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r _ * jv.• ' . • • August 30, 1845. THE ...
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ffmm i-Hoijemettte
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" And I will war, at least in -words, (A...
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ITALY, AUSTRIA, AND THE POPE* SO. VI. Mr...
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R:r , 1{ %. Austria, and the Pope. A let...
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* The suppression of periodicals entirel...
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&%nmltim aiU? Suittnilture^
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FIELD-GAHDEN OPERATIONS. . For tie Week ...
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* Lucerne. —On the Cth of September, whe...
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BONES AND SULPHURIC ACID. BV W. C. SPOO....
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£anl<nq!t£,&c*
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BANKRUPTS. (From Friday's Gazette, Augus...
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i -Hfirliet i-nteutgtttfe* -
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LivEUi'Ooi. Oattlb Mauhv.t, Monday, Auoc...
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\rncat Barley. Outs. Rye. Beansi Peat. W...
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London Smitih-ikld Cattle Market, Mosimi...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
R _ * Jv.• ' . • • August 30, 1845. The ...
r _ * jv . ' . • August 30 , 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR . 7 '
Ffmm I-Hoijemettte
ffmm i-Hoijemettte
" And I Will War, At Least In -Words, (A...
" And I will war , at least in -words , ( And—should my chance so liappen—deeds ) , "With aU who war Trith Thought •" " I think I hear a little bird , who sings The people by and by will be the stronger . "—Bieon
Italy, Austria, And The Pope* So. Vi. Mr...
ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE * SO . VI . Mr . Maizixi next combats the arguments of tha •" moral force philosophers , " who , professing love for the causeof Italy , bid the Italian patriots to use other than insurrectionary mcaKS to attain their ends . The men who say , "Try legal means ; combat through the medium of ideas ; better your condition by degrees ; progress morally and " intellectually , since politically you cannot . It will be long before you will have liberty ; but peace is in your powerpeace , the best of a people ' s benefits . In now obstinately persisting in a systemof revolt and physical force , " you sacrifice the worthiestaniomj you , and you degrade your cause in seeking to attain a noble end by means that are incontestibly beneath it . " Thus say some . Let our readers weigh well Jlr . Mazzln-i ' s reply : —
Unquestionably , sir , it is very natural that you , for your own purposes and those of the foreign absolute governments you love so much , slwuld desire to gam credit for this error : but it would be strange if , with the practical common sense that distinguishes your countrymen , they should long su & r it to mislead them . There is no centre in cltaly—would to God there were one!—for aught that agitates , conspires , or is insurrectionary . General discontent there is : and from this discontent , met by our governments with violent reaction whenever their suspicions are attracted to its extent , naturally arise tfcose mamft-statious that from time to time arrest the attention of Europe . Without doubt , associations r ! o exist in the bosom of tbe country , bat the vastest and most dang « r * us association is that—without union ,
without organization , -without oaths—of all men of soul , conscious of the evil , and earnestly desiring to see its end . These men know each other , divine each other , in every city in every province : they fall into communication when Eome event , abroad or at home , cheers their hopes ; then , terror and espionage magnify these communications to the eyes of their masters -, arrests arerife—extraordinary measures of safety are put in force : till the hot-headed and those most in danger spring into the arena , sometimes to set action an example , sometimes in an energetic endeavour to find safety . Without doubt , certain men exercise an influence ia the ranks of the Xatioiial party ; Imt rather a moral influence than a substantive power — an infiuencc imprinting a tendence and giving a colour to
manifestations that it neither organized nor suggested . Since 1 S 32 , this has principally been the part of La Giorineliali * . Voting Italy is a standard . By oral instruction and tiie press it has enunciated and diffused princi ples tlrt have sunk into tbe heart of men of action . It has done what lam in part Going at this momentpleaded fbe cause of the Italian nation , and sought , with some degree of success , to unify its tendencies . So that its seal has been impressed as it were on many events that havc occurred in Italy , though the eventsthemsdves , I re-assert , arose spontaneously , unforeseen , and almost instantly , from the state of things , from the measures of Government , from feelings natural to a people oppressed , -with no chance of alleviation for their sufferings save by the path of insurrection .
Youmayprcaeb , then , as much as you . like to those individuals on whom yon have fixed the appellation of chiefs , Irat you will put no stop to Italian agitation . Sever — not even with the concurrence of those chiefs if you could Obtain it— trill you succeed in re-establishing in Italy what ' you are pleased to call peace , as long ns things reinsin as they are . How is it possible for ths people to remain peace ful when the despotisms wage a perpetual war against aU that is liberal and enlightened , whether men or Ideas ? In the article which appeared in the Star of last week reference was made to the insurrections of 1820 , 1 S 2 I , and 1831 . Those arc the three most important movements which have transpired since the fall of Xirouroy . But there lias not been a single
year since l * i 20 that has not furnished its contingent of resistance , of conspiracy , ° f outbreak , of terror , and of victims . In 1 S 25 Uoniagna was subjected to tha pffistvipiio-as of Cardinal llivaroia , when live hundr ed aud eight persons were proscribed by one monster decree . In IS 27 political prosecutions recommenced at Naples and in Calabria . In 1 S 2 S , the insurrection organised in the province of Salerno was whelmed in bhod : three patriots were executed at Jvaplcs , eleven at Salerno , twenty at Eosco , jjJtvtwo were condemned to the galleys for lite , and a crowd of others to minor punishments . In 1333 , Italy seemed trembling in a volcano from one extremity to the other . Three dfnerent plots were discovered . it Xaples ; the Cavalierc liicci perished on
the sca &' . d at Modcna ; thirteen individuals were s ' joi at Palermo ; thirteen oih ' ceis aud others in the Ksruisiau States ; and condemnations to Spielberg took pk-. ee at Milan . In 1837 twenty-nine death seiiiem-es at iiodcua , eight at 1 ' caae iu the Aluuzu , eight as Catania , and " twelve in different parts of Sicily mark that year . Iu ISil the city of Aquila "witnessed five coudeinnatioi-3 to the crgostolo , fertyoiic to irons for twenty-five or thirty years , and niac io death . In 1 S-H the tragedies of Gosenza . and Uolosva v ? iffc l ; ie eoajequeace of tho combined machina tion : - cf Italian tyrants and English Ministerial iraitors—irait ' iK to every sentiment of honour , to tho uliruiiV of their own country , and to the hopes
and live ? of some of Italy ' s noblest sons . Such is thepc-. xe of Italy . How vain , then , is tlic baWil ' m * of those—it may be well-intentioned , but weak-minded —? emas , who bid Mr . M . tzzisi and his countrymen look to y-eaceobk ond legal means to save their country . Sneli persons are unwittingly advising the exiles to withhold their assistance from a combat "which no human power can now prevent ; advice which , if followed , would leave the youth of Italy without friends , without guides , the ready victims of the implacable despotisms of their country . Mr . ihzzni wvuid fain embrace moral means , if such means wltc praeueahk , but no such lncass exist in Italv : -
If another path could lead towards the goal—ifr fsurts conceived iu a pacific spirit could advance our country towards the conquest of its nationality—the existence of that path , how narrow soever , how painful soever the progress , might make it a duty in the individual to bury within him that sentiment of consolidation that now impels us to the arena on which our brothers are doing battle , and to ta ' -k of the stihjrcc with calmness and redjriativa . But where is this path to be found ? I ash in vaiu au answer to this trueslion . 1 cannot bring my self ta imagine that yoa esnect a man to walk who is tied baud and foot , without livst severing tbe cords that bind hi : n .
Wlv . -n yy-j Englishmen have a reasonable object to attain , you have the great highway of public opinion opeu to your iU ps ; Why should you digress into tbe by-lanes trfeoasphrary or into ihe dangerous morass of insurrection ? Yoa put your trust in tbe ail-poweriumess of Truth , and you do well : but you can propagate this truth by th > press—yoa can in-each it morning and evening in your journals—yen can insist upon it in lectures—you can popularise it iu meetings ; iu a little while , it stands meiini-iajrly oa the hustings , whence you send it to your TaiKaacur , seated in the majority . Vie Italians have neither Earliaajeiit , nor ljusSnj .-s , nor liberty of the press , nor liberty oi speech , nor possibility of lawhd public asssj ablage , nor a single means of expressing the opinion Slirrin ^ within us .
Itaiy is a vast prison , guarded by a certain number of gaolers and gendarmes , supported in case of need by the bayonets of saeu whom we do js ' i understand and who don't understand us . If we speak , they thrust a jrsg on our months ; if we make aslwn- of action , they platoon us . A petition , sipied collectively , constitutes a crime against the State . Nothing is left as but the endeavour to ague iu secret to wrench the bars from the doors and -iviuoVi-. -s of out prison—to knock down gates aud gaolers , that we may breathe tbe fresh life-giving air of liberty , tiie air of Oyd . Then , a career by pacific means of progress will be open to us ; then will begin our guilt and c-roidenniatiou if we cannot bring ourselves to be content v . iih it
J-ct those fools and fanatics , who would pledge a fettle , HUi-r to usephmv . ilforce in their struggles for justice , and under " * »» cm-amstances" employ the roams to beat down oppression , which tyrants invariably employ to beat down the people ; let such ( and there are . or have been , such miscbfcvious idiots in tins country , who , bv carrying their moral force doctrines fo the extreme of ' absurdity , havc caused mtr afe and division- } , and ahaost ii-rcparab ' e mischief ) read the foL ' owing :-I am no partisan of that Jesuitical maxim , the end yitt . nt eihe nuns ; but I most confess , it seems to me equally ajsunl , i-quaDy unjustj to exalt into an axiom tbe opinion that yn a ] j occasions and at all times censures
e application of physical force . It appears to me more rauvaal to say—whenever a way remains open to you in a just can = e for the employment of moral force , never . * - * <' coar £ E t 0 violence : but when every moral force is as-red up—when tyranny stretches so far as formally to . "• * I * ri ^ ht of expressing in any manner soever l - ou conceive to be tbe truth—when ideas are put «"¦*» b y bayonets— then , reckon with yourself : if , «• * ¥ '" I- ' on ^ ace ; 3 justice is on your side , you are still in a jJS . " ---1 ^ " ^ , fold your arms and bear witness to your ioil . ''" ' rijoa or ou the scaffold—yo * a have no right to for T !? ' - ,, sr c ° uatry in a hopeless civil war : but if you tfaflr * ' ^^^'^ y ° urfe <* - " « S Prove to be tbe feeling 'ODs , rouse rnnrcplroc and hast ilnvm tiie
ooores-• rioltuc ' c ° wJrdly to how the bead before brutal ~ hcu * " -I' ^ -liug injustice , when the arms that God has to th Us "* " Stei « -its overthrow , is to degrade yourself K e . " ' asSr « condition of the animal—to betray the f « r < . CSBa of Trutl 1 anu of God—to enthrone tyranny j r «* r , undtr tie pretext of abhorring p hysical force , din " « * e country that honours the memory of Harap-^/ M i ' ym , of Vane , and of other great republicans , tril . f £ UCCJssmlly adduce against us a theory of vn * uad subinica 0 „
R:R , 1{ %. Austria, And The Pope. A Let...
R : , % . Austria , and the Pope . A letter addressed to f . ^ 'Bes Graham , bart . By Joseph MazzinL" london : Sboei . - ^ b Qaeen-street . Golden-sauare ; Cleave , ^ ne-, HetheOTgtoD , Holy « ell . str £ -et ; WateoD , Paul ' s * i » and Strange , PateraoKer-row .
R:R , 1{ %. Austria, And The Pope. A Let...
Mr . Mizzixiadds :- " - When you tell us sir , that our publications incite to insurrection , I reply—Yes ; that may be true : but at home we have neither librrry of prcss or liberty of speech . When you tell us that our secret associations are illegal , I answer , that the right of association fur good is legal , and that the exercise of this rignt becomes illegal from secrecy only where public assuemfion is permitted . You caunot in conscience apply the principles of your normal state to our peculiar condition . You cannot censure or repudiate our means of action , the only ones left us , without declaring by implication that despotism is a good thing , that tbe liberty of which England boasts is an eril . The following factsshow what success has hitherto attended ail attempts at promoting iniprovemcuts by " intellectual , " "Icail , " and peaceable" means : —
In lS ' . b , a knot of men , influential from their social position or their intellectual faculties—Count Frederick C mfjlouieri , Count Potto , Count Pecchio , the Marquis de Breaia , Pellico , Uorsieri , Romagnosi , and others , determined ou trying if there were in Lombardy a means of peaceful realization for the cause of Italian progress . They established a literary journal , the Conciliatore , whose aim was , with all the moderation that could make it acceptable to the Censorship , to advocate ameliorating tendencies , material improvements , with liberal , large ,
and unprejudiced views in literature and education . They made an effort to practise what they taught : they founded schools ; they placed themselves at tbe head of some industrial undertakings . In 1813 this journal was suppressed , and its founders enrolled in the Austrian black-book * . In 1 S 22 , they were almost all at Spielberg . They were compromised , you Rill say , in the conspiracy of 1 S 21 . Possibly : but do you think these men would have become conspirators if they could have been , aught else—if every avenue of peaceful and gradual progression had not been closed against them !
InlSSI , when the insurgents in the Papal States had succumbed to Austrian intervention , the provinces of itomagna and Bologna—encouraged by the memorandum which the five powers had addressed to the pope on the 21 st May , pointing out to him the necessity of reformresolved on essaying whether it were possible to obtain a few administrative ameliorations by legal routes , by a peaceful expression of theirrequirements . On evacuating the states Austria bad . h & wded over tbe Marches of Pesaro and Ancona to the papal troops ; and liomagna and Bologna to the National Guard , on whom the pope
had himself imposed the maintenance of public order . That portion of this guard representing the city and province of Bologua , numbering more than sixty thousand , through the hands of their General-in-chief Giuseppe Patuzzi , addressed to the Cardinal-Secretary of State Bernetti apetition rohonnee , settingforth their grievances and indicating the remedies . Another petition , more or less to the same purpose , was presented on the partof the magistrates and the municipal corps of Perugia ; another by the provincial council of Ravenna , composed of men known for their devotion to the G overnment , with
a Pro-Legate for President ; another from the city of Fori ! , bearing thousands of signatures , and among them those of the Municipal Corps and the Bishop's Vicar ; more followed from different districts , town and country . The Judges and advocates of Bologna subscribed a separate petition confined to judicial matters , addressed to the Pro-Legate Count Grassie . Finally , a deputation , chosen by the heads of the provincial magistracies , as . sembled at Bologna on the 25 th January , 1832 , to press on the Pro-Legates the prayers of these petitions . In COn « fortuity with the memorandum of the five powers , they prayed the admission of laymen into all the offices of Government , the participation of thepeople in the election
of the councils , and the establishment of a central Junta , to watch over the higher branches of administration . The Secretary of State replied , that no deputation would be attended to ; the petitions received no answer ; the dissolution of the civic guards was announced . With the aid of a loan facilitated by Austria , the Government formed a corps of five thousand men , principally raised from file prisons of Civita Castellana , San Leo , and Sant An ^ eJo . They poured into tbe Romagna , where aged women and unresisting men were horribly massacred . And when , exasperated at these cruelties , the younger popttlatiouof certain cities flew to arms , for the second time , Austria intervened , in July , 1832 .
InlSSi , shortly after the wholesaleslaughters at Genoa , Alexandria , and Chambery , efforts in the path of popular education , similar to those in Lombardy of 1818 , were made in Piedmont . Some praiseworthy young men advocated the necessity of gradually enlightening the children of the poor ; they entreated means for this end ; they received subscriptions , aud proposed gratuitous schools . Such was the list of promoters appended , that it was impossible openly to discountenance tbe project without exciting a dangerous spirit of discontent . The Government assented , but to have its own share in the undertaking , handed over the direction of the schools to the Jesuits , or to religious associations formed under their auspices . Two years of effort and sacrifice on the side of the nntion-il party resulted in the surrender of some hundreds of young souls to the enervating , mindstrangling corruption of Jesuitism . Sow comes the question , that every true Englishman wiil answer as one man : —
I asV , then , of every true Englishman , After these facts , after this experience , can we entertain hopes of our future through means peaceful unci legal 1 I put to every true Englishman this simple question—Imagine eighty thousand French soldiers stationed in Ireland or Scotland ; imagine that whenever the people in that portion of the English territory remaining free called for improvement , advancement , or change in their internal laws , tile eighty thousand foreigners should intrude the points of their bayonets , and say , " iu the name of brute force , stir not ; " what would 50 U do ? IViiat you would do , we have made up our minds to do : and we are trying to understand each otber , so as to be able to do it . That sntns up ihe Italion question : In that consists what to-day you brand with the name of conspiracy—what you would hail to-morrow , should we triumph , with the title ofgloriousvictoru .
Yes , yes , Sir James Graham , you "brand" the efTaris of the Italian patriots to save their fatherland wkh the name of conspiracy ; but not so , yotr , the British people—at any rate , all you who love liberty and demand justice for yourselves—von regard that " conspiracy , " as you will hail its victory , as glorious . The only conspirators whom yon will" brand " v . ' th your hatred and scorn are the conspirators against the rights of man—kings , popes , and felonious seal-breakers . ^ Against them men of all nations conspire , and their conspiracy is a sacred aad iudispensible dutv .
* The Suppression Of Periodicals Entirel...
* The suppression of periodicals entirely literary , whoso every line undergoes the supervision of censors ecclesiastical and political , would aypea . - ; a fact inexplicable ; but it has often occurred in Italy . The "Indicature" of Genoa , the " Imlicatore" of Leghorn , the " Antologia" of Florence , all in turn suffered this fate . Other literary miscellanies , such as the " Subalpino" of Turin , were compelled to insert from tune to time , as if from the editor , a political article furnished by tbe Government . « iuw !< cw »^ wiwb » —w . ¦ ' 1 niUMjigMjiawgw . 'iWHtfww ^
&%Nmltim Aiu? Suittnilture^
& % nmltim aiU ? Suittnilture ^
Field-Gahden Operations. . For Tie Week ...
FIELD-GAHDEN OPERATIONS . . For tie Week commencing Monday , Sep > t . 1 th , 1 S-13 . { . Extracted from a Disnr ef Actual Operations on five small farms ou the estates oftbeJateMrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms ou the estates of the E-avI of DavtmouAn . at Skithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by 3 Ir . A ' owell , of Farnley Tyas , near iludderstield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on tkeir own lands . The farms selected as models arc—First Two school farms at TVillingdon and Eastdean , of
ave acreseach , conducted by U . Cruttcnilen and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John DuiabveU—tae former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevinjjton—all of them within a few voiles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the sanieplace . Theconsecutiveopei-ationsinthesereports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate iad agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diauy is aided by " Xotcs and Observations " from the pen of -Mr . K ' owcll , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .
" It is a very pleasant sight to see children engaged in useful and healthy labour upon a spot of ground which thev can call tilth * own ; they snail be kept apart from the rice and foliy of the youug men of the city . " Kote . —The school farms an cultivated ly boys , w 7 i * in return for three hours' teaching in the morning give three hours of tlieir labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , ivhkh renders tlte schooU seifsn'rofiiiSG . We believe that at Farnly Tyas sixteenths of th : produce of the school farm will be assigned to the boys , ami one-seventh to the master , who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate tlieir land , ami teach tlicm , fn tuWia ' uii to reading , tvriting , <& c , to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas wig le divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and le nuide tltus indirectly to reach their parents in a tvay Ha most grateful to their feelings . ' ]
BDS 5 EX . SioxDAT— inilinadon School . Boys thrashing wheat . Eastdean School . Boys holyday , master hoeing between the cabbages , and digging potatoes . Piper . Digging up potatoes . DumomeH . Carrying barley aim wheat . Tuesday— WiUingdon School . Boys thrashing . Eastdean School , lioys carrying wheat , thrashing it , and picking turnip leaves for the cows . Piper . Cleaning lucerne , and mending it with liquid manure . * Humbrell . Hoeing turnips , carrying wheat .
* Lucerne. —On The Cth Of September, Whe...
* Lucerne . —On the Cth of September , when Piper applied liquid to his lucerne , he had already cut it three times during the season , aud -was on the eve of cutting it the fourth . -. . f Tanups after Tares . —At this season the turnips after tares are generally pulled in the South for the cattle , and plenty left to stand the winter for them . Piper strongly advises that plenty of manure shall be used forthe crop of turnips after tares , and observes that if ttco crops will not pay for well manuring , one crop , he feels assured , cannot do so .
* Lucerne. —On The Cth Of September, Whe...
WienjfESDAr— WWngdon School . Bovs thrashing wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptying privy tubs , and mixing up cow liquid " with mould . Piper . Hoeing white turnips after tares , and pulling abundance lor the cows , f I / Wnor < ll . Thrashing peas . Tuursdat— Willingdon School . Boys thrashing wheat and tying Up straw . Eustdeaii School . Gleaning wheat , trussing straw , bnildinst a wheat rick . Piper , Hoeing turnips . Dumbrell . Carrying wheat , hoeing turnips . Fmhxv—WUlingdon School . Cleaning the allotment tenants' wheat . Ecutdean School . Building two oat ricks , carrying wheat , and cleaning bai'Jer . Piper . TUrasuia-j barley . Unmoral . Hoeing barley . Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys cleaning wheat . Eastbourne School . Boys clcauiiiir the pigstye and school-room , and emptying the tank . Piper . Digging ground ; or rye sowing . Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips , carrying seed tares and dung with the heifer .
COW-PEEWSO . Willingdon School . Cows Jivimj on clover and white turnips . ¦ OiimorcK . One cow grazed during the day , and fed in the stall morn and even with mamicl wurzel leaves . One cow and heifer entirely stall-led upon lGUbs . of clover .
Bones And Sulphuric Acid. Bv W. C. Spoo....
BONES AND SULPHURIC ACID . BV W . C . SPOO . NER . ( From the Journal of the Boyal Agricultural Society . ) As the council invites the attendance and co-operation of members , and as the subject of the , application of bones and sulphuric acid has so recently engaged its attention , I beg to communicate the result ofait experiment tried by me during the last year . In the greater number of instances the bones and sulphuric acid have been applied in a liquid state , and though there is reason to believe that the most favourable results are likely to follow this mode o £ application , yet the trouble and inconvenience attending it , involving , as it does iu the tirst place , a serious outlay , and the difficulty of confining the liquid to
the drills , are so great as to preclude farmers generally from availing themselves of the important and valuable discovery . It must therefore be very desirable to show them that the bouea and acid can be applied by the common drill ; and havins done so during the last year , I beg to eomnumicate ' the information . Wishing to try several manures , I devoted . 1 piece of land of about four acres to tlte purpose . On the 4 th of July the Swedes ( Matron ' s ) were drilled under very unfavourable circumstances . Tiie land , a loam on the London clay , was drained in May , and what with the cartage of the tiles , the clay brought to the surface , and the remarkably dry weather that succeeded , the knobs were of such a nature as to defy the continual application of the harrows and the
roller , and ( having no clod-crusiierat the time ) coufd only be reduced to a comparative state of fineness by a number of men with sledge-hammers . The nature of the land will be better understood by my savin ? that it precisely resembled the field immediately adjoining , on which the trial ol implements for heavy lauds by youv Society took place in July last . I intended to apply the bones and acid at the rate of 8 * bushels per acre of the former , and one-half by weight of the latter . I accordingly prepared saffie ' ient for half an acre , by putting the bones in tho state of dust in a tub , and adding about iOibs . of acid , and four times the quantity of water . After some hours a few bushels of fine mould was added , aud the following day a sufficient quantity of coal-ashes , to make the whole amount to fifteen bushels ; my object being
to drill the field at the rate of thirty bushels per acre . I should have tried the mixture to a greater extent , but could not at that time procure the acid for less than 2 Jd . per lb . I also used other manures , such as South American guano , gypsum and guano , bones and guano , and bone-dust , at the rate of sixteen bushels per acre , with ashes . But having unfortunately lost the memorandum of the experiments , I can only speak from memory , and must therefore confine my remarks principally to the effects of the bones and acid , and the bones alone . This , however , I may say with regard to guano , that the experiment convinced me that this valuable manure can be readily and safely applied with the common drill ( without any particular provision being made for covering the manure with earth before the
deposition of the seed ) by merely mixing the guano with about tour times the quantity of fine mould , and adding as much ashes as the drill will deposit . In the case in question the guano was used at the rate of three cwt . per acre , and the mould aud ashes were added so as to make the whole amount to thirty bushels per acre . The bones and acid were used three days after their preparation , and at the same tims as the other manures ; but whilst the latter were consumed by the quantity of ground intended for each , the former , from being in a somewhat damp state , often adhered to the cups or scoops of ihe drill ; ami as I did not discover this till the intended half acre was nearly finished , the result was that the bones aud acid intended for onc-hali ' , extended to
threefourths of an acre , being at the rate of little more than two bushels of bones per acre . Now the remedies for this evil which suggest themselves are , to prepare the compost for a longer period , previously using a less quantity of water and a greater , quantity of ashes , and looking occasionally to the scoops of the di'ill , and cleansing them out . But as the application of manures to the turnip crop in a damp state must be ( if practicable ) of great importance and advantage , it is , I venture to suggest , a matter" well worthy the consideration of the invontorsand judges of drills , to contrive that the scoops shall not retain the manure , though damp , after each rotation , cither by rendering them less concave , or otherwise altering their shape , or having some method of scraping or
cleaning them , 'ihe bones and aeid turnips were the first to appear above ground ; the tops grew luxuriantly , and for some time maintained a superiority over the rest of the field ; the guano turnips , however , after some time , rivalled them ; and those manured with bones alone , though lagging behind terribly at first , made amends towards tlic latter ond of the autumn - , and on weighing a few rods in the month of December , scarcely any difference could be discovered . The bones and acid roots were the largest , but exhibited more bare spots , probably owing to the irregularity of the deposition oi' the manure from the cause before mentioned . Besides whieh I should state that they laboured \ nuler the disadvantage oi being on the outside of the field , and near a high hedge . To say the least ; however , two bushels of bones , with the addition of the aeid , successfully rivalled eight times the quantity of bones , though the
latter was employed on land considered previously much superior to the other , I beg ta conclude my remarks on this interesting subject with the observation that , when we find that sulphuric aeid enters very largely into the constituent parts of the Swedish turnip , are we not justified in concluding that the remavkaWe ci ' ect attending the application of the bones aud acid united is iu some measure io be attributed to the specific virtue of the acid in affording food to the plant ? 100 , 000 parts Swedish turnips contain no less than 800 parts of sulphuric acid , being twice the quantity of phosphoric acid possessed , whilst the common turnip has but forty-one parts of the former and seventy-three of the latter . Would not some experiments with common turnips drilled with bones and acid , and also guano for comparison , throw some light on the subject , -and deserve the recommendation of the council ?—Southampton , April 22 , 1845 .
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY . A DIGEST FROM THE LECICHES 0 P PI 10 FESS 0 R B 1 UXDE . f Continued- from our last . ) " Organic Chewisley signifies the chemical history of thevaviousi / TOXimatejiriiicii'ics which have been observed in the animal and vegetable kingdoms , and which are there associated together , so as to produce a peculiar structure , termed organic , such as is never seen in any oi the products of the mineral kingdom . Gum , sugar , starch , woody fibre , albumen , fibr ine , gelatine , and all those numerous substances of which plants and the bodies of animals are composed , constitute those proximate principles which are the products of animated nature . " — Dr . 1 ) . B . lieid .
IS . Carbonic oxide is the result of a great number of operations , in which carbonic acid undergoes imperfect decomposition . Like carbonicacid , carbonic oxide extinguishes the flame of a taper , and of almost all other combustibles ; but , unlike carbonic acid , it is itself combustible , and burns in contact of , or iu ixei . with , air , with a peculiar blue flame . Wo sometimes observe , in a clear coal fire , that a blue lambent name plavsupon the surface of the fuel ; this arises from the ' conversion of the carbonic acid which is first formed , into carbonic oxide ; that is , the carbonic acid produced Uv the tirst access of oxygen to the fire , acquires , bypassing through the hot coals , an additional atom of carbon . This production of carbonic oxide , also , is apt to ensue where common fuel is burning
wiih a verv limited access of air ; it sometimes produced " in Dr . Arnolds stoves ; and when there happens to be any cavity in which it can accumulate , and where it gets blended with acertain adequate quantity of atmospheric air , it may perchance form an explosive mixture—for carbonic oxide and oxygen , in equal volumes , explode violently when ignited , ami produce carbonic acid . 19 . Carbonic acid is the product of so many operations , natural as well as artificial , that a detailed history of it cannot here be entered into , but gome ot its most prominent sources may be noticed . And , first—it is evolved in an enormous quantity in that extraordinary process called fermentation . It sugar
and water be mixed , with the addition of a little yeast , after a little time the sugar begins to disappear , and in its place there is a quantity of alcohol ana carbonic acid formed . Sow it may be inferred from this , that sugar contains the elements of alcohol and of carbonic aeid ; and we will find , that , during the progress or this fermentation , in proportion as the sugar disappears , the liquor becomes spirituous , aud carbonic acid is produced . The process of fermentation , therefore , amounts to a slow combustion of sugar , during which it is resolved into carbonic acid and alcohol . — Then , respiration is a very abundant source of carbonic acid ; in fact , we are continually throwing off carbonic acid from the lungsin an enormous quantity . Its source is the charcoal contained in our food , which , bva process analogous to alow combratwra , yieWs
C arbonic acid , and evolves heat so as to maintain the temperature of the body . The amount of the carbon thus thrown off by respiration , and emitted along with aqueous vapour from the blood as it passes through tho lungs amounts , in the course of twenty four hours , to about eleven ounces . It is found that the mnmrnt ol carbonic acid ^ , -iveil on" in this war varies in « l utcrent ; iu ! iv idu ! ils , Md the same individuals at diltorent times in the day . Soon after a hearty meal , a considerably larger quantity is given off than in the mormng . or when the stomach is empty . The reason Ot tins will be shown afterwards But among the iiHBt common sources from which wo obtain carbonic acid , are the varieties of carbonate of lime—viz ., caalk , marble , and limestone . If a niece of marble
( which is carbonate of lime ) bo broken up , put into a bottic , some water poured upon it , and then a little muriatic acid added , an elfcrvescence ensues , and carbonic acid is given off with great facility , and in great abundance . Chalkand limestone rocks contain carbonic acid to the amount of many thousand tons , ami in the operation oflime-btirning it is set free , and goes into the atmosphere , whore it performs a very important part in reference to the nutrition of plants , by which it is absorbed and decomposed ; they , in tact , assimilate its carbon , and return the oxygen to the . atmosphere ; and , strange to say , it appears to be from this source that nearly all the carbon of the animal creation is , as it were , principal derived : but of this more hereafter .
i Ji l S •¦ we - » P ° « carbonic acid at greater length than may , perhaps , be thought necessary , we shall now direct attention to anothersubstance found m the atmosphere , though in very minute quantitywinch is ammonia . It will be recollected that our atmosphere is a mechanical mixture of the different substances which are found in it , and not a chemical compound ( par 8 ) . We have , for the great bulk of the air , oxygen and nitrogen ; to these are superadded carbonic acid , in the proportion of only 1 to 1000 , and ammonia , about which we arc now to treat . 21 . If we analyse the atmosphere with the utmost care , we cannot find ammonia in it , or at least nothing beyond the slightest occasional trace * . but if wo expose water for a long time to the contact of tho air .
it will ultimately be found to have-acquired ammonia . If we examine the rain as it falls through the atmosphere , we also find it in min ute quantities of ammonia . It is clear , therefore , that though wc may possibly find noammonia in the atmosphere , we do find it in certain things which have been exposed to it , for ammonia is a very soluble , and a very com billable body ; and njany substances eagerly take it up , when exposed to gaseous mixtures which only contain traces of it . No sooner does a shower oi ' rain foll through the air , than ammonia is carried down in aqueous solution . Certain kinds of limestone and sandstone , when exposed to the air , also absorb ammonia , and so does oxide of iron . In short , it will be found that ammonia , minute indeed in quantity as it is in the air , performs
nevertheless , a most important part in regard to the nutritive powers of the soil , in fitting it for the growth , of vegetables . This subject has been lately importantly elucidated by the researches of Dumas and Liebig ; and one of tho most striking parts of the new doctrine consists in calling our attention to ammonia , if the source of nitrogen was there , but we never knew precisely where it came from . Wc knew that nitrogen constituted the great bulk of the atmosphere , and that it was the medium through which many other things are diffused ( pars . S , 9 ); but tve had no evidence that this nitrogen was to any extent absorbed cither by plants or animals ; and , in fact , the source of the nitrogen which these contain was never clearly understood , till recent investigations taught us that
ammonia was its adequate and efficient source . In fact , vegetables derive nitrogen from the soil , absorbing it in the form of ammonia ; and , although certain fertile soils may possibly not contain ammonia , we shall probably find in them nitrogen in some other shape . Ammonia , therefore , is a highly important substance in organic and agricultural chemistry ; and , consequently , its presence in the atmosphere , and in soils and manure , —its sources , and the means ofproducing and econo- mising it—are subjects which we shall have frequently to dwell upon . 22 . Wc will now notice a few facts , bearing upon the composition , and upon the properties and distinctive characters of ammonia , some of the properties of hydrogen and of nitrogen havc already been adverted to ( pars . 0 , 12 ) . Ilydrogen is an inflammable gas , nitrogen an inflammable one ; and neither of thcra are what are called supporters of combustionthat is , they both extinguish fiame . If three parts
of hydrogen , and one of nitrogen , by bulk , bo mixed together , the relative weights of the gases are to each other as 8 to 1-1—the density , or specific gravity , of nitrogen being to that of hydrogen as 11 is to 1 . Again , these three volumes of hydrogen , and one volume of nitrogen , will form four volumes of a mere mechanical mixture of tlic two gases ; under these circumstances they manifest not the slightest inclination to enter into chemical combination , How , then , can wc bring about their union , or induce them so to form ammonia ?—ammonia being a compound of certain proportions of these two elements . We can do thiavcry readily , by presenting them to each other in their nascent state;—that is , if , instead of collecting hydrogen separately , and nitrogen separately , and lnixhig them together , thoy arc elicted from their various compounds at one and the same time , in contact with each other , they will then combine to form ammonia . The following is the exact composition of
ammonia : — Atoms , Equivalent weight . Per cent . Nitrogen , 1 .. 14 „ 81 * 13 Hydro-i'Mi , 3 ,. ij .. 18-87 Ammonia , 1 ,. 1 ? .. loo * oo Or , Grains 53 cubic inches of nitrogen „ — 15 * 08 15 D ditto hydrogen ,. = s * ZS 1 <) 0 ditto ammonia .. = is-26 Thus we find that one volume of nitrogen and throe volumes of hydrogen become combined and condensed so as to constitute only two volumes of ammonia , —or in other words , thatoO cubic inches of nitrogen and 150 of hvdrogen do not form 200 , but only 100 cubic inches of ammonia .
23 . Ammonia is a very extraordinary body . Ifclias no colour , but has aycrv strong and peculiar odour , and if it gets into the nostrils in its undiluted state , it is a most caustic substance , but if diluted with air , is an agreeable stimulant , constituting , in fact , the stimulant part of smelling salts . Ammonia furnishes a good instance of the extraordinary change of properties which result from chemical combination , and of a compound in all respects unlike its components . Nitrogen and hydrogen are insoluble in water , and quite tasteless ; ammonia is very pungent and acrid , and very soluble in water ; nitrogen awl hydrogen havc no alkaline properties ; ammonia is " a very powerful alkaline base . Ammoniaextinguish . es flame ; a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen is inflammable ;
whilst nitrogen alone extinguishes flame , and hydrogen alone is inflammable . Another character belonging to ammonia is , that jfc is alkaline—that is , it reacts on vegetable colours in the same manner as potash , soda , and other bodies whieh arc called alkalies . If a piece of yellow tumeric paper is put into ammonia , it immediately becomes brown or red , and apiece of reddened litirnispaperhasits blue restored . Ammonia , again , is very soluble in water . Water takes un many bundled times its volume of ammonia , so that if only a few drops of water be put into a jar of ammonia , the water will take up tho whole ol it . When thus dissolved in water , a strong alkaline solution is formed . If anuvioviia be absorbed by acids , ammoniacal salts are obtained ; one of these , aud a "very important one , is obtained by passing ammonia into dilute muriatic acid ( or by mixing ammonia and muriatic aeid gases ); this is tho salt
formerly known as sal ammoniac , now called muriate , or uydroculoratc , of ammonia , or sometimes chloride ol" ammonium . The evolution of ammonia is often made manifest by the abundant white funics which are in such- cases produced by the approximation of a glass rod dipped in muriatic acid , and which arise out of the formation and condensation of sal ammoniac . Jf a piece of glass , moistened with muriatic acid , be exposed to the atmosphere , it is not uncommon , in particular situations , to find that the acid absorbs a sufficiency of ammonia to saturate it , and to cause the formation of crystals of sal ammoniac . In short , wherever a peat deal of coal is burned , any ntec organic bodies are undergoing putrefaction , we find a proportionate formation or evolution of ammonia . In London , small stellated crystals arc often observed upon dirty windows , and , if examined , they are found to be cither crystal of sal ammoniac , or ot sulphate of ammonia .
Jk , ' !! umo « ay h <> produced by the destructive distillation of azotised oreanic bodies , If some horn shavings or ivory , or bone-dust be put into a retort , and Jicatcft , ammonia is formed . The substances in question contain no pre-existenfc ammonia , but thev contain nitrogen and hydrogen . During the experiment , they arc presented to each other at the moment ot evolution , or , as it has just been termed , in their nascent state , and , under such circumstances , thev combine and form ammonia : this is easily shown bv suffering the evolved vapours to come in contact with tumeric paper , which , is immediately reddened Another similar formation of ammonia ensues when common coal is distilled , as in the ordinary processes ot manufacture of coal-gas . This ammonia , though partially condensed , and entering into new combinations used
formerly to find its way in inconsiderable quantity into the gas mains and service pipes , and was productive of infinite mischief in its corrosive action upon the brass and copper fittings—besides all irhich . it tended considerably to diminish the illuminating power of the gas when burned ; and . it is believed , to . the occasional formation of nitric acid . Kte ' . 1 ' lS c T fu !! *! abs { racte « and absorbed by passing the gas through dilute sulphuric acid , ammonia is obtained . This product has acquired considerable interest , from having been lately used as a Snt ^^^ pprtant one , » consequence of the quantity of available nitrogen winch it contains JL ? mE , " 1 extrem ?' y important element in organic mat erg , and one of the great objects in nractwaUgrwulvvac consists in fixing , or abscrbingit
but this is a subject which " will be discussed more at length hereafter . There is a curious question arising out of this matter , —which is , how far nitric acid—a compound of nitrogen and oxygen—can itself be considered as a manure , or how far . in fact , it can be considered as contributing to the nourishment and growth of vegetables , as a * source of nitrogen . Ammonia certainly contributes to the growth of plants , and so docs nitric acid in some way or other , but we do not understand how . Wc know that nitrate of soda , nitrate of potash—the common nitre of commerce—and other nitrates , are very important manures - . —but the discussion of these belongs to the most advanced part of our inquiry . There arc several manures , as they are calico , that seem to aetmerelv
by fixing carbonate of ammonia—one of the results of the decay of organic matter—and thus become very important agents in thegrowth of crops : for instance , there is gypsum , or sulphate of lime—sometimes called " plaster of Paris . "—which , when reduced to powder , and moistened , contributes very much to the growth of certain crops ;—a great part of its operation seems to depend on it * power of combining with carbonate of ammonia . If carbonate of ammonia be adoed to a solution of gypsum , decomposition takes place , and there is thrown down carbonate of lime , or chalk , and sulphate of ammonia is not so volatileso liable to escape into the air—as carbonate of ammonia , and , therefore , it does not go away until the root of the vegetable comes to loolcfor it , ' and takes
it up tor tood . lucre is , as we havcalready said , an enormous quantity of sulphate of ammonia manufactured in our gas works , and it is found to be a very valuable manure ; ami it is so because it contains nitrogen in the form of ammonia . Many burnt clays act as ainmoniacal absorbents ; and many clays derive a great part of their value from fixing , or , as it were , drawing ammonia into their pores . Charcoal is another substance winch , in a remarkable degree , absorbs ammonia from the air , and thus bcomos a valuable manure , and contributes to the fertilization oV the soil . As far as manures generally are concerned , we may say that their valueis mainly in proportion to the quantity of nitrogen they contain . If
tor instance , we take certain vegetables that contain very little nitrogen , such as potatoes or rice , we can live on these , but we arc obliged to eat enormous quantities of them . On the other hand , we can live upon comparatively small quantities of animal fibre , or of those vegetables that contain a large quantity of albumen or gluten , inasmuch as there is aeonsiderable quantity of nitrogen contained in their composition . Wc find , in fact , that the relative value of dift ' ecn t kinds of food may be expressed in terms relating to the quantity of nitrogen they contain . Wheat , peas , and several' other grains , contain a large quantity of nitrogen , and hence their comparatively greatnutritive power . ( Tobe continued ) . t 3 r ^—^—~— -rrTTww *~ rrm < ae--rnxm- * m-mmm *** nvm \ ¦ m " ii » mi nw mm mum u
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Bankrupts. (From Friday's Gazette, Augus...
BANKRUPTS . ( From Friday ' s Gazette , August 22 m ? , 18-15 J Thomas Howell , Queen ' s Head-passage , Newgate-street , hotel-beeper—John Sims , Tolinvd Uoynl , Wiltshire , wheelitTight—James Mantle Pratt , Bornors ^ ti'eeljOsf ' oril-strcet , wine-merchant—John Kirhu-ni ) , Lupus-street , l'j : nlicr > , butcher—Hcnjamin Ling , Fore street , Lituehouse , tiuVuei dealer- Edward Thomas Hogg and William Neale Walton , ]) ul { cs-strcet , Adclplu , winc-inerchants—Nathan Solomons and Elcazcr Solomons , Church-lane , W'liitecliJipel , boot and shoe-makers—llobert Sugden , Jlogtliornc , Yorkshire , manufacturer of worsted goo ds—Jolmlfoiwiaw' & wcMmg Birmingham , ironmonger .
BANKRUPTS . ( From tlte Gazette of Tuesday , August 26 . J John Kirkuam , bupus-street , Vinvuco . butcher—Robert filoumfield Clarke , Gower-street Xortli , St . I ' ancras , plumber-William Vcrey , High-street , Kiugsland , victualler—William Matthew Hansard , Park-road , Holloway , florist—John Hodgson , Liverpool , scrivener— . Abraham Hiniles and John Thompson , Leeds , stock and share brokers .
DIVIDENDS . Sept . 18 , T . I * . Lucas , Long Buekby , Northamptonshire , money ucriveuci '—Sept . IS , J . M . Leader , Oxford-street , coach-maker—Sept . IU , U . Chandler , Stumnorc , Middlesex , ironmonger—Sept . IS , T . Seddou , CaHhorpo-place , Gray ' siim-i-ond , upholsterer —Sept . 17 , J . Ilolroyd , Wheatly , Yorkshire , cotton-wnrp-malcci '—Sept . 19 , L ., J ., and , / . ltostron , Manchester , manufacturers — Sept . li ) , W Mainwariug , Hirmiiigli ' . im , surgeon—Sept . 13 , C . Parker , Bristol , tailor—Sept . it ) , W . i ! ay , Liverpool , draper . Cebtifjoites to he granted , unless cause be shown to the contrary on the day of meeting . Sept ly . W . II . Rawe . Portsen , Hampshire , cun-ier—Sept . 18 , S . King , Xewa ; ate . strvct , City , warehouseman—Sept . IS , YV . vr . ii' . 'tecs , Jiarcoiirtstreet , Ilf . 'ti'yleboiie , sill :-tiiei ' eei ' —Sept . Ill , E > Thomas , Clifton Kvistol , wine-merchant—Sept . 19 , G . Uyford , Liverpool , wholesale grocer—Sept , 18 , J . Mad ; , Liverpool , pawnhroiscr—Scot . IS , T , Wiullcy ,
Liverpool , broker- Sept . 18 , . / . . S . 'OW ! , I . ' . ver , woI , v ; numerchuut—Sept . 18 , J . Evans , Liverpool , iroiiniwwer—Sept 18 , 11 . 1 'nvvy , Uut' . vm , DcnvagsMv-o , currier—Sepr , 19 , J . M , ( 'iirdiicr , Liverpool , wine-merchant—Sept . i *" , C . If . Cutcliftu , Wlton , Devonshire , surgeon—Sept . Ki , J . i'ict , Plymouth , grocer—Sept . l ( i , S . Kussc-U , Sln-mcld , ISntmnua metal manufacturer—Sept . lfi ,. J . J'estell , Ueestun , lieufords ' uire , corn-factor—Sept . IB . Vf . Astlo , "Wolverhampton , Staffordshire , plambw—Sept . 10 , 3 . SiollOU and Kichnrd Simons , Mincing-lane , City , wine-merchants—Sept . 16 , 11 . S . Jones , Wroeliwuviline . Shropshire , grocer — . Sept . 13 , l' \ Perks , jun ., Stourbridge , Worcestershire , hatter— Sept . H ' , J . Turner , Jlant ' iMH-po cam Little Gonerby , Lincolnshire , wool-buvcr—Sept . lo , J . J . Ay ton , Souih Shield' ; , linen-draper—Sept . , J . Pu . ic . rs , Keilt-Stl'Cet , Hasgevstc-n , fancy trimming . manufactiiver—Sept . 10 ' . W . L , ilroivn , Liverpool , merchant—Supt . is , G . Slater . I . on don-terrace , Hackney-road , grocer—Sept . lfi , J . Hardy , Wisbech St . Peter , Caiubridj' < . « luYe , grocer .
PAATNEUSIIirs DISSOIVM . W . C . and li . liutier , Xcwari-upoii-TreiU , Nottinghamshire , mercers— W . Tooth and T . Taylor , Gateshead ; Durham , glass-mamir ' - 'cturers—J . K . Reeve ami 'J' . Cracknel ! , Halesworth , Suffolk , brewers—W . 11 . Trev .-avas and J . Crabb , Liverpool , provision-dealers—H . Weston ami 13 . V , Fairtiiorne , Jh'acklcy , JTortli : ! nij .-l » is . ? ln " iv , attorney : - —A . Hill and j . Bates—T . Sholter and J . II . Johnstone , Jermyn-itreet , St . . Timies ' s , v-uiors—W . S : jiith and W . Collins , lh'itlport , Dorsetshire . grocers—P . A . i'iiiliijisaitd E I ) , liuulter , ( iuecvi-stveel , Oticapsiilu , coUon-maimfarturers—T . North and W . Wise , lllacki ' riar ? -vo : id .
xincmimnfiicturers—T . C . Woddv-. auu T . Good ' ., I \ ovwich , upholsterers—J . Waginni > - null J . Gili-m , I ' ooU-wiy . ilout . gomeryshire , miners— T . il'Turk , S . i ' uclterinj , ' , aud IV . T . Msikins , Kmsstou- ; ipon-lluu , wuolh * n-drapci's ; as far as regards T . M'Turk—II , Hills ami W . JDickinsou , free School-street , Soutliwark—W . Fuller and G . Timms , iluxtou , carmen—J . Aslunore and 11 . Smith , fiirmuighnm , earners—J . Hall and J . Gordon , Liverpool , brokers—J . Stewart , 11 . Appleby , and "V \\ Gibson , Keweastle-tipon-Tjiie , builders—E . li . Long and W . T . Sanderson , Wigcoii , Cumberland , ironmongers —! -,. Miller and C . Selkirk , Spving . street , l ' addington , glass-dealers—T . and li . Marshall , Steyiiing , Susses , drapers .
I -Hfirliet I-Nteutgtttfe* -
i -Hfirliet i-nteutgtttfe * -
Liveui'ooi. Oattlb Mauhv.T, Monday, Auoc...
LivEUi'Ooi . Oattlb Mauhv . t , Monday , Auocst 25 . —There is no alteration to state in the supply of our cattle market from last week , the number being a fair average , but the greatest portion of inferior quality . There was a iii'merous attendance of buyers , and anything good was eagerly sought after at high prices . Beef Oil . to Old ., mutton t' -Jd . to *? d ., and "lamb Old . to 7 d . per lb . Cattle imported into Liverpool from tho ISth to the 25 th of August : — cows 20 , 13 ; calves 77 ; sheep 10 , 285 ; lambs -110 ; pigs 3902 : horses 19 .
I . osdo . v Cokn Exchange , Monday , Ai * q . 2 . 5 . — Similar weather to that experienced hero appears to have prevailed in all parts of the kingdom since Wednesday , and under its fitvotiriug- hi / l'ionees the grain crop are everywhere prosrressiDg rapidly to maturity . In all the counties lying this side of the river Humber-the cutting of wheat , barley , and cats has become quite gcnevnl * , svud should tho weather remain propitious till tbe close of tlic weclc , au inimense quantity of grain will be secured in » ood order . Though tlic reports from those districts where ilia greatest progress has been made with ihe harvest ave not altogether as favourable as could he wished , still they are fully as satisi' C ory as we wore led to expect would be the case ; and wo are inclined to think that with -a fine month of September tho
produce of wheat would not , after all , prove much below an average , whilst the yielo of spring corn and pulse will , if well secured , undoubtedly be large . Wc arc sorry , however , to learn that the potato crop has been cxtensiveiy attacked in tlic south and west of England , as well as in the Channel Islands , by a species of blight , and a very great dcliciency in the produce of this article must , we fcav , be calculated on . 0 whiu to farmers having been fully engaged with field work , sonic falling off in the supplies of grain has lately taken place , notwithstanding which , business in wheat has become exceedingly dull . At many of the markets held on Friday and Saturday the turn was decidedly in favour of the buyer ; anil at Mark-lane ,
this morning , the trade was languid in tho extreme . There was much less wheat oileving by land-carriage samples from the home counties than on Monday last , but the quantity exhibited proved more than equal to the demand . In the early part of the day factors refused to make she slightest concession , and the millers being unwilling to pay former terms , scarcely « i sale was made till near tho close . An abatement of Is . to 2 s , per qr . was then submitted to , at which some progress towards a clearance was effected . There were only a few small lots of new wheat at market , the quality and condition hy no means line . It must be recollected , however , that tho wheat now brought forward must havc been earned during the wet weather . Next week we expect to sec a decided improvement in the samples . Holders of foreign
wheat remained firm , and the finer Binds co \\ kl scarcely have been bought cheaper than on Monday last . Bonded parcels were move prcssingly offered , and it would not have been difficult to have bought 2 s . per quarter below the top prices of last week . Town manufactured flour hung heavily on hand , and ship marks were , certainly the turn cheaper . 01 English barley there was very little on sale , and having a slightly improved inquiry for the liner sorts , rather enhanced terms were realised . Bonded barley met with some demand for shipment to Holland , during the past week between 3000 and 4000 qvs . were exported from hence to Rotterdam , and further quantities are likely to be taken . The fresh arrivals of oats from our own coast and Scotland were small ; having , however ,, received a good supply from Ire land during the past week , and a fair quantity from
Liveui'ooi. Oattlb Mauhv.T, Monday, Auoc...
abroad therc ' was a plentiful show of mmnlea this mornin V . Tho finer qualities were certainly not cheW ; and though inferior sorts were somewhat 3 to buy , the decline was not of sufficient impor-CftcinSer any alteration in quotattousr Mjy sarv . Beans did not move oft so readily as ot late , arid bavins rattier an increased quantity on sale , purchasers had tlic turn in their favour . The low pareels of new white peas offi-rin ? were of good quality , and realised 40 ^ . to -12 s . per qr . Ot grey and maple peas there were none on sale .
CUKltENT PRICES OP GRAIN , PER IMPBHIAL QUARTER . —Ui-ttiA . B B B Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red 48 60 White 49 64 Norfolk and Lincoln do 49 55 Ditto 57 S » -Vortlium . and Scotch white i 9 55 Fme 58 si Irish red old 0 0 lied 48 ol " iVhito 52 86 Uyo Old 29 32 Kew 29 30 Brank 34 SB Barley Grinding . . 20 27 Distil . 28 30 Malt . SI & Malt Brown .... 52 54 Pule 55 50 Ware 60 62 Bciiis Ticks old Anew 37 38 HavrowSS 40 I'igson 41 48 Peas Grey 35 3 S Maple 37 38 White 38 40 Oats Lincolns & Yorkshire Feed 22 24 Poland 24 28 Scotcli Am ; us 23 25 potato 26 28 Irish ... White 20 23 Black 20 29 Per 2 S 01 b . net . s si Per 2801 b . net . 8 ¦ Town-made 1 'lour ... 51 53 Norfolk & Stockton 86 88
Esses aud Kent .... 33 42 ] Irish 37 8 J Free . Bond * Foreign . g g s 8 Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , « 5 ic 59 Gl 38 42 Marks , Mecklenburg 5 G 58 33 36 Danish , Holstein , and Frieslaud red 48 52 28 30 Russian , Hard 4 i 52 Soft ... 48 52 23 29 Italian , Hod . . 50 52 White ... 54 58 82 35 . Spanish , Hard . 50 -52 Soft .... 52 52 31 34 Rye , B ; iltic , Dried , ... 28 M Imdried . . 25 30 22 SI Barley , Grinding . 24 26 Malting . . 28 30 19 24 Beans , Ticks . . 34 36 Egyptian . 34 35 28 32 Peas . Write , . 37 39 Maple , . 3 « 37 28 30 Oat * , Dutch , Brew and Thick 23 25 2 » 29 Russian feed 20 22 14 16 Banish , Frieslaud feed 20 22 14 17 Flutir . per barrel 28 30 21 33
AVERAGE PRICES Of the last six weeks , which regulate tho Duties from the 21 st to the 27 th of August .
\Rncat Barley. Outs. Rye. Beansi Peat. W...
\ rncat Barley . Outs . Rye . Beansi Peat . Week ending s' d * s' d'j s * d * s- M s - * ' - ! s - £ July 12 , 1 RW .. 48 W 2 « 0 22 6 S 3 11 S 9 8 38 U Week ending July 10 , 1 S 15 . J 50 0 23 6 22 i 32 8 39 ill 40 S Week ending ! l July 26 , 1845 .. < 51 7 29 2 22 5 31 7 40 3 3 ? 10 Week ending , | Aug . 2 , 1 S 13 J 53 3 23 8 22 5 34 6 , 40 5 41 0 Week ending ! Aug . 9 , 1815 .. 55 3 29 7 22 8 33 101 41 0 39 O Week tuidiiur ( Aug . 16 , 1815 . ' . 57 0 29 4 22 2 34 i ) 41 2 39 7
Aggregate aver , age of the last six weeks- .. 52 8 20 4 22 5 33 6 40 4 39 1 IjOiidon averages ( ending Aug . 19 , 1 S 45 ) 60 1 28 Ti 22 3 0 0 42 2 40 21 Duties .. „ 18 0 9 0 \ 0 0 9 fi' 2 6 3 fi
IaPoiiTS fkojt August 18 to August 24 , ikclusive , ENGLISH SCOTCH . HUSH . FOUEIGN TOTAI .. Wheat .. .. 11 , 8 * 7 5 ' ) 0 3 , 861 15 , 558 Barley .. .. 7 fi 0 l . fi-tt 1 , 350 8 , 051 Oats .. .. 14 0 20 , 034 11 , 9 a 31 , 979 Rye .... 0 0 0 0 0 Ruans .. .. 301 0 0 0 304 Peas .. .. 353 | t ) 0 58 41 ti Malt .. .. 5 , 319 0 I ' . ' 0 3 , 559 Tares .... 0 0 0 0 0 Linseed „ 0 9 5 J 1 , 855 1 , 905 Itapesecd .. 20 I 0 0 27 47 Flour , sacks 5 , 5-iil 0 lou 0 5 , 640 Ditto Ms ... 0 0 0 0 0
London Smitih-Ikld Cattle Market, Mosimi...
London Smitih-ikld Cattle Market , Mosimi * , Aug . 25 . —Since tills day « i ' uvu « nt tiie imports of live stock from abroad for our market have consisted of -13 oxen aud cows , together with 100 sheep , 20 lambs , ami C calves , per the Neptune and John Bull , from 11 am burgh ; as also 113 beasts , CO sheep , 20 Jambs , and l-l calves , per the Bnfcavicr , Ocean , and William Jollifte , from Rotterdam . The Batavior having encountered a terrific storm on hci- passage , 2 G ot ' the oxen 011 board of her- were smothered , the remainder being so much injured that they wero killed on being landed . Such was tlic bad state in which this stock was landed that the beasts were scarcely worth £ 1 per head . To-day wc had on offer 50 beasts and 00 sheep , chicilv from Holland . As
they were of very inferior quality , they commanded very little attention , and were disposed of at miserably low figures . Our letters from Hamburgh and Rotterdam state that the prices of lire atoclc there are considerably 011 the increase , with every prospect of a further advance in them . The arrivals at Hull have amounted to 12 ( 3 beasts and 200 sheep , chiefly from Rotterdam . Compared with those on Monday last , tho uumber ol'beasts from our own districts was on the decrease , and of but middling quality , though there wot'o some well made up animals amongst them . Although the beef trade was by no means active , the primesc Scots sold steadily at prices quite equal to tJio . se paid hist week , tho middling and inferior breeds moving oi ? slowly at barely late rates . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , we received
81 ) 0 boots , shorthorns , aud homebreds ; from ths western and midland counties , 300 Herefords , runts , Devorrs , Irish beasts , & c . ; from other parts of England , COO of various breeds ; aud from Scotland 200 homed ami polled Scots , the remainder of the supply being chiefly derived from the neighbourhood of the metropolis . The number of sheep was small fore the tiiiw of year ; yet they were fully adequate to the wants of the buyei's . l ' or the priiaest old Downs , which were scarce , tho deni . iufi was steady , at fuJJ prices ; hut all other breeds were " heavy , and " the tuiu lon-er . Tiie supply of lambs was somewhat 011 U 10 increase , owing to which the iamb trade ruled dull at barely the late depression in the quotations . Calves vi-evo in moderate supply , an-vi asas'y dcimuu , at last week ' s prices . Prime small pigs sold freely , otherwise tlic pork trade was dull . From Ireland wc had nearly 200 oa oiler ,
J > y the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the oflal . s . d . s . ( L Inferior coarse beasts . ¦ 3 S 3 0 Second t | iuiKty ,,.. 3284 Prime large oxen . , > 3 0 3 10 Prime Scots , & -e . .,,, 4042 Guarsc inferior sheep ,,, 3438 Second quality . , , , 3 Id 14 Prime eciitrsu wooiled . . , i 9 i 8 Prime Southdown , , , 4 10 5 0 Lambs ,.,,,, 1 8 5 8 Largeeoarse calves ,,,, 3642 Prime small ..,,, 4148 Suckling calves , each , , , 18 0 " 8 0 Large hogs ..... 3 0 3 8 \ eat small porkers , , , 3 10 4 4 Quarter-old stove pigs , each . . 3 G 0 20 0 m * Ai > or cattle o ; i sai . c .
( From the lioolts of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 3 , 17 S-Shecp and Lambs , 28 , 850—Calves , 211-Pi f ; s , 300 . U 1 c 11 . vo . vn Cony Market , Auovsr 23 . — Wo had , -no giT-nt supply of grain in our market to-day . , Wheat sold from f-j . to &* . dd . ; oats from 3 : * . to > is . ; barley from is . to -Is . M . \ beans from -is . Od , . to 5 s . per bushel . Maxcuksteh Cons Mauhi-t , SATrniUT , August 23 , , —Tho very boisterous and uiigcnial weather ex « , « pcvicnccd in the early part of the week , which ap- 1-pears to have extended thronuhout- the kingdom , aud d
is reported in some districts to have produced dis- jastt'oits effects * on ehc crops , and to have retarded d harvest opevattows nlrwuly in progress , has been sue > C * ceeded by a favourable change , and the trade , nudes ce itsiullueViec , lost the excitement previously exhibited ; J ¦ ; a steady consumptive demand , however , takiiij : oft ' all ill fresh supplies of Hour as they arrive , at the currency cy of last week , way Lh * noted . At our market this lis monu ' i ' . g- there was but a limited extent of business 383 transsotcd , and in tlic quotations of this daylay se ' niihj'hfc -R-e iu , iko no alterations . Towards tho'ho close of tho market there was a very heavy shoiver , er , aud the weather has . ' assumed a very unuroiutiouS'U .
appearance . Livewooi , Corn Mahst-t , Moxdat , August 25 . —' . —¦ The imports of wheat and flour from Ireland con-on- tinue to be of fair extent ; of oats ami oatmeal thethe 1 supply is limited . The duty on Foreign wheat andaud I rye has declined Is . per quarter on each . Thc'fJta tveatner during the past week has been very eliangoflgo able . O 11 Wednesday , Saturday , attd yesterday w-ywii had rain nearly tho whole of each day , and on thosihoat t days an active speculative business was done iie ill wheat and Hour , both free and bonded , at improvinivin prices . The chief transactions were iu the best qwaliwah ;
lies of Irish wheat at Ss . to 8 s . -id ., and Rostock am an 1 Stettin , in bond , at Gs . to Cs . 3 d . pcrTOlbs . Unitenite ; State : * sweet lionr , in bond , brought 2-is . Cd . t \ . tt 25 s . ( Id ., aud sour 21 s . to 22 s . per barrel . The sale sale 0 of Canadian flour have been at 31 s . to 82 s . 0 d . pel . p < i barrel for fine and superior brands . Ko particulacuh 1 change has occurred in the value of other articles , are , an ti the demand has been very moderate j the best Iris Iris s oafs have commanded 5 s . 3 d , to 3 s . id . per 4 olb 4 olb ) Oatmeal 20 s . Cd . to 2 Ts . Cd . per 2-101 bs ; grindiandin barley 3 s . Sd . to 4 s . 3 d .-per COiba . ; Egyptianbeanbeann 31 s . U > S 5 s ., and Indian corn 30 s . to 32 s . per -lSOlliSOlbb Canadian peas , 35 s , to 36 s . per 504 lbs ,
It-Eos Ctoni Markets . —Since our last the cloecloo market has somewhat recovered from its depressioessioo In tho warehouses there has been a fair businwsincc doing ; and at tho cloth halls on Tuesday there wae warn marked improvement . Should tho weather tak < takct favourable turn forthe harvest , a good autumn tarn tw < i way bo confidently expected . Leeds Cork Mauiiet , Tuesday , August 26 .- 26 .-.-With the exception of a six hours' rain yesterdsterdil afternoon , the weather has been fair since lice 111 Wednesday ; it is fine again to-day . The arrival-rival . 1 wheat during the week is large , and a good showshow r samples on tho stands this morning , for which then thu > is a very limited demand at fully one Is , per quar quart below last Tuesday ' s rates . Oats and beans conth-. c-n . thh in request at full prices , and the incmiry for baw bam and malt increases .
Mamon Cobs Market , Avjqvjst 2 $ . —Wcliave liave li 1 a good supply of wheat offering to this day ' s mars niarir for the season , which was sold , on much , the sitae sisi terms as last week . In oats we make no alteratlterat : t Wheat , red , from Ms , to 62 s . ; white ditto , 58 ® , 58 eJs 84 s . per quarter of 40 .. stones : oats , Hid . , to IJ . to lili per stone . ¦ ¦¦ •'¦ . •¦' -. •¦¦¦ . ¦ . . ¦ ¦ ¦¦ .,, • L . • t ¦
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 30, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_30081845/page/7/
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