another Report , detailing the brutal treatment , and consequent illness , of two children . On the 28 th of August , Mr . Robinson , the Workhouse Surgeon , and Mr Johnson , who had been deputed to visit Drouet ' s den ,
reported that of the St Pancras children , fifty-« ight were suffering under general debility , sore-eyes , wasting of the limbs , & c . The visitors added ; "The symptoms are decidedly ¦ characteristic of bad food , or an insufficiency of food . " Still the Guardians (?) permitted Drouet to continue his experiments . The Coroner properly described the " gruel" as " nothing better than the bill-stickers' paste . " One of the unfortunate boys , describing the condition of the victim Coster , and the boys generally , said , " CosteR had sores all over Ms ribs , and many other boys had sores about their backs and arms . Some of the boys had
bruises about their bodies by being knocked about by Mr . Harding , the schoolmaster . «« The Stick , with which tho boys were beaten , ivaa thicker than a candle . " " Several boys ran away ; and when they were brought back , they had their heads shaved as a punishment . " " Some of the Chelsea boys were beaten by the schoolmaster for telling the gentlemen of the Chelsea Board , they had not enough to « at Those boys' names are Howe and Cut-JtER ; bnt Cutler is now dead . After such complaints were made , the boys were put upon short diet . " This boy , named Woodhouse , added the following heart-sickening revehv
fcon : — "Theboj g sometimes slept three in a bed , and when dey wst the bed they are put fonr in a bed as a pumsnment , and had to lay on cold oilcloth , with a straw bed underneath . I halt known hoys so hungrg that they have Ml over the palings to eat thtjslvf ovt of the jng-t * bs and the imltff iveKto & epy * . " These statements were confirmed by others of the unhappy children . When the evidence of the medical gentlemen is taken in connexi on with that of the surviving sufferers , can there be any doubt jhat , whereas the deaths of those who perished were caused bv Sra , that that disease was caused by by cnoiera , « - "" , -victims , and that the cruel treatmentof the vi . that treatment wa , the jot and his myrniidons ? Unucr suw stances , the verdict of the St PancrasJuy vaS altogether nnsuited to the case . a diet of manslaug hter gainst V ™^ J demanded by the evidence , a ™> f ' ™\ eir record that verdict , the Jury failed in their duty . _ Aaain , on the inquest- before the Kensington Jmry , what relatione of misery were
The Verdicts On "Do-Theboys-Hall." Ultot...
published by the children living , and by the friends of the children dead . ' Hannah Wilkixs , when she visited her children , was in the habit of taking them some bread and butter , " which they eat most ravenousl y . They frequently complained of not having enough to eat . " Her boy had been removed before he was attacked with cholera , although not until that disease was raging throughout Drouet's establishment . A few hours before being seized with cholera , he awoke in the middle of the night in a state of alarm , and on his mother questioning him on the
subject , he said the nurse at Tooting had struck him on his nose , and made it bleed very much ,. and he thought she was going to do so again . This child was but five years old . Imagine what he must have suffered , when he was haunted in his dreams by the fear that Drouet ' s dependent was about to repeat the cruelty of which he had evidently been the victim on former occasions . The sister of the deceased , though nine years of age , was so emaciated and worn down with disease , that she appeared to be a mere infant , when carried in the arms of the nurse into
the presence of the Jury . This poor creature was so eaten up with itch , that Coroner , Jury , and all present , shrunk from her , as a sight that was " sickening , " "frightful , " and " really awful . " In the course of this inquiry , it came out that the children , when they returned to Kensington from Tooting , came back in rags and tatters . It appeared , from the evidence of one of the boys , , that , when any of them ran away , one portion of the punishment was to dress them in girls ' clothes . This was adding degradation to cruelty . Imagine the shame of a
highspirited boy forced to dress in girl's clothes , and made the sport and scorn of those around him . Another boy , who had run away , and been brought back again , was stripped of lus clothes and kept in his shirt only , from seven in the evening until twelve next day , as a punishment . As regards the shaving of their heads , no words can sufficiently express the abominable cruelty of such a punishment . Felons and convicts , murderers and wretches condemned to the gallows , suffer not this pain and shame . How true it is , that , in England , there is no crime like poverty !
Mr . Goodrich remarked , after the examination of a boy named John Thomas , that he was a very intelligent boy before he went to Tooting , but now he appeared to ^ have lost all his animation , and seemed nearly a fool—in fact , a reproduction of "Smike , " the victim of the celebrated "Mr . Squeers , " whose establishment— "Do-the-boys-Hall "—was a perfect type of the now equally famed—perhaps we should say much more infamous—Tooting Purgatory . It is amazing that the Jury should have found the verdict I have already stated , when the evidence pointed to a deeision so much more definite . When Thomas Mills was
asked by the Coroner what he thought had brought the cholera to Tooting , the boy replied — " Want of enough grub . " Sir . Wakley evidently concurred in that opinion , and so must every one who will be at the trouble to read the evidence . The cholera caused death—want of " grub" caused the cholera . Drouet ' s remorseless avarice withheld the " grub . " Judge ye as to what should have been the verdict of the jury . I now come to the much more satisfactory inquest on the children of the Holborn Union . Thanks—a nation ' s thanks—to the honest
jurors who , on Tuesday last , declared Bartholomew Peter Drouet " guilty of manslaughter . " Thanks also to Mr . ' WAKLEY . To that gentleman the public are infinitely indebted for the faithful discharge of his duties as Coroner for Middlesex , particularly for the able and admirable manner in which he has conducted the inquiries into this " Massacre of the Innocents . " It is now to be hoped that Tuesday ' s verdict will bring the accursed traffic in the flesh and blood of helpless children to a speedy conclusion .
On this inquest , evidence was given of the treatment of the children , similar to that already stated . When the unhappy creatures complained they had not enough to eat , they were flogged and beaten ; it appears they were even denied a sufficiency of cold water . One of Drouet's Janissaries , named Porter , admitted that when brea d was served ont to the boys , a four-ponnd loaf was cut into thirteen pieces ; but Mr Winch , a Poor Law Guardian , said he saw a loaf cut into sixteen pieces , a piece being one boy ' s allowance .
The medical evidence on this inquest is worthy the special attention of the reader . All the doctors agreed that the fatal disorder which had caused the death of 200 of these unfortunate children , was to be attributed principally to tho want of properclothing , ventilation , and a suificient supply of wholesome food . The result was the verdict already stated . ; coupled with a vote of censure on the Guardians of the
Holborn Union , and a condemnatory allusion to the New Poor Law . As far as it goes , the verdict is commendable , because justified and called for by the evidence : but are there | not other persons as worthy of condemnation as Drouet ? The persons who pretended to act the part of visitors , most clearly neglected their duty . It must be admitted that tho Guardians paid a liberal sum per head , for the sustenance and instruction of the children , but
they made no proper agreement with DROUET ; and still more culpably , they allowed the children to remain in their misery , although they had seen or heard sufficient of DROUET ' S management , to comprehend that with him PKOFIT was the one consideration . The Poor-law Commissioners are not to be held blameless . They pretend that they had no power over such p laces as DROUET ' S den . It is strange how powerful they claim to be ,
when they wish to do mischief : their impotence is only exhibited when they are expected to do good . After all , the system of which these men are the representatives should be the great object of popular attack until it is amended , or , failing amendment , utterly swept away . Drouet is not the only trafficker in the lives of little children , and to put an end to the unholy work of those dealers in human flesh and blood , the system itself must be changed .
The abolition of the child-farming system will be a step in the right direction , but the entire Poor Law system requires revision . The country needs a veritable Poor Law Amendment Bill . Children must bo restored to their parents , and the parents—no longer separated , no longer shut up in workhouses , no longer kept in forced idleness , or set to useless unproductive emp loyment—must be furnished with the meansi and the necessary direction to restore them to the proud rank of Independent Labour . Then there will be no more Tooting massacres— no more infant victims to sacrifice at the altar of the Moloch-god of Profit ! „ L'Ami du Peuple . January 25 th , 18 i 9 ,
Revolutions, Ihek Causes Asd Emcis.-A Pu...
Revolutions , ihek Causes asd Emcis .-A public meeting was convened at the South Lon-SnHdl , BUckfrhW-md , on Wednesday evening , to hear Messrs . StahW and Kydd on the above subject . At half-past eight o ' clock , a numerous meetin ? had assembled . Air . small was called to tbe chair . Mr . StaUwood proceeded to treat of the various continental revolutions , tracing their causes to misgovernment . He read an extract from Louis Napoleon's work on the Extinction of Pauperism , by means of Agricultural Colonies , " passed an eulogium thereon as being a step in the right direction . Mr . Kydd followed in an able and eloquent address , which excited unanimous and enthusiastic applause . A vote of thanks to Messrs . Kjdd and Siallwood concluded the ^ proceedings . The Address in the Lords will be moved by Lor d Bruce , and seconded by Lord Bateman .
Xilb Cholera. Toortso Cholera Cases. — T...
XilB CHOLERA . Toortso Cholera Cases . — The medic . *!! officers of the Board ot Health have been directed by the Poor Law Conynissioners to visit all pauper institutions where children of tender age are brought up , with the-view of ascertaining their condition and general treatment . On Saturday the Board of Health received reports of the following fresh cases : —Lambeth , 2 latal ; Newington , 2 fatal ; Kensington 8 , 3 fatal ; Wandsworth , 2 fatal ; Battersea ( Althorpe-house ) , 2 fatal ; East and West Reedham , Norfolk , 11 , 3 fatal ; Glasgow , 30 , 18 fatal ; Selkirk , 2 ; Galston , 3 fatal ; Greenock , 13 , 5 fatal : New Milns by Kilmarnock , from 11 th inst ., 18 , 13 fatal ; Rothesay ,
from 6 thinst ., 38 , 11 fatal ; Donne , 1 fatal ; Jedburgh , 1 , Kilmarnock , 6 , 3 fatal ; Blantyre , 3 , 2 fatal . —Total new cases , 153 , 72 deaths . On Monday , the Board of Health received reports of the following fresh cases : — Wandsworth , 3 , 1 fatal ; Howden Union Workhouse , 2 , 1 fatal ; Carlisle , 4 , 3 fatal ; Glasgow , 110 , 38 fatal ; Dunipace , 2 fatal ; Mauchline , 1 fatal ; Hamilton , from 29 th ult ., 30 , 26 fatal ; Paislev , from 13 th inst ., 82 , 27 fatal ; Greenock , 9 , 2 fatal ; Selkirk , 6 , 2 fatal ; Drybourg Mertoun , 6 , 2 fatal ; Old Kilpatrick , 2 ; Donne , 2 fatal ; Logic Stirling , 1 fatal ; Jedburgh , 1 fatal ; Itenfrew , from 22 nd ult ., 18 , 10 fatal ; New Milns and Greenholm , 21 , 13 fatal ; Andcrston , 4 , 1 fatal . Total new cases , 310 ; 133 deaths .
The Cholera amoxgst tub Pauper Children . — Fresh Outbreak of tue Disease . —Although the reports from Tooting on Monday , describe the disease of cholera , so far as Mr Drouet ' s establishment is concerned , entirely to have subsided , it is to be regretted that such is not the case with regard to some of the children who have been removed from Tooting . It appears that the cholera has again made its appearance in a malignant form amongst the children removed from Tooting ; to St . Pancras workhouse . When Dr . Arthur Farre and Mr . Grainger , the two medical superintendents of the Board of Health , visited St . Pancras workhouse on Saturday night , there were only one or two cases , and a very few cases of low fever , in the cholera
wards . On Sunday night , however , a very considerable change in the state of affairs took place , as will be seen by the following official report issued on Monday b y Mr . Bird , the medical gentleman specially appointed by the directors of the poor of St . Pancras , to attend the children since their arrival from Tooting : — " Temporary Hospital , St . Pancras , Jan . 22 nd , 1849 . —I regret having to make an unfavourable report to-day , especially as everything appeared progressing so well . Yesterday ( Sunday ) evening , however , one of the boys was seized with cholera most severely . During the night six more boys were taken up to the infirmary ,
with low fever , and this morning one of the girl * was also severely attacked , with cholera . These two cases of cholera are in a state of collapse . One of the two children I have previously reported as in a dangerous condition , died last evening at eight o ' clock , the duration of attack being nine days . Cases of cholera , 130 ; deaths , 10 ; collapse , 2 ; low fever , 28 ; deaths , 0 . —( Signed ) Henry Bird , surgeon . " The children in ¦ the Holborn and Strand unions are reported as going on favourably , but it must be remarked , that not only is roast beef and mutton given them every day for dinner , but even wine and other stimulants are administered to
sustain the stamina of the children . On Tuesday the Board of Health received reports of the following fresh cases : — Refuge , Agar street , Marylebone , 1 ; St . Pancras Workhouse , 1 fatal ; Wandsworth , 7 , 2 fatal ; Battersea , 1 fatal ; Whitechapel , 2 , 1 fatal ; Carlisle , 1 fatal ; Howden Union Workhouse , 1 ; East Reedham , Norfolk , 5 , 1 fatal ; York Union Workhouse , 2 fatal ; Wark-Glendall Union , 4 , 3 fatal ; Kilbarchan , 6 fatal ; ? Tew Milnes and Loudon , 11 , 10 fatal ; Haddington , from 6 th , 30 , 15 fatal ; Galston , from 14 th inst ., 52 , 16 fatal ; Rickerton , Ayrshire , 10 , 1 fatal ; Old Monkland , 19 , 8 fatal ; Oben , 2 , 1 fatal ; Dunblane ,
1 fatal ; Donne 1 fatal ; Selkirk , 4 : Dreghorn , 1 fatal , —Total new cases , 162 ; 72 fatal . On Wednesday the following fresh cases were reported to the Board of Health : —Wh . techapel , 1 ; Westminster , 1 fatal ; St . Pancras Workhouse , 1 fatal ; Kensington , 3 , 1 fatal ; Battersea ( Althorpe House ) , 1 fatal ; Wandsworth , 2 ; East Reedham , Norfolk , 4 ; Carlisle , 1 ; Wakefield , 3 , 2 fatal ; Edinburgh , 5 , 1 fatal ; Glasgow , 94 , 35 fatal ; Selkirk , 4 , 1 fatal ; "Old Monkland , 37 , 23 fatal ; Greenock , 3 fatal ; Melrose 3 , 1 fatal ; Jedburgh . 1 ; Dunoon , 1 fatal ; New Milns and Loudon , 4 , 1 fatal ; Tulliallan , Kincardine , 2 , 1 fatal ; Doune , 1 ; Mauchline , 4 , 2 fatal . Total new cases , 175 ; 75 deaths .
Muct
muct
Thames.—Brutality At Ska.—James Grieves,...
THAMES . —Brutality at Ska . —James Grieves , mate of the Jenny Lind , was charged with cruelly assaulting Richard Williams , an apprentice on board that vessel . —The complainant stated that about five months ago , just before the ship got into Valparaiso , the defendant flogged him cruelly round the mast , and compelled him to fly up each side of the rigging . Complainant never knew what he was beaten for , Whilst in the court that day the defendant said to him , " If you go against me , look out for your next voyage , as " I am going in the shi p with you . " Witness was apprenticed to the captain . —William Grimshaw , said he had been at sea since 1830 , and never witnessed such brutality as that exorcigod towards complainant . Before the boy was struck tho mate and captain were whispering together . The captain went below and put out his light , but he must have heard the boys piercing screams , aa the mate beat him up the rigging at each side of the vessel . The blood ran down his thighs , and his back was black and blue all over . It was the most cold-blooded
thing witness ever saw , and it was continued for twenty minutes . He hit him with a clewline , not caring where he struck . —The defendant admitted that he thrashed the boy , but it was only gentle correction , because of his filthy habits . —Mr Seeker said that the case was of by far too grave a character for the exercise of summary jurisdiction . It was not for him ( Mr Seeker to decide on the amount of injury that had been done . The boy must indict the defendant at the sessions , and , in the mean time , he ( the magistrate ) would require the latter to put in sureties to appear for the purpose of having the depositions taken against him . SOUTHTVARK . —An Ordeal for Beggars . —J . Griffin and W . Wicks were charged with begging , — A policeman stated that on the preceding day while on duty near St . James ' s Church , Rotherhithe , he observed the prisoners , who importuned the congregration for alms as they left the church . —Mr Cottingham questioned Griffin , who , in reply , said'Hhat
he belonged tothe Crusader , from Sydney , and now in the West India Docks ; that he was paid off from that vessel three weeks ago , and received £ 34 wages . —Mr ( Nottingham asked why he did not try to get another ship ?—He said he lost his register ticket , and could not get one . —Mr Cottinghapa directed him to exhibit his hands to ascertain whether he had done any hard work recently , and upon examination it -was evident that he had not , which drew from the magistrate the remark that he was convinced that he and his companion were a pair of idle vagabonds that went about begging , and that he was not a sailor as he represented himself to be . —Griffin , however , still asserted that he was , and Mr Cottingham sent to the West India Docks to make inquiry , and the messenger brought back word that no vessel named the Crusader had been there since last March . —The magistrate adjudged Griffin to three months' imprisonment with hard labour , and the other prisoner to one mouth in the House of Correction ,
WORSHIP-STREET . —A Genuinb Amazon . — Mra Mary AnneBedwell , stated to be the wife of a fruit salesman in Spitalfields , was charged with violently assaulting and seriously injuring s broker named "West , and two of his assistants , named Pilgrim and Bleene . In consequence of the defendant ' s husband being in arrear for rent , ' tbe complainant West received instructions to levy an execution uppn his goods for the amount due , and for that purpose , accompanied by two of his men , proceeded to the house at six o ' clock on Saturday evening . The defendant was out at the time ofiithe levy , but on her return , and learning tbe object ot their visit , she flew into a violent passion , ana declaring that , sooner than her goods should be tafe « n away , she would smash everything in the . ho «« V » - mediately snatched up a poker , and laying it about her in all directions , very speedily covered the floor with the fragments Of all the glass , crockery ,
and furniture she had power to demo . ish . one then smashed out the glass and framework ot one or the windows , and having unavailingly ordered the men Pilgrim and Bleene to quit the p'ace before they also sustained injury , commenced a ™ nous * ttack upon them , and exerted her strength to pitch one of them through the broken window into the street . A violent struggle ensued between them , in which the Man's clothes were literall y torn to pieces , and the defendant , having been foiled in her object dealt the mana blow with the poker which > stretched him upon the floor , and continued beating him so furiously , that the second man ( Bleene ) , id his apprehension that murder would be committed , rushed out for the aasistanceof the police . Before they „ . rAv » A hnwPMr . West hmsef entered the place , but .
had no sooner got in at the door , than the defendant catht up part of a bedstead she had previously broken , and dealt him such a blow across the face with it as to break out one of his teeth , and followed thisun with such vindictive determination , that he was obliged to make his way out of the house as rapid y a he couId-Police-constable 191 H , stated that upon entering the house to take the defendant into custody , he found her then engaged in smashin" one of the windows to pieces , and that the room presented undeniable evidence of the outrageous nature of her conduct , almost everything in it being broken to pieces , and the fragments lying about in the utmost confusion—The defendant generally denied a great portion of the violence attributed to her
Thames.—Brutality At Ska.—James Grieves,...
by the various witnesses , and pleaded in extenuation ot the rest of her conduct the dreadful excitement she naturally laiboured under at seeing herself likely S-jTl ' iW' withoufc a home .-Mr Hammill said , that the case was one of far too serious a cha-3 Sm ? u h l , dfial , with summarily , and he should , therefore , order the defendant to be remanded ! n £ « , » eet loafford > . > i opportunity for ascertainsuLined oftnein J unes the complainants had
≪E&Atti0tbueuigeme.
< E & atti 0 tBUeUigeme .
The Executive Or The National Charter As...
The Executive or the National Charter AssociATie * r met at their rooms , 144 , High Hoiborn , on Friday evening ,. January 19 th , when the fol ' owing members were present .- —Messrs Kydd Dixon , Siallwood , M'Grath , Harney , and Clark ' Mr Dixon was called to the chair . Mr StaUwood reported the result of his mission to Camberwell . Mr StaUwood next reported that the Standard
Theatre was open to them for Wednesday evening , February 7 th , and was instructed to take the same in aid of the funds o ( the association . —Mr Stallwood reported that he had received several answers from the parliamentary gentlemen invited to attend : that all spoke well of the new plan of organisation , and that Charles Lushington , and other members of parliament had promised to be present on the 29 th inst .- —Mr M'Grath , in accordance with the notice he had given , proposed the following resolution :
' That as there is a probability of several political parties being shortly before the people with their respective projects of reform , and as it is essential that the policy of the National Charter Association in regard to such parties should be clearly defined , the Executive Committee therefore declare , that in its opinion , every political party has an unquestionable right to promulgate their principles , and promote their objects , without any other obstruction than * uch as may be occasioned by legitimate discuasion ; but while recognising tbe right of other parties to seek those reforms which appear to them proper , the Executive Committee are more deeply than ever impressed with the conviction—that the great object of the National Movement should be
' The People ' s Charter , whole and entire . '—Mr StaUwood seconded the motion ; and Messrs Harney , Clark , Kydd and Dixon , having addressed the committee thereon , it was ultimately agreed that the question should stand adjourned until the next night of meeting ; that Mr Kydd should prepare the draught of an address to the country , explanatory of the principles embodied in MrM'Grath ' s resolution , and that the resolution and address be submitted to the next meeting . It was further resolved : — ' That any resolution or address that may be adopted by the metropolitan members of the Executive on the , subject shall be submitted to the provincial members of the committee , for their approval or rejection . ' The committee then adjourned .
Keighley . —Mr . O'Connor ' s letter of the 13 th inst . was discussed on Sunday week , and the follow , ing resolution unanimously adopted : —• That we , the members of the Chartist Association of Keighley , do hold ourselves responsible on behalf of this district for the payment of our equal share in bringing out the Prize Essay , as suggested by Peargus O'Connor , Esq ., M . P . ' Sheffield , —At a council meeting held on Sunday last , it was resolved . — « That a bazaar be got up for the benefit of tbe victims . ' Several articles were presented to the council , after which the meeting adjourned to Sunday evening next , at aeven o'clock .
Mrs Theobald ' s "Week ' s Rovtb . —On Sunday , January 14 th , Mri Theobald delivered her first lecture in Keighley , in the Working Man ' s Hall , on Temperance . On Monday evening she lectured at Farnhill , on the same subject . On Tuesday evening at Bingley . On Wednesday evening again at Keighley , on * Woman ' s Duty , and her position in society at the present crisis ; ' and at the close of the lecture . formed a female Chartist association—thirtyfour enrolled their names . Ou Thursday evening at the same place , on the ' Rights of Man . ' On Friday evening at Skipton j Saturday evening at Farnhill ; and on Sunday afternoon and evening , at Bingley .
The Wbstmimstkr branch of the National Charter Association , met last Sunday evening , at the Progression Coffee-house , 17 , Ryder-court , Leicester-square , when Mr S . Kydd delivered an eloquent address to a a numerous audience , on the ' Life and writings of Dr Benjamin Franklin . ' At the conclusion of the lecture , about twelve cards of membership were taken out , after which the subject of taking a commodious building for a ball was decided upon , in shares of 5 s . each , when forty-swen shares were taken ; the shares to be paid by instalments , commencing on the 28 th inst ., and to be unlimited . The meeting was adjourned to Sunday next .
Manchester . —The Victim Committee hav « issued a lengthy and powerful address , and circulated it in Manchester and its vicinity , calling on the people to support the law-made victims of spies and informers—a call which we hope will be heartily responded to . Owing to its extreme length , we are unable to give the address .
TO F . O'CONNOR ESQ ., M . P . Respected Sir . —I am requested by the Dorking Chartists to state our opinion ou your letter in the Star of the 13 th inst—1 st , Our opinion it that the proposed scheme of Financial Reform , will not benefit the working classes , while we are ruled by class-made laws . —2 nd , We are of opinion that your proposition to give prizes for the six best essays on the Labour Question is very good , and we are ready with our humble means to assist to the extent of our power . —Lastly , We very much approve of petitioning Parliament , according to your proposition in the above-named letter . Should the proposition be reduced to practice , I trust we shall not be behind in the number of signatures . —Yours truly and sincerely , on behalf of the Dorking Chartists , W . Dale .
Finsbury Lecture Room 34 , Clkrkinwku .-grbev . —Mr Ambrose Hurst delivered an interesting lecture on Sunday last on ' The future prospects of Democracy / After which a resolution was passed that all persons having books for the Executive New Year ' s Gift , should bring them in on Sunday evening next , on which night the chairman announced Mr . T . Clark , of the Executive , would lecture at half-past sevrn o ' clock .
Rational ?Ta«U Company.
Rational ? ta « U Company .
Bradford, Yorkshire.—A Meeting Of Land M...
Bradford , Yorkshire . —A meeting of Land Members was held on Sunday last at Mrs . Smith ' s , 69 , Bridge-street ; after the transaction of business , the meeting was adjourned to Sunday next at two o'clock , when all members arereqnested to attend . Charterville . —At a meeting of the occupants on the 19 th inst . tbe fallowing resolutions , moved by Mr . Gilbert , and seconded by Mr . Gathard , were unanimously adopted < That we , the allottees of Chartcrville , are of opinion that it would not he
consistent with our duty to our brother members of the Land Company , were we to avail ourselves of the proposition of Mr . O'Connor , to give us tbe first year ' s rent from the fundi of the Company , and we cannot but feel that it would be an unmanly imposition on the generosity of Mr . O'Connor , were we to accept it from his private purse : at the same time we feel the urgent necessity for a prolongation ot the time granted for the first payment of rent , owing to the many unavoidable difficulties we have had to encounter in our new vocation . We are of opinion that whatever indulgence is granted to the balloted mombera should also be extended to
those who hare purchased their allotments . ' Resolved also , That the thanks of this meeting are due , and are hereby given , 'to those branches who have voted us au extension of time for the first payment of rent . '
to feargus o ' connob ejo , m . v . Esteemed Friend . —We the undersigned allottees of Charterville , having learned with pleasure that an address has been sent to you from our brother allottees , nine in number , beg also to address you with the highest feelings of gratitude for your promised gift to the balloted and purchased allottees . Your kind benevolence towards us raises our hopes and gives us fresh energy . Tour sympathy for us in our novel situation , our inexperience in agriculture , and having cropped all the ground ourselves , a bad season , and not having had the loan , we trust
is not unmerited . We differ from some members , who think that purchased members ought to share the same privileges as balloted members , because they must be men of property and in many instances have taken no part in the struggle for our glorious principles , in which many have been perse , cuted with the loss of employment , made their friends enemies , and broken family ties . We are sorry that there should be any of our brother members found to stand in the vtay of your goodness believing , if left to your high sense of justice , you will take that course which will most speedilyplace the greatest number on the land . Under , ya & ijsxe we have the greatest confidence ; although wwffive
Bradford, Yorkshire.—A Meeting Of Land M...
endured much , we are proud of our position ; we feel that we are free—we feel certain that by perseverance , industry , and economy , our glorious Land Plan will be the salvation of onr country . Your charitable feeling , even towards those that have been ungrateful for your unprecedented services , is noble and ought to be a lesson for our order , for without charity we are of little worth . We hope , ere long , to show by our industry we are deserving the praise of the Land Members , and also ot yourself , which is all you require from your grateful allottees . William Hays , William JBettnell , Benjamin Jackson . Thomas Kirk , Susannah Johnson , Jane Bell , James Holmes , John Bennett , William Hoe , Thomas Holland , Mark Dyson , John Jackson , Thoma ? Lutet , James Shawross , John Bradshaw . Mrs . Goodwill , John Clark , Thomas Maycock .
To Feargus O'Connor, Esq., M.P, Horsemon...
TO FEARGUS O'CONNOR , ESQ ., M . P , Horsemonger-lane , Gaol , January 18 th , 1849 . Dear Sir , —I ought to apologise for addressing you on the present occasion ; bnt as , perhaps , you are the only Member of Parliament who will take any interest in the affair , and as I know the cause is next your heart , I aw certain that , if you cannot remedy the evil , you wiU sympathise with the victim ; further apology is ossecessary .
I am one of the four Chartists who were tried tor aediiion , in August last , at the Old Bailey ,- With respect to the justice which xre received ore that oc casion , I will ssy nothing , as Ihere can be Sut one opinion upon that point in the minds of honesJfflen ; but , as I conceive , we did notgej the benefitsupon that occasion which the law ( bad as it is ) alJaws-, you will greatly oblige by letting me know if the following objections will be suScient for tne ground of a petition to Parliament , for tha purpose of setting aside the sentence , upon tie plea of illegality . On the 25 th of August last , I was brought to trial without the reading of any indictment , the Attorney-General opening the case tn the jury without that ceremony , so that I bad no rightlydefined notion of what I stood charged with .
Several witnesses were examined on behalf of the Crown , of which I received no intimation before they entered the witness-box . The authorities of Newgate refused to admit all books or papers that we required for our defencefor the other three victims were treated in a similar manner—and to such an extent was this carried , that a copy of the Charter , and that part of the Penny Encyclopedia containing the word * Misdemeanour , ' were not permitted to > be passed to us . Finding remonstrance to be lost upon them , we prepared our defences , with memory for our guide . But—as if they had repented at the eleventh hour , or rather conscious that we could make no use of
them—they brought us two books upon Irish affairs when they came to lock us up for the night , on the day before we Were called into court . When I mentioned this to the Judge ( Baron Piatt ) he expressed doubt upon the subject . Wken I asked him to call the governor or the chaplain to substantiate my assertion . He declim d doing so , but admitted that they had no right to have asieiirt the manner they did . I requested him ( the Judge ) to take » note of it , which he did , or pretended to do , for I am unable to speak positively upon ' the point ,
as he never made any allusion to it afterwards . The Attorney-Seneral merely remarked , in his reply , that what was done by the authorities of the- prison , neither he nor his lordship had anything to do with . We had many other obstacles to contend against : such as being kept without paper , pens , and ink ; and , indeed , had the deputy-governor not lent us his pen-knife at last , we would have been obli g ed to have appeared in court without our defences- being committed to writing ; as it was , you will 1 perceive that we got anything but fair-plav .
As Messrs . Shell , Bezer , and myself , resolved to defend ourselves ratter than let a parcel of lawyers take from the Defence Fund , you can easily perceive the motives that gave rise to the above treatment , and , perhaps , you will be better able than 1 am , from your position , to understand whether they acted upon their own authority , or by the advice of the Home Office . In either case , the tyranny and injustice is still the same . We have greatly to complain of that ouchboasted , but ( at least , in our case ) woefully fallacious axiom , that ' The judge is the prisoner ' s counsel . ' For , as far as we were concerned , he was the bitterest enemy we had in court , not even excepting the Attorney-General himself . But , if he had
confined himself to truth , or the exaggeratedevi dence laid before him , some excuse might be-pleaded on "bis behalf ; but he despised both , and had recourse to falsehood , a despicable qualification for a judge . For example , he told the jury that I had a right to agitate for the Charter , but I had no- right to do SO with arms in my hands—although there was no evidence offered , either in my case , or in that of any of the others , that any of us had been taken , or so much as seen , ou any occasion , in such a condition ; the only arms that had any reference to us , was a sword that was found hang : ng upon my bedroom wall after I was arrested . Indeed , as far as arms are concerned , there' are very few persons in the kingdom ao destitute of them as we were .
When we were brought up for judgment , I attempted to make the foregoing the ground of objec tion for staying the sentence , both in my own case and that of the others . But his lordship overruled , on the ground that we were tried for misdemeanour , and that it only held good in cases of felony . If such is the state of the law , the law of sedition must be a mockery of human wisdom , and a dangerous weapon in the hands of bad men . Who can expect justice when the law is so bad , the government ao vindictive , and the judges , so inhuman ? Butvsir , if you think that these matters are sufficient grounds of objection to frame a petition on our behalf , my unfortunate companion and
rayself will forward tbe same to / ou , either jointly or separately , as you may desire . But I beg of you clearly to understand , that we mean , independent of any cringing to the minister of the day—a petition based upon the magnitude of our wrongs , and asking no other favour than the favour of fair-play , a favour not easily obtained of late from the Russell administration . These may appear serious charges , but nevertheless they can be substantiated by Messrs . Shell , Beezer . Crow , and Shaw ; for although the last named person was tried at the September Session , that was on account of his having traversed , but whether he met with the same
treatment that fell to our lot I have no mode of ascertaining . Still I know that he is cognisant of the above , and the others are too well aware of it , being sufferers from it like myself . Should the state of the law be such that there it no mode of redress but by a writ of error , will you have the kindness to let me know if I can carry on the proceedings in person in my present position , not baring money to throw away among lawyers ; nor have I the inclination to allow the Defence Committee to do so , although they might be willing , as I consider they can put it to a better purpose than paying so dear for the relief of Yours , with sincerity and respect , James Maxwell Bry & ok .
The Miners Of Northumberland And Durham....
THE MINERS OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM . - In accordance with the resolution adopted by the delegates at the ' Hastings' Arms / a general meeting of the miners was held at Scaffold-hill on Saturday last , when the following resolutions were unanimously agreed to : — ' That the nature and extent of the reductions offered to the workmen of Seghill , Deleval , Cowper , Percy Main , and other collieries ought to be resisted , inasmuch as the market price of coals being higher than at any pre . vious period of the year , does not warrant such reduction : therefore , should such reduction be com . plied with , each colliery in the trade may necessarily expect a like reduction to be offered to them . ' ' That ibis meeting being fully alive te the principles embodied in the preceding resolution *
determine to support the workmen of Deleval , sad other collieries , who may resist the reductions offered by their masters . ' : That , in tbe opinion tfthis meeting , the only safe remedy against the . oppression of our masters ia union ; therefore , we agree to < wg & . nise ourselves in one common bond of brotherhood , for the protection of our labour ( our only capital ) , and cordially invite our brother miners to unite with us in carrying ont the said , organisation . ' The meeting having listened attentivel y to the various speakers , in their endeavours to elucidate and make clear the necessity for , and the adoption of , the respective resolutions , evinced a determination to cany out the objects of thd meeting , which Vid fair to bring forth the moat pleasing results . Delegate Meeting at the Whkatsrbaf , BENT 0 N . sftOARB .- » A delegate meeting was held at
The Miners Of Northumberland And Durham....
the' Wheataheaf , ' Benton-sqnare , at the close of tne public oeetinj ; collieries represented , viz . Son p e I ' Co T ! : Percy M » in . Wat Cram-3 , 71 «* Cramlingtoo . Resolved :- ' That warVtt o r- " best «« ieavcu « to push fo - W «^ SrW ££ 5 ^^^ sw £ S each colliery is expected to sead a delegate . ' -5 a general meeting of miners iAe lace at Scafli , ' - !! - hill . on Satorday , February 3 rd . Chair to be takenat twelve o ' cbrfn . ul
To The Editor Of The Northern Star. Sin,...
TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sin , —The Chronicle of Thursday , contained a pretended report of a meetin g held h the South London Chartist Hall on Wednesday evening , from which I extract the following : — " A Mr , Swann was vo «« 4 « o the chair , whoop ? ned the proceedings , . He stated thtrt '»» possibly they migSt soon have a revolution , it was as weB to be prepared wha ? to do ¦ and in the even * of their ( the people ) gaming the thy , he advised them to have nothing ' w do with homo coloniesand
, all that humbug , as advised fir the Spirit of the Age ami the Star newsnpers . l ' rojertff" Were very plentiful iirWsjiis O'Connor half nut forth one ; W * fch he stvlcd " Tl b Landlord s Protector . " Xow they (^ 5 not want anv landlords at all ; and their object was tc geB rid of them altogether ; ami should they accomplish a-i'nolution , he adviseii them » Ot to put : up wifvwaste lands-afltf bits of rough , but to root out the present system entiiftSr . for , if thev did not , « te > wouldjiicaiu tki brought utkftw subjection . Jlr . Stall-S !^ I '» V ' a' ^ -otoera-auiuvwcd the meeting , urging tfcjm to enrol and r « . ew the agitaeton for the Charter . "
From the above , the Impression on the part ot the reader would be , that a-revolutsm was at hand , and that the object would be , topossess the property of the rish , and divide it among the poor . The words used > b y Mr . Swann wire ; ' Revol ' uiions had occurred and ' would again occur . ' He certainly repudiated the teachings of Mr O'Connor ' , and the editors of the Spirit ? of the Age , on home colonisation . The latter sentiment , however , was- not' reciprocated hv the meeting , and was commented upoa and replied to by SAt StaUwood and myself / Why has the writer of the report in question oraittedall I said on the occasion ? And why has he- notnoted my distinct
reply to the- speech of the oharinan . ? The reason is obvious-. He desired to acquire for the meeting the character-of illegality : to have-represented the objects and'se » timents ot the speakers * fairly would not have suited his purpose . Is if mv Samentahlc tothink , that ? at daily journal of impertanee should stoop to such mierspresentation ? What'can the ministry , the parliament , or the citizens of estate , know of the sentiments-of the people , if such cipractice be continued ? It is unnecessary that Hshoold say more . I wait to see the Chronicle of to- ft arrow , and remain your obedient servant , Jan . 25 th Smkjel Kydd .
Latest News. Ireland.—-Dublin, Wkdnbsda-...
LATEST NEWS . Ireland . — -Dublin , Wkdnbsda-vs—Patrick Gogarty , whosoae months ago was convisted of illegal training and drilling , and sentenced- to transportation , filed a writ of error on the ground that the indictment was bad . The case was argued in the Queen ' s Bench yesterday , and this day the Chief Justice pronounoed the judgment of the Court . He said , that he and his Learned Brethren were clearly of opinion that the indictment was bad in every count , because of its omitting to specify the exact nature of the offence charged in the words of the Act of Parliament ; that therefore the sentence must be set aside , and the convict . discharged . This decision not only procures the prisoner ' s liberty , but that' of fifteen other parties who are under sentences of imprisonment .
FRANCE . —The seven magistrates aclected from the Court of Cassation to form the High Court of Justice for the trial of Barbes and his- compatriots , are Messrs Bcrenger , Hardoin , Kosher , Hello , and Boisseu , as titular judges , and Messrs Pataille and Delapalme as- supplementary judges . The five titular judges assembled on Saturday ; and chose M . Berenger , lately named President of * the Court of Cassation , to be President ot the High Court , Tbe Journal des Dedaie-i ot Wednesday , publishes the details of the budget which has been presented to the National Assembly , from which it appears that the army is to be reduced by 121 ; 572 men , and 8 , 022 horses , and the fleet to 10 ships of the line ,
8 frigates , 18 corvettes , 24 brigs , Ii 2 transports , and 24 cutters , to be manned by 20 , 000 men . Huber , who pronounced the dissolution of the National Assembly , during the invasion of the 15 th of May , addresses , through the Reforms , a letter to the Procureur-Seneral of the Republic , in which he protests against the decision by which nineteen persons are accusediof a fact of which he states that he accepts all the responsibility . He says , that forced by the aeoessity of circumstances , he declared the dissolution ! of the Assembly unknown to his
fellow-accused ^ . He adds , that he didmot constitute himself a prisoner , because he expeated a different decision , and that he will not give himself up in order to cause- an adjournment of the trial , and thereby prol & ng the imprisonment , of some of the accused ; but , on tbe day of trial , he promises to present himself , not to defend himself , but to tell the truth , which has been so hypocritically falsified by the reactionary and Royalist spirit—The Minister of the Interior is prepariug a Bill for suppressing or restriction of the clubs .
The Postal Convention Between. England A...
THE POSTAL CONVENTION BETWEEN . ENGLAND AND THE UMX & D STATESThc most- interesting intelligence received from . America , by . the Into arrivals is tllfr ratification , by the SenatC'Of the United Statesf . of > the postal convention on-treaty with-Great Britain , so that wo shall onjoy a cheap intcniational . pstagc , both for . letters and newspapers . The treaty and documents are very long ; but the following ; summary will givis all that the public will be likely to care about knowing : —I . Direct Postage . r ^ Ske ^ postage across the sea 13 fixed at 16 cents ; Eadish inland postage 3 cent *; United States inland postage 5 cents The sea postage to be paid to . the vessel performingthe service . —II . Transit Semice . —Transit postage through this country to tho-Canada , 5 cents ; and 25 pescont . thereon for paying ; by the ounce instead of paying by tho letter ^ Tjiiansit rato through England , the inland postage of 3 cents ; and 25 per cent ., thereon for paying by . the-ounce as above , Ac . —IH . Transit through , Canada . —The Canada rates * . —Vi . Newspapers and Feripdicalti between the United Staies and England . —Each , newspaper ( Id . ) or 2 ceats ; Periodicals , < fcc ,. w . eighing 2 01 . ( Id . ) or 2 coats ; over 2 and under 3 , ot . ( Cd . ) or 12 cents ; ever 3 and under 4 oz . ( . Sd . ) or 10 cents ; and 2 d . aMtional for evcrv sunce-or fraction of an ounce .
What Ireland Knaps..—What The Irish Peop...
What Ireland Knaps .. —What the Irish people in , Ireland want is a mind . of their own ; they want to knovr where thev are-going and tho war to it ; tney must learn who andiwUtf they are to ft ht & r , anj why ; thoy musi . form , thoir resolutions tint ana their Institutions " , afterwards . '' For a people to ba free , " said LaStiyetto ,. himself an actor 111 four revolutions , "it is enough , that they wi'Wit . " Ireland must will it —< aud thea , whosoever stands in th « way , Priest or ; dayman , Lord Spiritual or Temporal , he ' is a public enemy ,, a deserter , or a . traitor according to his antecedents , and to be treated as such . The Irish ; peoplo have no practical knowledge of what freedom is .. How ahould they . ! To thorn it is a terra incognita- * a dim tradition ^ a traveller ' s
storv . Eor nioro than fifty years thsre has been no government which the peoplo could see and feel in . Ireland , no natiy . & militia in which , thoy could train and drill , no loepi organisation ir , which thoy could debaie affairs , ao press — until U > tely -- that daro speak out the- whole truth , ypar should such a people know what liberty is , except by report or instinct , which is more dtfeciive in man thaa . i » any Other animal . The press that discoursed , 'liberty is suppressed . Tha-Lcaguc and the Confederation are- dead—tho ltapeal . Association , by the visitation of Providence , h ) ' i \ 9 . more . The landia left in aliits nakedno ^ . wi thout combination oe guidance .. And so best : . Tho . talking shops , called Associatjans , wasted the . people ' s passion in , words . The press was , aftor all ; , a stimulant , which * health «• nation wouU . iipt h > ve needed to arouse it to its ? duties . Lot ihe press bo silent , lot tho phrasa wftFohausea be closed dp ,, let tho peoplo . take their
owa hearts for cw » tors a . « d their own thoughts for ? coitnsellora . T ^ rn thein in upon themselves and (* usy will soon see how sad a state slavery is . It . will boeomo ijatolerabio , and they wi } t do any thing ' to escape It "Whati the Irish peonle want cssen « tially ia t ^ uo polijjleal teaching . 1 hey have boon taught —iut how * Patience aad perseverance ? Yes ! th & patience that starves -andor » full table , and th » perseverance that will , die and will be famished . Where is this politic ^ creed , what arc its articles , its definitions , its axioms ? We have Jefferson ' s declaration of'Independence , and Gratian ' s de * olaration of Rights , and alirabeau ' s Rights of Man , but what is this ? " Hurrah for- -Repeal ! " "th-ee cheers for the ( Juoen . ! " such was ou , v ofr ! Alpi- l Omega , and all between was , words , woi-- ' But give the Irish peoplo a eveo ^ of Vi ' for , and no men on earth wffl go *' risks and dangers for what the * ,-,. ' and the truth . —Aeu > ftrfc fr
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 27, 1849, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_27011849/page/5/
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