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THB LABOUR QUESTION AND THE LONUua POOR ...
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Cel t v. Saxok.—The Irish Hue and Cry ma...
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TO THE PEOPLE. Fbllow CoTjNTnYMEN.—-The ...
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Arson is the Cm.—A Warrhousr ik Brbad St...
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A VOIOK FIOM A1IBRI0A. ADDSSISBD TO A WW...
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* Weharethts address , aad notwithstandi...
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GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR NOTEUBER. (From...
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Mr Hyde, surgeon, A Loughborough, has e*...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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fHE NORTHERN _STAti _Novels 11 , 18 4 _^ " ¦ _______________ — -- " I
Thb Labour Question And The Lonuua Poor ...
THB LABOUR QUESTION AND THE LONUua POOR LAW GUARDIANS . Sin , — -Poverty , we say , is no disgrace ; but idle _, ness and vagrancy a re vices that admit of no defence . Idleness is ' a n _oc- ' ulfilmeot of du ty—the duty of Labour ; vagrancy , a breaking up of localisation , and d estructive to citizenship . How readily _legislators seize upon man ' s appreciation of moral -worth , to accomp lish some pet measure—making pulp it , press , and committee , the alembic through which to distil their sets of opinions ; declaring , with mirked solemnity , that the benefit of the state—the trne interests of morality—require and justify the means to which they resort .
An admirer of the New Poor Law has sent me a letter laudatory of the system , filled with assertions about the peop le bang idle , profligate , and God knows what else ; and , like mos t of t he school , he favours me with au extract from a Blue Book , lately published , consisting of reports from the Poor Law inspectors , in whieh it appears that the guardians of the City of London Union show that the number of tramps relieved in 1839 was 356 ; in 1840 , they had increased to 2 . 403 ; in 1841 , to 11 , 203 ; in 1842 , to 26 , 713 ; in 1843 , t o 43 , 575 ; and in 1847 they numbered 41 , 743 . I think my friend ' s letter of no particular value ; but the report of these honest men—tbe London Poor Law
Guardians '—is public property . Why have these worthies •—the guardians of the poor—omitted the years 1844 , 1845 , and 1846 from their report ? Reader , dost thou know the mode of catching gulls ? If not I will inform thee . ' The years omitted were years of commercial activity , and come under the denomination of what is called buss teade—the people were more generally employed . Railway speculations and other industrial causes found increased employment for our labourers ; and tbe return of these years would show a decrease of pauperism as compared with years quoted , and prove that workmen were only idle vagrants when they had no means of being industrious citizens ; and that they preferred work to want ; and vagrancy rather tban starvation , and its consequence—premature
DEATH . The Poor Law authorities have been most indust r iou s in calling the attention of the ratepayers of this metropolis ; district meetings have been held , and every preliminary step taken to « put down vagrancy , 'and which in due time is intended to affect public opinion , and pave tbe way for more stringent legislative measures , the end of which will be that every poor man who asks for bread , when hungry and out of employment , will be sentenced by a Christian magistrate to solitary confinement and hard labour in the county Houses of Correction ; and this too . with an intent to save the pockets of the propertied classes in a land where his labour has created property .
It is impossible to estimate the injury done by such statistical information—if these returns are made on oath—by men sworn to speak the ( rath— 'So help me God , ' I know not what to think of them—or the system that requires to be so supported . The facts no donbt are correct , as stated , but the evidence is not fairl y g iven ; and if false impressions are made , because of tbe omission of fects _. _purposely kept back , with intent to produce impressions not warranted , if the whole facts were g iven , the public are deceived —the members of the House of Commons are deceived—false and injurious legislation follows , and tbe evil spreads in illimitable cycles , knowing no limit either inthe present or future relations of society .
It is the evident intention of a number of ignorant and mischievous men , who either want the ability or the ** i'l to _jrapple with causes—men rich in all the pomp and circumstance of wealth , and poor in thought and humanity—to starve the poor out of the land of their birth . With snch an intention—how idle and foolish is all this cry of sanitar _> reform , preventatives for Cholera , wash and bath-houses , model lodging houses , hospitals , medical attendance for the poor ,
Sec If the poor must be starved to death , wh y not gysteniise the means to be adopted ? Let the misnamed guardians publish a proclamation , headed Death Made East , recommend suicide generall y , and let the medical faculty , who are so patient and industrious in their labours to remedy disease and prevent death , at once resolve to devise poisons . If we desire to kill a dog , we do not starve him , we drown the animal , or destroy life by administering prussic acid . Surely men demand as much humanity at the hands of their governors .
We profess to be shocked at the barbarity of our forefathers , aud talk of the cruelty of the rack and stake . We call our Chinese brethren foolish , because they cramp the feet of their women in iron shoe 3 _, and _necessitate them to hobble about on crotches ; but is there any parallel to be found inthe history of the past or the ignorance of present generations , to equal the absurdities of legislators ? Is there any . thing more crnel than death from want ? England is enrsed with something more to be feared than an iron shoe—she has the absurdity of plethoric plenty and lean pauperism . The land and rivers , stone quarries , coal mine ; , and accumulated property , are possessed b y a few , who insolently talk of throwing
the poor on their own resources , and see no other remedy for pauperism , but cruelty supported by falsehood . Silly men , they will cause their own destruction . A great author , who had studied nature and God , writes , For myself , I swear by all laws human and divine , by the laws of the human heart , that the hypocrite and deceiver shall be themselves deceived ; the unjust man shall perish in his rapacity , and the tyrant in his usurpation ; the sun shall change its course , before folly shall prevail over wisdom and scieace ; before stupidity shall surpass prudence in the delicate art of procuring to man bis true enjoyment , and of building his happiness npon a solid foundation . ' Samuel Kydd .
Thb Labour Question And The Lonuua Poor ...
CHARTIST ORGANISATION . IMPORTANT MEETING . On Friday evening , November 2 nd , an important meeting of leading Chartists , who were attending the Land Conference , was holden atthe Ship Inn , _Steelhouse Lane . Mr _SwKtr was elected Chairman , and Mr Wheel-SB , appointed Secretary . Mr Linnet ( Bilston ) , held the Land Plan dear to his heart , but the Charter was still dearer . He had suggested to Mr Kydd , as their official agent , the propriety of endeavouring to ascertain the feelings of the delegates present in reference to the Chartist j f » _--ement . He pasted a high eulogium on Mr Kydd , and trusted that however they might differ in opinion , they would not differ in heart .
Mr Ktbb ( London ) said , that in accordance with his own feeling * and the wish of several friends , he had taken advantage of tbis meeting of friends , representing tbe mind of the country , as to the best system of placing the Charter agitation on a firm basis . The present had been a year remarkable for revolutions abroad , and for prosecutions in this country . The exciting events abroad bad brought many democrats te hasty conclusions ; they thought that the day had arrived for the establishment ofthe People ' s Charter , but experience had taught them that tbe time had not yet arrived . Chartism had retrograded , and some of their best men , men who had struggled fer years , were in prison . . But were they to abandon the cause , and give up the g host , and leave the field of agitation to other parties ? He did not want them to build up a character for prudence or the errors of other men . He wished to
lay before them the state of theExecutive . He might be said to be the only acting member of tbat body . Messrs Jones and M'Douall , were in prison ; the atate of tbe funds compelled Mr M'Crae to return to Scotland ; and Mr O'Connor was so occup ied , that he could not devote much of his time to his duty , ai a member of the Executive ; the funds were low but they were aot bankrupt . He had made it a law that the expenditure should not exceed the income , and the only debts incurred , were to themselves for salary . Mrs Jones and Mrs M'Douall had received a share of their husbands' salary ; and he said without egotism , that he had paid them when he had gone without salary himself , and should
long since have resigned had he not been devoted to the cause . The grand abject for them was to lay down their future policy . The Attorney General had declared then * present organisation illegal ; he advised that they should fall back upon the old plan ; he dii not expect that at present they would make much headway , but they would form a firm nucleus for future operations ; there might be a speedy change in the ministry which would again call tbeir energies into action ; he knew that they would never consent to give up the movement , out Chartism was essentially practical . They bad passed resolutions sufficient to change the
character of every government in both hemispheres , and they must carry their resolutions into effect in their respective localities . In regard to the policy to be adopted towards other parties , he trusted they would not offer them unnecessary opposition . Chartism was a grand and expanding princip le , embracing all parties - ' they must be true to themselves , attend public meetings , and g ive reasons for their opinions , but reason must be tbeir only weapons . In England , reason would be sure ultimately to succeed ; however unequal and unjust the state of society in this country , nowhere else had a free expression of public opinion such unlimited sway .
Mr O'Brien ( Cheltenham ) , moved , — . ' That they fall back upon the original organisation . ' On his return home he should visit all the branches in his district to promote its realisation . Mr Sherrington ( Glasgow ) , seconded the reso lution . He was instructed from Glasgow to do so . They had lately adopted the new plan , but it had proved a failure , and they were now falling back upon local agitation , which in his opinion wasted their funds , and frittered away their unity of purpose . The present meeting would save the expense of a Convention . If they agreed to fall back upon the old organisation ; he knew that they would rall y around it in Scotland .
Mr Clabk saw , from the constitution of the Conference , that many ofits members were well acquainted with the working of the Chartist movemen t , and was pleased that steps had been taken to collect their views . As a member of the old Executive , he referred with pride to his conduct and that of his colleagues , during the late exciting times . Prior to the 10 th of April they were a powerful and popular party , and if the recommendations of tbe old Executive had been attended to , t hey would no t have had to meet that nig h t to dep lore their disorganisation . He had watched the course of the
movement for many years , and he always found that it had been more injured by the unwise conduct of its friends , than by the measures of its opponents . The onl y way by which they could succeed , would be by repudiating all ideas of violence . He entirely coincided in tbe views laid down by Mr Kydd ; they should conciliate all patties , and make war on none , trusting to the universality of their principles . If this were acted upon , Chartism could again be rallied , the country had confidence in the friends present , and would , he doubted not , act upon their decision .
Mr Kydd eulogised tbe conduct of the late Executive during an excited time , and stated , that he bad ever received their aid and advice . If , during their period of office , they had not done all that they mi g ht have done , they at leas ' , had done all that their means allowed . Mr White ( Leamington ) , trusted tbat while they agreed to fall back upon the old agitation , they would throw no odium on those brave men now in prison ; he would give bis support , pecuniary and otherwise , again to start Chartism . Mr Beattie ( Minster Lovel ) , trusted that nothing would be said that would revive the question of moral or physical force , or injure the feelings of
any man . Mr Skevington ( Loughborough ) gave a cheering account of Chartism in his district . Mr Mitch-. ll ( Rochdale ) , being a member of tha late Assembl y , felt confident that their conduct had murdered Chartism . He was proud they were going to fall beck on their old organisation . From the days of Thhtlewood to the present , he had been connected with the movement , and was convinced that nothing could ever be gained by secret _consp iracy . Those who hid _ftUtn victims were brave and worthy men .
Mr Doyie felt proud to see the kindly and unanimous feeling manifested . He would not refer to past events , they _must'forget tke faults and errors of the past , and steer clear of them in future . The majority of those men were honest and sincere , but they were led away by desi gning men . They must now re-organise the movement , and prove to all classes that they sought not the lives or property of other men , but demanded protection for their own . Let the friends present carry tbe feelings manifested that ni ght into their respective localities ; let them promulgate the moral peaceful measures propounded by tha old organisation , and they would raise the cause to its former high position .
Mr Wells ( Maidstone ) , disapproved of the conduct of many members of the Chartist bod y , but still loved and advocated the cause . He would endeavour to again raise the Chartist standard in Kent . Mr Soo thwobth ( Burnley ) . —They had much to regret in the past , bnt these were , not the times to find fault . He had sailed in the Chartist barque in p leasant and in stormy weather ; he had been often wrecked , but would stick to the wreck while a log was left . The same causes which led to the late events might again _aiisp . He believed there was sufficient mind in the country to carry out their views without force or violence , if tbat mind was properly organised and directed .
Mr P . M'Grath was prsnd to see tbe right feeline rxhibited . Many friends said that tbis Was nat the time _t- > find fault . Hedidjnotexaotly agree wi ' h this , they must have a vivid conception of past faults in order not tn commit similar errors . If wisdom and oommon seme had guided their counsels sine * - the 10 th of April , they would have been in a fur different _position . Since then all had been ose waste Vault , one _huie monuimat of misfortune . The ; must _, iook steadily as the past , and avoid the quicklands upon which their barque had been thrown .
Violent messnres were not suited to the _general constitution of the Bristish mind—they might sni ; tho hot , ardent , enthusiastic Frenoh _chtracter . bnt wore not suited u the cool calculating Englishman Nothitur was mors repulsive to a trne democrat , tban shedding tha blond of hia fellow countrymen . Their inject Bhould be by lectures , pubiic _meetings , and a proper direction ef their moral power _, and by falling back < m a legal system of organisation , to recover that position whioh they had lost by want of prudence and common sense . He assured tbem that as long M he lived the cause should command his humble
service * . Mr _Mobriboi * ( Swindon )—Whea he went to Swinden in 1842- Chartism wai unknown , but now they w _«» tea only BMTiaf _pe-wia that town had neigh .
Thb Labour Question And The Lonuua Poor ...
bonrhood '; thejr were not in so flourishing « position ai they had been , owing to the dismissal of many hands from the Great Western Railway Company ; they were , however , _attainisg considerable politioal power in the adjoininj * borough of Crieklade _, where they had registered 150 claims to vote . He _trus-ed that the Executive would turn their attention to that neighbourhood , and he had no doubt tbey would be enabled to return one tut ef the two _membsrs for that _borout _* h . They had effeoted muoh good b y a judioions distribution of tracts . , Mr _Tobwhwom ( Stockport ) , had always supposed that the members of the Land Plan in the _agricultural _distrioU were opposed to Chartism , but he was proud to atate that he wag now convinced of M «
Mr SADSDBBS ( BIandford ) _-His heart swelled with joy at seeing the glorious prinoiples of Chartism , bo well reflected that evening ; they were progressing rapidly in Dorsetshire , and had found the distribution of trsot * a most useful auxiliary . He trusted they wonld torn their attention to the agricultural districts , and tha t , on their return home , they would give praoiioal proof of their support of tho Chartist _agitation . ..-. Mr Edwards ( Teignmouth ) could not be silen t , whea he saw all around breathing » al for the true welfare of the Chartist oause . He lived in the far west , wh e re , until late ly , Chartism was bnt little known ; but if Cornwall and Devon had been as muoh agitated as the north of England , he believed that ic would be iu an equally good position .
Mr Sutton ( _Manchester ) , assured _^ hemtbatChartiim never occupied as proud a position in Manchester as it did in April last . They had adopted the New Organisation chiefly from its novelty , but it had n < _ver worked . well ; there were too many councilscoo many governing heads—and this , oombined with the numerous arrests , had depressed their spirits and _exhausted their funds ; He must also oomplain that the Manchester ' Viotim * ' had not received tbat attention which their merits , as old Chartists , de manded . He believed there should be one general fund given alike to all ; they were all advooattog oae causeand shonld be treated as one
man-, Mr Tub _!* m ( Rotherham snd Sheffield ) , felt mere _pleasureiu attending this meeting than even the oae to whioh he was specially appointed . All appeared harmony and union ; the only question was the best means to resuscitate the oause , and bring it within the _oompass of the law . He thought tbe executive should establish a tract depot in London , and supidy the country at the lowest possible prioe . Mr Tatlob ( Ashton ) , wished to point ont the _quioksands upon whioh Chartism had foundered . I'hey were in times of exoitement too eager to admit
_raaabars regardless ot their charaoter or condition ; this was the eausa why Ashton . had brought disgrace on the oause ; one of the men who was to give evidence against ihe Chartists in the _Lancashire trials , was the very man who was moat anxious to fores then into a physical _outbreak . He had watched the democratic' cause from the Blanketeeting movement , the _'Peterloo massacre , and Reform agitation , until the present time , and wa * cer : ain that this iaditoriminste admission of members was a primary cause of their previous and present misfortunes .
Mr Flood ( Tiverton ) , gave a oheering . report of Ms di s triot : Mr Yates ( Potteries ) , had aoted many years in the movement , in both prosperous ' and dangerous timet , but he was not disheartened , they only wanted a good plan of organisation . The system of olasses bad always worked well in the Potteries . _M-- Green ( Leicester ) , said they had suffered mnoh in Leicester from upstart Chartism . He perfeotly agreed with Mr Taylor , relative to admission of members ; he would rather have a few men of go ; d charaoter firmly united , than a thousand mushroom Chartists . It was not numbers tbey wanted , but uaity and determination of purpose . Prior to the 10 th of April , they commanded great inflaenoe in the Town Ceunoil , but the late events had greatly injured them .
Mr Jcdb ( _Newoaatle-on-Tyne ) . —They had never been able to carry the new organisation into effective operation , they had therefore fallen back npon the old . Mr Scan ( Lynn , Norfolk ) . — They had received reports from tne north , _sonth , west , aad the east was alotie wanting ; _tbejprooeedings of that evening _gave him great pleasure , aad he should endeavour to again raise Chartism in the east . _MrBABirnr ( Hull ) , and Mr _Nisisir for ( Northumberland and Durham ) , gave the result of taeir _praotiosi experience , in favour of the old organisation .
Mr Millwood ( London ) , as a disciple of Major Cartwright , could hot avoid feeling pleasure at seeing this revival of the spirit of Chartism ; he felt convinced that bis distriot— -Hammersmith , Cn . nl . ea , and Kensington—would yet return two Chartist members . Mr Monday ( Northampton ) , gave a oheering aocount . of the progress of Chartism in the agricultural villages of Northamptonshire ; he should make a tour throughout the whole oountry , and raise the standard of Chartism onoe again . Mr LiNKsr ( Bilston ) . —His heart was generally liglr , but on the present occasion it was ready to
bound from his bosom , so _delighted waa he at the hope * uf the speedy revival ef Chartism ; he -trusted that what thoy had that night done , would be done in theit _several homes , and that thoy would extend the same feeling to their neighbours . Chartism in Bilston was a few months biok looked at With contempt , cut thty had stood firm to their principles in a time ol danger , and were now regarded with respeot . That nig h t ' s prooetdings had again stamped the seal ot success upon them , and if they failed to carry it to tiieir respective homes , might they never again meet with honour and respeot from . their fellow men .
Mr Bentlet ( of tho West Riding of Yorkshire ) . — Nine-tenths of the inhabitants of his district were Chartists , and none were more sincere in the kingdom . This reorganisation would delight tbem . Ho waa proud to see the Lind delegates so strenuous ia the cause of _Chartiam ; it would contradict the assertion that the Land movement was injurious to Onanism . Mr _Fdsselii ( Birmingham ) , advocated a conciliatory policy towards all classes . They had much to _ountend with from the middle and upper olasses , bin , _received still greater opposition from men of their own order . Mr Uollswat ( of Kidderminiater ) , and ether delegates , having addressed the ohair , Mr P . O'Brien wound np the debate by eulogising Mr Wheeler aud the late Exeoutive , and also , by paying , aa did many other delegates , a high compliment to ths talenti , dso , of Mr Kydd .
The motion was then unanimously carried ; and the chairman , Mr Sweet ,, a * tor an animated address , aunounced tbat the sum of £ 3 2 s had been oolleced during the course of tbe evening , whioh waB greeted with loud applause . ¦ ' " ' . Mr _Shbrhihqioi * moved , — ' That the Executive Committee be enlarged and made to consist of _ti'e or more persons sitting in London , and one in eaoh of the principal t > wns , the secretary to be tha only paid officer , and to be resident in London ; the oommittee to have the power to appoint lecturers- ' Mr Cube , seconded the motion . He thought it an improvement on the old plan . He did not understand that the funds were to be coufiaed to the i ayaunt of one _individual _,.-bttt that they should when _nsceasary employ paid lecturers , and establish tract _ddpois , & d . "
Mr _Ktod entirely _coBOurwd in the proposal . The details o . uld be arranged at another meeting . He wouid draw up an address embodying their views on the motion jast past , and make a tour through Scotland : advocating them . He thanked them from his heart lor the manner in whioh they had respond -d to _hiajcall . Let them adopt thiB idea of an extended Executive Committee , and appoint as secretary a _person of good business habits , irrespective of his talents for _gpaechmsking —• _une who had a thorough practical knowledge of tne business of iha Sooiety , and he had ho doubt they would succeed .
Mr Livhey believed that to adopt this motion , would be opposed to the motion ju _* t past of adopting the old plan of organisation . Mr Whkbleb stated tbat in his opinion the falling baok upon the old Planot Organisation did net hinder them from _improving any of its provisions , they merely adopted ita * a peaceful , legal , and _constitutional system of agitation , in _conwadistinotion to the supposed phy _» i » l force system introduoed b y the National Assembly . Mr Mhohelt , proposed an adjournment until the following evening—he thought the subject _rtauired mature consideration . Mr Dotm wended the motion . He believed the plani _lan d 0 wu by Mr Sherrington was too indefinite ; an extension of the Exeoutive would bo _bimefioial , . Hpn _/ _S _^ fl _' _-i" , _' where they were to be _resident must be definitely mapped oat
Tne motion for adjournment was then put , and S ; _airman AVOte ° _*** *™ thaa _*•» *
j ADJOURNED MEETING . 1 thJ ! ha £ ETeniUB ,-Mr SWMI waa a S * in wlled * i . _toSHswaw _Rw opened the subjeot . showing the I _irCmuf ™ CT * * W ° Pla ° in t 0 e * " » 0 f _. the Exeoutive , by having an active member in eaoh important _disiriot ; he had no doubt that it would be unanimously adopted in Scotland , as it would com-Mr SKBViNaxoi * had long advooated the idea of an unpaid Exeeuuve _; he did not like _Lrvante ? o be masters . ; _letlhem employ lecturers when needful , and the , would then be _responsible to _, _he _Exeoutivi for any ne _/ _jieos ot daty ,-at present . ' if a _lentnrar _neg _eeted hU appoiuw _* the /* _wA eoVtTap peal , be being a member ofthe Executive MrDoKOVAN believed that the cause of _liberty would _reseive a greater impetus from * _riLtdJ .
am thatwnin-- than rom any of their ueliberations daring the week . A similar pl » had been one * tued and round eminently _sueouBstul . It was fa ' totter to have a responsible person in eaoh to-. i > ; han to have five almost irresponsible persons sitting ¦ n London . They would _smd have many of thej bus own confined in pol , and ft would Be well fl
Thb Labour Question And The Lonuua Poor ...
have in active body of men distributed th / _ouBhent the country , ; whose combined energies could , not fail of being beneficial . , Mr Donovan , in answer to tj _auestion , eta'ed that it would be perfeotly legal , as it would l » one association , bavins : oae oommittee , though its members resid ed in different towns . Mr _Mobbisoh , speaking on the subject , showed what facilities'it would give them for establishing an unstamped weekly , tr monthly periodical , under the _mansge-nent of the Ixecntive in London ; suoh . publication oHght to raise considerable toads . Ever ? insignifisant sooiety oould have a journal at its command , whilst the Chartist body , though _possessine Biichan amount of intellectual ability , was without any organ , except that invaluable newspa Pe _Soworini _&^ Mr Lesch had sUH * d s uch a aper , Thb _Eromsh _Patrkhc on Hiattp of _Co-oH _* BATieN , _* # Wch was progressing successfully . __ The motion was then put , and carried
_unam-Several motionshaving _bsen made and withdrawn , it was ultimately agreed that the Exeoutive should oonsist of the following forty persons : — James Nisbett Newcastle JohnLowrie Carlisle — Parker Old Shildon , Durham _Isaao _Isherwood Clitheroe James Brown Preston Henry Smith Liverpool _Dsniel Donovan Manobester William Brook . Leeds George Civill Sheffield George Barnett Hull James Sweet Nottingham Henry Green L _^ _iceiter
Joseph Orabtree Darby Joseph Linney Bilston Charles Goodwin Birmingham Jeremiah Ya ' es Hanley William Monday Northampton David Morrison Swindon Charles Clark Bristol James Patriok O'Brien Worcestershire _Joiia Petrie Pl ymeuth _ThomasFlood Barnatap _le James Scott I _tfun — _Linismead Truro Conrad Springal Norwich _Jamea Page Brighton Isaac _Rowoliffd . Tiverton — Wells Maidstone
D * vid Morgan Merthyr Tydvil Feargus . O'Connor London Christopher Doyle Ditto Thomas Clark Ditto Philip M'Grath Ditto William Dixon Ditto _OeirgeJaliauHaruey Ditto Thomas Martin Wheeler Ditto Duncan Sherrington Glasgow Archibald Walker . Edinburgh John M'Crae Dundee James M'Pherson Aberdeen Edmund Stallwood London Mr Samuel Kydd was then unanimously elected secretary , with power , under the guidance of the Committee resident in London , to appoint a subsecretary , during his absenoe lecturing in the
provinces-Mr _Jestf Sbwbix was elected _treasurer . It was then unanimously resolved : — 'That tbs salary of the seoretary ( and leoturers when employed ) , shondb * - £ 2 per week . That their travelling exponies should be defrayed by the localities , except under peculiar _ciroumstanoes , deoided upon by the Committee . ' Mr M'Gbaih moved , ' That all Viotim and Defence Foods should be national , ' Mr Shjbrrikmo !* seconded the motion , statingthat it would give satisfaction in Scotland , where a Ltoal Committee at present existed .
Mr _Doi-ovAr- made a similar statement relative to Manchester . Mr Wheeler supported the motion , and stated that he had no doubt tbe London Committee would resi gn their trust into the hands of a national body . The motion was then unanimously agreed to , and the claims of Messrs Jones , M Douall , and otber viotirns , ordered to be referred to tbat fund . Mr M'Grath moved , and Mr Whbuir seconded , ' That tha _Exsoutive Committee form the National Viotim and Defence Committee , ' whioh was unanimously adopted , and the sum of £ 1 was immediately oolleoted . Mr M _'Gbaih then brought forward a olaim of £ 132 , on the part of Messrs M'Gowan & Co :, for printing , Ao for the old Executive Committee , the Convention , the National Assembly , & o . Am .
After some explanations from Messrs Wheeler , Donovan , < fec ., the justioe of the greater portion ofthe claim was allowed , and the matter referred to the newly elected Exeoutive Committee . The meeting then broke up , highly pleased with tht satisfactory arrangements made , and the feeling of union and enthusiasm displayed by all .
Cel T V. Saxok.—The Irish Hue And Cry Ma...
Cel t v . Saxok . —The Irish Hue and Cry main- j tains its character . Mr Crei g has lost a horse with i ' awhite star on his forehead , which is very badly shod . ' Patrick Qninn 'has brown eyes which lost the toes off the ri g h t foot ; ' and John White has ' grey eyes which wore a fustian jacket . ' Freaks of Affection . —A bitch belonging to a farmer at Cackney , Notts , la t el y found ayonng wild rabbit , and carried it borne to her kennel , where she tended it , to the exclusion of her own pupp _ies , until at last she _kilLJ her fosterling by overlaying it , and the then re-transferred her maternal attentions to ber own offspring . A letter from Van Dienien ' s Land mentions dreadful losses amongst sheep from the catarrh , One gentleman has lost itis said 20 , 000 sheep , another 19 , 000 , aud several from 10 , 000 to 15 , 000 each .
An Awkward Stop . —A short time since , the inhabitants of a city in the west of England were alarmed and terrified by the following notice inscribed on the front of a _newly-fitted-up house : — ' Mrs M . deals in all sorts of ladies . ' For two days the question everywhere through the town -was , * Who is Mrs M . - ' What business can she contemplate following ? As a matter of course , the worst construction was put upon Mrs M . 's intended business . The third morning , howev e r , unravelled the mystery . The _paiater , who bad b _* en suddenl y attacked with a severe fit of the gout , returned and finished his work by adding to tha previous inscri ption the words , * and gentlemen ' s wearing apparel . '
Political Geu . —Reader , did it ever occur to you that when the glorious dawn of the millenium shall burst forth upon your astonished vision ; when tbe pillars of tbe earth shall be upheaved and creation shall rock upon its broad basis ; when the stars shall * shoot madly from their sp heres , ' and when jon orb of day , as be rolls on in bis meridian splendour , shall involve the nations of the earth iu one general conflagration—we say , did it ever occur to you that , amid this ' . wreck of matter and this crash of worlds '—when Heaven ' s last thunder shall shake this sublunary sphere—that you can smile undismayed o ' er the ruins , consoled by the _pleasiug reflection that you once . voted fer Cass and Butler ? —Mutistippi Paper .
Free Baths and Waw-Uocb * b . — Oa Monday the committee made a special report , accompanied by m appeal for sj » i 8 t 9 Dr . e , in support of tha institution in Glasshouse Y < trd East Smithfield , for _promoting _cleanlin _^ amongs t the poor by baths , wash-h _ooves , aud cle . _in * in <* and purifying their dwellint * _, without a farthing of expanse to those who resort to ita advantages . During the last twelve month * , 3 $ 655 had bathed , 84 . 843 washed and dried , and 12 , 610 tnd ironed . The receipts of the Baths and _Wash-hi-use * for tin past year--ere £ 294 8 s .
, whilst the exoendHuro _amounted to £ 367 53 . lid . m _Allsgsb Rape an _*» Mubdbb . —On Tuesday sn _lnqnest wan held in St GeorgeVia-tbe _East , on thei bady of Catherine _Linsdale . aged ten years , wbo died , it is supposed , from the effeoU of a potion given herb ? _as-ilor _. or in _c ; ns ; _qi « ace of tbe _violation » f h ? r person ; whtch * _wd _ioll-. vvcA -hea dministration oi the dra _? . Tfca inquest was _' adjourned in order tbat the _preoisaKnaaat d _« th _t-Uhtbe ascertained by a pott mortem ex * . _ns-, na : ion . Tne monster wbo thai ill-treated the . poor girl i , at present unknown .
To The People. Fbllow Cotjntnymen.—-The ...
TO THE PEOPLE . Fbllow CoTjNTnYMEN . — -The justice and moderation of your demands is no longer a subject of doubt . Political representation is your ri ght ; and the experience of late years convince 115 that your success does not so materially depend upon the mere acknowledgment of your claims as a wise and judicious application of means to an end . Tou desire that the citizens of the state shall , through their representatives , enact the laws which they are called upon to o _* hey . In the concentrating
and directing of public opinion , however , you have not been successful . It is unnecessary to enumerate the causes that have retarded your progress . We have known you for jean , and recommend you to fall back upon the old plan of organisation , convinced that it contains the details for an active and complete -organisation of public opinion , and , if strictl y . adhered to , will place a power at your command , which if judiciously directed by an efficient executive , will enable you to ensure the enactment o f t he People ' s Charter , as the basis of the British Constitution .
It is evident to every observer of events , that all political parties are preparing for the winter campaign . We , too , are ready to take our part in the discussion of all political events , and are resolved to return to our homes determined to toil onwards with a sing leness of purpose , and a renewed energy . From our political friends we solicit co-operation and support } from those with w hom we differ in opinion , we solicit a calm and dispassionate hearing ; we recognise no weapon in political discussion but reason ; and solemnly resolve through good report and throug h evil report , to Btand true to our old
motto—THE CHARTER AND NO SURRENDER . Feargus O'Connor London Martin _Jude Newcastle James Nisbett Ditto Phili p M'Grath London Thomas Clark Ditto William Dixon Ditto David Morison Swindon , Wilts Thomas Saunders , jun- Blandford , Dorset William Munday Northampton John Skevington Loughborough Robert Ryder Bradford _Jo-isph Soott Lynn , Norfolk Wiilum Brooks Accrington , Lancashire William Ilenry Hyatt Bristol Iaaan Isherwood _Citheroa James Alfred Fussbll Birmingham Benjamin Southworth Burnley John _Asquith Bolton
James W . Bolton Banbury Edward Mitohell Roohdale Jamea Sweet Nottingham ( ohairman )" John Sutton Manchester Daniel Donovan Ditto JaraeB Millwood Lindon John Turner Rotherham Thomas Wells Maidstone John White Leamington Henry Green _Leioester Patrick Joseph O'Brien Lowbands , Redmarley James Edwards _Teignmouth , Devon Thomas Flood Barnstaple and Tiverton James Totkin gt-n Stockport Jsmes Taylor Ashton Thomas Martin Wheeler O'Connorville _G-aorge Barnett Hull » D moan Sherrington : Glasgow Samuel Kydd ' London
Arson Is The Cm.—A Warrhousr Ik Brbad St...
Arson is the Cm . —A _Warrhousr ik Brbad Street Wilfully Fibbd . ' —On Monday afternoon Mr W . Payne , the City coroner , resumed at the Gerard 's Hall , Basing Lane , City , the investigation adjourned from Saturday fortnig ht last , into the cause of-a fire , on the premises of Mr Anatey , silk and shawl warehouseman . No . 60 , Bread Street , Cheapside . From the evidence it did not appear that there waB anything to cause spontaneous combustion . The stock was insured in the Royal Exohange for £ 1 . 500 , while the value of that found aftfr the fire was £ 600 , Mr _Anstey stating tbat he had more goods sometimes tban at others . The jury , after deliberating a short time with dosed duora , returned a verdiot of' That the fire wa 3 wilfully causedi by some person or persons unknown . '
• Fibb * . —On Saturday night last , the premises of Mr 0 . We ton , grocer , of Blenheim Terrace , Chelsea , together with the stook in trade , furniture , 4 o ., were destroyed by fire , the inmates who had retired to bed , having _escayed with some difficulty . —On the B _» me night a fire broke out on tba premises of Mr Hit _ohins , tailor , 148 , _Regent Street , by whioh they were muoh injured , and a considerable portion of Me _> stock in trade , & c _, destroyed . Beth partiea _NPereinsared . _<
A Voiok Fiom A1ibri0a. Addssisbd To A Ww...
A VOIOK FIOM A 1 IBRI _0 A . _ADDSSISBD TO A _WWIW W _MOIAUP , _Sp-lng _Ltke , Mukwonsgo , Wisconsin , September Mth _, 1848 . Ur diAa _FaiiMT * , —Having pnt together a few thought * oonneoted with the interasts of my politioal aad social friends in England , suggested by yonr l & _st , I forward _thnmto yoa , with a request that you will _dliposs of them in any way you tney desm expedient . I And by the newspapers of Eagland , that the middle ola-ses , headsd by Hume and Cobden , have ta ken the field la favour of a _moitratt reform in Parliament , and that they have sustained a defeat In tbe Commons . This will be an _anmus . 1 Job , and in about five yean , I _sappo-e , they will carry th * quettlos , I slnoirely hops tbat the _Cbsrttets , and Industrial olasses In genera ) , will not allow themselves to b » deceived by the middle olasses , by taking part in th ' s new _agitavioa , bat that they will _T _woiOB FROM AMERICA .
prove tine to their own prinoiples . Lord John Russell and his party art as favourable to the movement at the leaders _themtelvts , as the very existence of the Whigs as a party depend upon its luooen , and Finality John will _dsolare in favour of It as soon as he shall see the steam well np . The _polltlsal power of Eagland is now completely in the hands ef the Tories—and the Whlgi , seeing the error they have oommltted in tht _Istt Reform Bill , by not . proteoting tha voters against the lota _** nce of Tory wea lth , are now putting ont their _fe » _leri _, i n order to rectify that blunder , none of the party having tha ltait desire to extend the liberties of the working portion of the community . The middle classes are the slaves of ths _olasiM _abovs tbem . Sordid in heart , and grovelling in mind , they have ever been the ready tools ofthe aristocracy , and are therefore , nn worthy of the _confldeioa ef the w .-rking classes , whese objeot it to bring about a state of sooiety in whioh justice _shsll be done to all .
Will the Chartists , and the working olasses generally , allow a plain man to give them a little _plala _advlct as to what they onght to do for the fatare J Much as I prize tbe Charter ai an _instrament for conferring en tbe people politioal power , I t hink it a ma tt er of far greater Importance that the minds , of its _sapporters should bo thoroughly informed as te tha use they onght to make of tbat power when obtained . There are a great number of highly intelligent men amongst the working clasiet of England , who wonld doubtless make a proper me of the frahobiso if they had it ; but of what avail would bs the votes gives by 'hem in the right direotion , while tht great mass of their fellow labourers arelgaoraht of their rights , and of the eau-es whie >
have produced the tvils of whioh they so bitterly complain t I feel it Inoumbent upon me to say , that , In the present state of mind of ths masees of Eagland , U would be bf little uie te confer npon them the franchise . In saying * this , however , I am not actuated by the motives whioh g » vern those who withhold . frem the people their rights , and who make the ignorance of the mains a pretest for doing so . On the contrary , I would give the fnnohlte io the people to-morrow , Ignorant as tbey generally aro , rather than allow tht present Iniquitous sy-t « m te go-on , because I should feel well satisfied tbat the hone . it ignoranoe of the _maises would be less productive of _erll'than tha designing villany of the few who oppress them .
The people of the united States have been in the potsession of the Charter for more than seventy yeart , and daring that rime , through the " _nflaenae of wealth , the working population of this * _tfodsl Republio' has been gradually under , oing a deterioration of circumstances ; and were it not for tbe vast _number ef nnoconpled teres at the command of those who have been fortunate enough to save money to purohase them , their condition would bs little better than that of the people nnder the _daspodsmi of Europe . This state of things , reoollect _, exists among a people who have all the political power you art seeking for , and have only to oast thtir votes into the ballot bos for men whom they oan compel to pledge them . _telvet to ensot such laws as will remove tbe tvils whleh affltat them . Hitherto , however , this power has
only been nsid to advance the interests ofthe parties into which this coin try i s divid e d , wbio h in t eres t s , as in England and-everywhere else , art in _dlraot opposition to those of the mats of the people . Ail this arises from the profound ignorance of the people aa to the measurtt best calculated to relieve them . In proof of ibis , I ma ; mention that the Convention appo _' nted to frame a constitution for this new Statt of Wisconsin , presented one o the DBoplo of a tratv liberal oharaoter , in December , 1 S 46 , The merits oi * ( Us document were _dUcnssed at numtrone meeting * , held throughout tha territory , and tbe real friends of liberty defaoded it everywhere ; but ail to no
purpose . At the ballot-bos , a great majority were found to be against it . _Subsequently , another Convention was held , and another constitution framed , from whfoh ail the good of the eld was oarefully _exoluded . This doenmrht was strongly opposed by the true friends of the people ; but the votes in tbe ballot-box prevailed against tham , and tbit meagre thing is now tbe fund amental document of this haw State . Here we have proof that the possession of the franchise , without the knowfrdge how to nie it , may , In som e i ns t ances , even retard the _progrei * of liberty by the _vetee of the snore _in'el'fgant helag nullified by those ef tha _matseswhoara too _Ignc-rAnt to think for themselves _.
Afy objeot In making this statement , is not to play into the hands of the enemies of the people , but rather to spur them on to acquire a knowledg e of t h e ir social ri g h t s , in order that the Charter—when they shall obtain It—may not remain in thtir hands a dead letter , as it has been f or mor a t han sev e n ty yea rs in t hose of t he pao p le of tbis oountry , whose poverty has been on the increase every year _tinoe the declaration of independence . W h en the people achieved their political liberty , they naturally expected it would have been succeeded bj an exttnttve _foeUl amelioration . Just the reverse has token place _. And wh y * _Bwuie the people knew not the cacse of th' Ir sufferings , and were unprepared to demand a specific remedy . Think af this , my _friend—seventy jears of suffering , with the possession of all political power during that time ! Bat there is no power equal to _kaowledge , Lst the people be in-trnoted in this and they will To * safe through all time .
For several years past , an assoclstlon has _eslited in this country , having for itt objeot the freedom of the pablio lauds , l an d s limi t a t ion , an exemption of the homestead , dto . This association had its origin amongst s o me of t h e a dva _s _o e d minds of N e w York , who clearly saw that this Republic is based upon the same fundamental errors at are the institutions of the Old World , and tbat the same train of evils it flowing , and mus t con ti nue to flow , from a like corrupted source . Soring their existence as an association , the ; have _carrlad on a _maaetsfal war sgalntt the aorro . pt _lastltatloaaof this Repnblio , by _hringlag overa great nnmber of converts to their views . This they hare done by means of the press , ho t ur e s , publio discussions , 4 c , and their prinoiples bave everywhere been fonnd to bs nnassailaTsle . The
organ of the party , Young _Ausbica , published at New York , iB oonduoted by Mr G . H Evans , a man of great talent and unoompromlslng in _prlnoiph , Oct of the lecturers of the _oesoolation _, Ur H . H . Tan Amringe , wae ia Wisconsin for several months last wister , anddurlnt ; his stay amoBgst ut completely melatioalted the minds of the more intelligent portion ef the people on the sub - jeot of land reform , of whic h I hav e h a d am p le p ro o f io my intercourse with them at the various puUlo meetings I have attended . So deep has been the conviction produced in the leadlBg minds of the State , that onr legislat ure whioh Is considerably in advance of the people , has already deolared itself In favour of the leading prineiplet ot the Agrarian Reformers , and has pasted an act fer a l i beral home st ead exem pt ion , a s you will find in _Youhs
_Aksbica for August 19 th , which I have sent you . When I came to Wisconsin , fivo yeats ago , the prinoiples of the _Agrarian _Rufermers were totally unkaown . That warm-hearted , benevolent , and highly-talented man , Mr Tan Amringe , io cease-don . with a few UBflinohiBg Reformers , who bad imbibed _bta principles , have wrought a o h an g e here , wbioh I trust will soon take plaoe in _every part of the world . In that paper , you will also find t he oo p y of a bil l f o r Land Limi t a t ion , which is now before our State Legislature . This Ib a measure of more ImportaBca than any other , as it involves the question of Land Monopoly , that great curse of every nation on the face of the earth . This State has also instructed her delegates in Congress to advocate the freedom of the Publio lands .
I have also sent you Tonne Akimoa of 5 th _Augnst In whieh you will find tbe Address of the _Sommittee of thu Industrial Congress to the . Chartists and _R-spsalers of Great Britain and Ireland , the National Assembly and _Citltfins of France , and the Republicans and Liberals of Europe . * You will find tbis dooument of great interest , as it explains the views of tbe National Reformers ; and I trust that means will be taken to circulate it extensively throughout England and Ire * land , that the people may he made to understand tbeir rights , and , understanding them , be prepared to insist upon the adoption of measures calculated to afford them pemunent relief _whensver thty shall be oalled upon
to exercise the franchise , for which the Chartists have been eo long contending ; and there it no telling how soon tbat period may arrive , events succeed eaoh otber so rapidly in our times . Oa that great occasionwhenever It shall arrive—let not tbe British people be foand in the situation of the people of Franoe—ignorant of their rights , unprepared with tangible measures of re li ef , and , aonsequen tly , compelled to trust te tbe vague promises of men whose interest it was to deceive and betray them , whioh has beea the result if three successive straggles in the cause of liberty—struggles with _, oat a _pirallol in the annals of heroism and self devotlon _.
Let the Chartists of England and the Repealers of I re land , while they fraternise with eaoh other in their endeavours to obtain their political righto , not neglect the Important duty tbey owe to their unenlightened brethren , viz . —that of opening their minds to a knowledge of well matnred plans of relief , at the same time showing them the _neoesslty of voting for no man who shall refuse to pledge himself to originate or support the fundamental measures agreed upon by a _majority of _those with whom they ere connected—such measures , stmult & neouely with the Charter and tho Repeal of the Union , ought te be kt , pt constantly before the minds of the werklng _olas'es , in the newspapers and other periodicals devoted to their interests , in order that tbe measures may be fully and freely discussed .
Fer the reasons I have given , I oall npon the Repealers end Chartists to give thtir earnest attention to the address of the oommittee of the Industrial Congress , aB
* Weharethts Address , Aad Notwithstandi...
* Weharethts address , aad notwithstanding its great length , shall endeavour to _fini room for it in the Stab , -Ed . M _* .
* Weharethts Address , Aad Notwithstandi...
_oontalilng measures ef rtfermforesd npon a _pi"ipio » i . have Wen In _poswMlen of political _Hhsrly forraL . ? twenty years ; _thsy _wiU find the rights of _ms and * rights of labour vindicated in a truthful spirit , sJ ?• most powerful argaments supported b y orthodox _sntl _rlty , In favour of the natural right of man to a norti of the soli on whioh he wat brought into existence or whatever part of the earth be may ohoeae to Hve ' n prlred of this right he ceases to bo independent an * ft conttnuanoe of life itself btoomes a matter of fST 0 „ out of tbis deprivation has arisen that vast comrooT whioh is now shaking Europe te its centre , and a h « ift _iui peaoe will never be restored amongst mankind nnm every human being shall be in possession of his n \ t _ _T , rights . M oontatafag _measufss _ ef Mfe-m _foresd npona pi * , .. .
To give you some Idea of what Is pasting in ths rain a of the people of this republic , who ought to be ihe ta happy people on tht earth , saelng that they poiM „ . 1 power of making themselves so , and having with ™ ' Lord Jehn' nor a' Sir Robert' to veto that power ! shall quote from the * Spirit of Freedom , ' the _presmbl and some of the resolutions passed at the Nation * i Reform Conventlen , held at Cleveland , Ohie , on the _lTil ef Hay last . " * ' Man lives , therefore he has a right to live . The right to life involves and includes the right t the meaas of sustaining life . ° ' Tbere is no known means of sustaining life bat ff 0 m the soil ; hence , the monopoly of the sell—of thometni of sustaining life— is equal to tbe monopoly ef lif . Itself . Therefore- ' ' _***
• 1 . Resolved , thatthe monopoly of the soil Include . within it tbe entbralment of the tiller of tbe soli , or In other wards , that the foundation of land monopoly vm tbe _foundation of chattel slavery , and now involves con , sequences worse thsn it , 2 , Resolved , that though the revolution of ' Tl _t ••• the Americans the libsrry to vote , they have not yet voted for liberty , ' 3 . Resolved , that a free soil is the foundation of all liberty . i . Resolved , tbat with a monopolised soil , our « o . oalled free institutions are a mookery . A landless man cannot be free . '
Then follow a number of resolutions , urging _thepeoplto vote for suoh men only ai will prove true to the _prlo . olp _les tbey advocate , the Convention having no oonfidencs ia the two great parties —• Demoorats and _Whigs—thdj issues being only calculated to lead from the true object , and to secure the triumph of that party most skilled In political gambling . Suoh art tbe feelings of the indlrl . duals composing the leading parties in this oountry . I rejoice that the people are at length awakening to a tret sense ef their position , and that measures not mm will shortly be the order ef the day . They are beginning to see that party is the madness of many for the gain of ths few ; and that the people hart ever been led from tht truo objeot by politieal gamblers .
If the Chartists and Repealers will turn their attention to . the vital question of Land Monopoly , I am quite satisfled that they oannot da otherwise tban adopt the princl . plesoi the National Reformers of this oountry , _soforolbltet forth in the address of the committee of the Indus . trial Congrss _* . In that oase their system will a » umi something like the following form : — 1 The Charter for Eagland . 3 . Repeal ofthe Union , _withan Irish parliament _eslled together upon the prinoiples of the Eagllsh Charter ; and simultaneously with these political reforms they wiU
demand—3 _. national Education , as tht best means of securing to the people their politioal and social rights . 4 . The freedom of tbe pnblio lands to aotaal settlers . 5 . An exemption of the homestead from forced salt . 9 . Land limitation , by wbioh no individual woaldpot . seas more than a certain amount of land , to be ascer . _tatasd by a comparison of the area of a country with Its population . These are the questions of all others the most unpalt . table to the governing powers all over the world , and I hops they will be prosecuted with vigour to their fall and permanent recognition . Feargns O'Oonnor hat touched the sort plaoe ia bis Land Scheme , and only touched it j bu t b e has den e e nou g h t o d r aw fro m t h e ir kennels all the rabid animals who fatten en the labour of others . I
hops he will lose no time in making good the thrust , whiob I find in a leading artiole ef the _Nostbhh Stai for the 18 th Jul- latt , a nd w hic h i « c onveyed t o the public in these forolble words : ' Landlords , monopeHiu , and proat mongers would do well to oonsider whether tbt _reo _» Bt trials * nay not have done much to _Sittarjl the _objeets et popular _ojilatftn , The CliMter andne Surren . der was the motto of tbe men just sentenced te a long and cruel incarceration . Another motto , more terrible to the usurpers of politioal power and the monopolisers of the wealth _produced by other men's labour , may ere long be tht rallying ory of the outraged millions . ' If Feargus O'Connor will Incorporate the freedom of the public lands with bis agitation for the Charter , his agita-• _ion will assume a oharaoter that must forcibly recommend it to tbe enslaved millions . His Lsnd Scheme II very good so far as it goes , bnt its range is too limited- *
In _constquence of the extreme _povet'y oi \ ht _people , it can never reach the gigantic evils which beset those whose pressing necessities demand a more easily attaina bl e me a sure of r el ief . Besides , why should the people pay for that which of right belongs to them 1 The people have a right to a fair share of tbe soil , and no man is better qualified tban Feargus O'Connor , either by talent or moral conrage , to put them in the right wbv te Ottilia it ; and I sincerely hepe that he will bend the energies of his superior mind in that direotion , regard _, less of tbe sooffs of those who would fain drive him from the path which trust seoner or later lead to the people ' s redemption , The felon or _truib-spsalsing press has been pat down in Ireland , and the day may _sosn come when it ball he put down ia England also ; the land-stealing press will then have It all its own way , and the minds of the people will continue to be abased as heretofore .
It haB given me great pleasure to find that Feargus O'Connor has takes no part In tho late disturbances In Ireland—the government would have been too glad to have found him in arms against it ; but his life and services are reserved for belter uses . He knew the people of England and Ireland were unprepared to resist the tremendous power of ths government , backed as It was by the upper and middle olasses , He therefore relies on the potenoy of moral force , and as u moral-force msn I hope the _ChartiBts will give him their entire confidence , If they do , h e will brin g t hem t rium p han t ly t hrou gh their difficulties . Yours In t he oause of t he p eople , Thohab Hdmt .
Gardening Operations For Noteuber. (From...
GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR NOTEUBER . ( From the Midland Floritl ) Hyaointha must be planted this menth . A first-rate oompost Is given by the late Hon , and Rev . Mr Herbert , in the fourth volume of The _Transaetiont of the Londo Horticultural Socle' }) . At we hope many of onr readers will try to grow tbis very beautiful and interesting flower , we give it for their especial benefit . One- third coarse rim sand ; one-third rotten cow dung , without any straff nr litter mixed wltb it ; and one-third leaf mould . Ths bed is formed by removing the soil to the depth of two feet , and filling in with the above compost .
In tbe open air , muoh requires te be done ; io faot there are few garden operations which may not be per . formed with propriety new . Pruning of every kind , Where standard apple trees have mado large bushy topi ,, fall of spray or small branches , use the saw _frealy —( s _i narrow . bloded one , called a pruning saw , is _bestj—meke i the tree hollow in the centre , give it air—allow the sen i to see the inside , as well as tha outside . By this plsn ,, the fruit will be larger , _be-ter flavoured , and handsomer ,, _Msny people are In _different abont this ; bnt we say to ) tbem , aet aboat it , and WO Will guarantee increased pro- - dnoe .
Gooseberry and currant trees may be pruned . Some e persons defer it to a later period , but we say now ; fer r what little sap is on the move , will heal the wound , I , Adopt the same plan as with the apple tree , exce pt t hey y a re g rown en py rami d s which is the far better plon . If If the shootB of the currant trees were plnohed at mldsum * i _* mer , the buds round the lower part will be found plemp ip and promising . The shoot may now be cut baok to these > e buds . Those that ara trained to walls should also be lie cut in , In the same manner . Strawberries aro perhaps best left alone for the pre- _esent , Runners may bs taken off , and planted out ; bsiai if the old leaves are left on the plant , they proteot the be bud , or heart , during severe weather .
Raspberries . —Of this favourite frultj the Yellow « r Magnum Bonum Is one of the _beatflavoured ; and _Corn-owall ' s Tiotoria , remarkable for its beauty and _product-itiveness , It a vers desirable led . B , aip _* omle * _arsfondnd of highly manured lsnd , Cutout the dead portions , is , and train the current year ' s shoots so that they ma ; be be well exposed to light and air ; and by no means _leavitve more than three canes to a stool , or roo t . Transplanting of _overy kind may now be persevered in , In , wnllit the weather is open . In removing treei , _tskeike cart of the roots . Seme pe o p l e g et t hem u p as if fibres res wert of no _otnsequenoe . Attend to _roet-prunlng , as di _< directed in the present number .
Potatoes . —The disease is yet a mystery . On drjdrj saudy soils they appear to have escaped best . _Onotfom cold retentive land , we have _suffered severely . _TWa _* Flour Ball has heea wonderfully productive this year _| sr and its flavour and oharaoter , with cooks and the _puWlfoN 1 g enerall y , it unexceptionable . Do not hill potatoes , Us , I it can bs avoided ; rather store them in a bar ** * " * well surrounded with straw . _Lolts , over staN M _»* or cow-houses , wenld aot be bad plaoes . The best © it e the animals would keep off frost in a great iepetpet We pulled off the tops of one rood of Fleor Balls , tn- sn left those of another rood on . Where the topi ° _*' ° pulled clean away , the potatoes Bre decidedly _thtbti'm _' _nlne-tmtht of the others are rottsn ,. snd tbey or si sooroel y worth getting .
np . , Do not fall to plant plenty of cabbage . If no t airestW done , lose no time . Storo carefully any root-crop' J » J " may have t carrots , _pam-ups , and Sweao turnips . _Thei'hel last are really a valuable vegetable , In times like _therthe _' Poor people should buy a few bushels of the _ftr" ' ?' a nd s t ore them away , for winter consumption . TW . TW will net rot , like the white _turnlpi , and when _propexJjperi otoked _, are exeaUent .
Mr Hyde, Surgeon, A Loughborough, Has E*...
Mr Hyde , surgeon , A Loughborough , has e * i traoUd a cancer from the breast of a female u _^ der vet influence of the chloroform . The operation was _pjb I farmed _successfully , aad appears likely to ba » tteo-Hen with the most _SAtiafaotory results .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 11, 1848, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_11111848/page/6/
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