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MBWM ^—W<roBWB>W Vatteue*.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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RHYME FOR THE TIMES * Fame let thy trumpet sound . Tell kings and tyrants crown'd -And priest with " grace " profound , Tue Land belongs to all . God defend our natural right , God protect the people ' s might May energy on them alight , ' To claim the LanS . Tell the Heavenl y Police F me * Whosteal your judgment and your purse , The tyrants * shield , the nation ' s curse , we will have the Land .
Natural right is "ri ght divine " Equal justice is sublime , Aught else is hut a y aste o' time , To show the right to Land . Sound your tramp both , loud and Ion ? Frae California to Hong Kong ; Train every child with speech and son " To clam their own—the land , Tell the brigand castle lord , Who holds possession by the sword , Altho nae " seer " to tak your word , le will have the Land . SoHnd your trump in Russell ' s ears , And don t forget the house of Peere , Amidst their din of scoffs and jeers , To claim your ain , —the Land .
Give it one tremendous blast , Sound it through creation vast , For truth will prevail at last , Our bight to the Lajtd ! 3 ) nmfrieS - WiBDEOP
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: ffiffiSMS . al'Sfi I ust Godfrom thy high throne look down , ' . 0 n freedom ' s noble martyred sod , : s ent to bis tomb before his time E er he had scarcely reached his prime ; P erjury condemned him to a felon den H is crime—he loved his fellow-men . W ithin a gloomy dungeon pent , 1 _ n solitude long time he spent , L wing on only bread and water — L iving , say rather , 'twas a slaughter , — I njafl , half starved , for us he died ; A nd yet before his death he cried , " M ay those for whom I die a martyr , " . S till strive until they get the Charter .
A las ! alas ! another dead , — L ow in the ground they ' ve lain his head , E scaped from all then-tyranny . X erzes tried to chain the sea , A sd tyrants tried hia tongue to bind ; K . or could they fetter his strong mind , B eprived of liberty and food , E ' en then he still undaunted stood , E , erased their mandate to obey . ( S mre for this conduct they must pay ) H is blood , and that of WMiam 3 * too , A t your door lies , you Whiggish crew . R elease their brethren from his fate , — P ardon e ' er yet it be too late . - G . W . Wheeler
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PRIZE ESSAY—Tfce causes of Crime ; Us Prevention and Punishment . By Thomas Emery , Framework Knitter . Leicester : J . Ayer , High-street . "We learn from a prefatory notice prefixed to this essay , that in January last , Mr . Stoxe , Town Clerk of Leicester , offered a prize of Two Guineas for the best essay by a working man or -Roman , residing in the town , on "The causes . of Crime ; its Prevention and Punishment . " Though the prize would not have been considered at all tempting , if offered to "the race that write" it—with other inducements—occasioned the production of no fewer than sixteen Essays . When we speak of
inducements other than the preferred " prize" — we ; allude to the deep interest felt by the thinking portion of the working classes as regards such subjects as the one treated of in this essay ; and also to the very natural desire of that class of men . to distinguish , themselves by the productions of their pens—a highly laudable ambition which all wellwishers to humanity will do then ; best to encourage . As the sixteen Essays , generally , were highly creditable to their authors , three other prizes of One Guinea each , were added by Messrs . Whetstoxe , Stokes , and Paget , which ; " prizes were awarded to William Dove , Thomas Wixtebs , and Jabez Frtek . The Essay under notice obtained for its author the oriffinal prize of Two Guineas .
VVe mean no disparagement to Mr . Stoke when .. we say that Mr . Emery's "Essay " might justly have claimed a much larger prize for its author . Thanking Mr . Stoxe , and regretting that there are too few Town-Clerks of his stamp ; we beg to add our thanks to Mr . Emery for a work which does him credit , and which reflects honour on the class of which he is-a member . Passing ever Mr . Emery ' s opening observations—which we may observe , in pasing , are philosophically conceived , and elegantly expressed—we come to his definition of
>• THE PRESENT AGE . " The age we live in" has received various appellations , audit may be said that the present age is highly characteristic of a desire to investigate the causes of things . Parties are no longer contented with passing judgment upon a mere immediate manifestation . The " it-is-beeause-it-is" reasoning is not now acceptable . The " why" and the " wherefore" must receive further satisfaction . The chain of occurrences is being traced , whether consciously or otherwise ; and the start once made , we should'not repine if the movement from link to link is not as rapid and regular as we could wish .
Human conduct is not now to be looked at in mere isolated detached phases . Vice is not to he considered without reference to parentage and offspring . Crime is not to fright us by its hidcousness from looking it in the face , and asking " whence comes it ? " The time is past for perpetuating the dogma that roan is vicious because he is vicious—that he is criminal for the sake of being criminal . All who think upon the matter , shrink from the adoption of this barbarism in practice if not in theory . In all the affairs of civil soeicty some approach is " made to a recognition- of the contrastive influences of virtuous habits and vicious association inthedevelopement of human character .
In the . folio wing obsa-vations the author argues thai . ? -IGXORiXCE IS TDK PAEEXT OF CRIME . -Although in the preceding remarks I have , given credit for a prevalent disposition to ' demand the reason of things—to look below the surface—to trace coEsequences' to causes—we have yet to attain a popular conception ^ and appreciation of the causes which generate criminal conduct . Some parties a cribe the commission of-crime to the recklessnens and improvidence of criminals . What is crime under such circnmstauccs but the manifestation of anxiety to provide for want ? , either real or fictitious , in an ignorant and unprincipled manner ? Others in
going a step-. farther assert that recklessness , ittfprovidence , and crime- are only manifestations of that depreciated self-re-prct and indifference to public good , engendered by bad national government and ths deprivation of political and social rights . And what is bad government , but palpable , self-imputa tive endence against the assumed " collective ivisdom" of a country ? And what is political and social serfdom , but proof positive of the absence of that mental stamina which , if possessed , would assert its oivn dignitv . -and morally enforce its own claims .
Another class of Reformers assume that indifference to public good , lcssiof self-respect , recklessness , improvidence , and criminality , are mainly attributable to tile drinkin g customs of society ; whereas , drun fcenness is a secondary eviJfarising from a mistaken method of obtaining pleasurable excitement . Look , at the subject of crime from whatever point we may , we shaljfind it resolvable into some mental aberration , moral deficiency * or individual ineompetencyin fact we shall be led to tbe-conclusion that" ignorance is the parent of crime " . ¦ ¦¦
In asserting that ignorance is the primary cause of crime , I-mean . not merely an ignorance of the rudiments of education , but an incapacity to appreciate the true interests of humanity—an unacquaintance with the philosop hy of everyday life . ;; . v After dealing a £ ' sj ^ eL ; lengfli with the statistics of crime , witk therTievr ot showing the general ignorance ; . of : the multitude who fig ure at the police and assize courts , " throng the prisons , and tenant the penal colonies , the
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! author proceeds to argue , with HiUCll force in favour oi a system of ' SATIOSAL SECULAR EDUCATION Thesystemof education I propose would be greats enhanced if it was formed upon an innWiai iT Let there be land with these ifiSSttaBf ments , and conveniences for the nrowmti J , 5 ^ handicraftcaUings ; JS&SSfig ' jfS advanced years be required to labmir ¦ , r Z ? ^ . toWwrfioiito ' tBcSJffi ^ ^ nm ran
wonll ^ S ^ " ^^ - Principles of justice would hft made Whar t 0 the minds of the children tl * P roper Performance of their little business transactions . And these educational and moral advantages would be secured through an establishment which might be made , in a great degree , if not en-• iX ' " PP ° rting- 1 know a host of difficulties will be suggested , but if the amount of resources , the extent of system , and the precision of execution , which characterise other national institutions , be employed in the direction I have indicated , good will be effected , crime will be diminished , and progress accelerated to an indefinite extent . -
We have not room to quote from the author ' s sensible comments on the Punishment of Crime . We extract the following from his concluding remarks : —
PROGRESS BY EDUCATION . # 1 he reformation of the criminal by physical force is a hopeless project .. Prisons and punishments will cease to be as such when they effect much improvement in the criminal . To have better men , we must pave better means , and to include thess better means Ul prison tactics , would be to attract ill-requited , innoc'nt industry , rather than to repel the vicious , reckless , and Criminal . * * All available means should be employed to discipline the rising generation in intelligence and virtue . 1 Know it may . bs objected that the effects of such efforts are remote from reali ? ation . Is not this a
characteristic of all important-and permanent improvements ? Is there a shorter cut to the ' good time ' of virtue and happiness than by the steady march of mind ? I say aj ; ara—diffuse knowledge - promote education—extirpate that monster-evil , ignorance ; and crime , with a train of intermediate , causative evils—recklessness , drunkenness , improvidence , poverty , political and social injustice—will be immensely diminished , progress will be accelerated , snd an advanced state of civilisation attained ; in which the rare victim of criminality will receive other treatment than vindictive violence , audsaugninary execution .
We have but one fault to charge against this Essay ; but it is one of importance . We thmkthatMr . EMERThas too exclusively looked to Ignorance as the parent of Crime . Crime , like the criminal himself , is not the offspring of one parent only . Poverty unites with Ignorance in giving birth . to Crime . The action of poverty in producing crime , has received too little attention from Mr . Emery . With the exception of this deficiency the Essay deserves our wannest praise . Another pamphlet by the same author shall have our early attention .
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The four P ' s , about which Everybody is concerned , viz ., Princes , Peers , Priests , and People . By George Hows . London : W . Strange , Paternoster-row . In a part of England where there is great need of "Light—more Light , "—Lincolnshire , Mr . Hows has lately arisen to enlighten those who have long sat in the " valley of the shadow of death . " Taking the New Testament for his text-book , Mr . Hows is thundering away , both with speech and peu , against the evil doers who sit in high places . Without entering into an analysis of this pamphlet , the following extracts will suffice to give the reader a taste of Mr . How ' s quality as a Reformer , and a wr iter : —
THE PRETING ANIMAL . It appears that all animals have an innate weakness , and become the prey of other animals . Priests prey and feed on men and women . You , reader , with the rest of your kind , have an imaginary' ring passed through your noise , and are led about by bishopB and priests . Don't be angry , dear friend . ; it ' s a great fact . If you doubt ifc ,. if you p ' rqye . restive , it don ' t alter the case—look at your tithe system , your church rates , your proctors , ecclesiastical courts , &c ., &c , and deny the statement if you can . ; In addition to thK think of all the " religious'' machinery of dazzling crowns , thrones , &c ., and the theory of infernali < m theological , adopted alike , by Papist , Protestant , and Dissenter , ' and acknowledge till you knotv and act better the truth of the ring metaphor .
HEREDITARY BULB . Whoever heard of hereditary- doctors , lawyers , or coolers ! Then why have hereditary rulers ? If it would be absurd to have hereditary doctors , lawyerrs , and coblers , it is more absurd to have hereditary rulers . IGKORAXCE AKB FOLLY . Nature makes men and women ; men and women in their ignorance make and permit sham princes . PRINCES AXD PEASANTS . Strip the prince of bis artificial trappings , his crown , his robe , his coronet , his sceptre ; and who will know which is the prince and which the peasant ? A peasant is frequently a prince in mind ; a prince is sometimes a mere scavenger of nature .
SHUFFLE . LSD CUT . } Vhat I think of the present system of things , is this : — 'Tis a game at cards : princes , aristocracy , priesthood , and rulers shuffle , cut , and deal the pack , and by some dishonest trick , keep all the court cards and trumps to themselves .
more ox . "We live in an age of electric te l egraphs , steam presses , and railways . The people are going forward ; if princes , peers , and priests , stand still , they will be snuftcd out—extinguished . If they don't move on , they'll be moved off . Bravo friend Hows . Smite the Philistines "hip and thigh , " and hasten the good time "when the diabolical reign . of Princes , Peers , and Priests , shall give way to the rule of the People .
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* In the succeeding article the peace-mongers come m for an awful thrashing— " Something for Democrats to do" is the title of a fiery appeal on the subject of the death of Wiluams ( apparentl y written before the writer knew of the d eath of Sharp ) , and the murderous proscription under which so many thousands of the patriots of continental Europe have fallen victims . The writer says : —
, THERE IS MUCH FOR US TO DO . Is there not much foi us to do ? answer ye glorious proscribed of Rome and France ; ye exiles of dermany and Hungary ; now in England ; A few months ago , and we beheld the glorious exhibition of men struggling for liberty ! we beheld liberty triumphantly march onwards ! Red Republicanism , in France ami Germany , ay , and in England , winning its widening way . putting forth glorious buds of promise , leaves of beauty , and flowers of lovelir ness ; out , with the summer that should have ripened them into fruit , cariie the blasting breath of withering tyranny , and lo ! liberty has fled from Home ; tyranny is triumphant in prostrate Hungary j the red blood of Milan has flowed in vain :
tnc Baden republic is crushed ; her brave defenders massacred by scores , and her living sons arc slaves ; Berlin and Vienna have shared no better fate ; Venice too has fallen , the glorious Venice-city of the sea ! after her brave resistance to the tyrants ' tool , Radetzki ; and , after all , these noble and gallant struggles for freedom and republican institutions ^ they have fallen—dropt like stars from Liberty s heaven , into the dark ocean of deathly despotism . Is there not something for us to do ? are tnere no alliances for us to form ? yes , let us enter an alliance which death alone shall dissolve , for the purpose of destroying oppression , uprooting bigotry , and spreading abroad the grand principles of liberty
The article from which the above is an extract , is from the pen of John Rymill , of Northampton . We have not room to notice theremaining articles which fully sustains the ultra character of this publication . ¦ ¦ -
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A Practical Treatise on the Gas Meter . Loh . don : G-. Vickers , Holywell-street , Strand . This little work is devoted to a description of the Index and Apparatus of . the Gas Meter , and unfolds a simple and easy method to ascertain at all times the quantity of gas consumed . Other information of interest to gas consumers will befound in this pamphlet .
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—ii . ¦ SUNSHINE AND SHADOW ; A TALE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY . Bt THOMAS MA * m WHXEIHR , Late Secretary to th « National Charter AsBociatio and National Land Company , Cdapibr XXVIII . Love , oh Love ! ~ ^ Thou art the essence of the Universe—Soul of the visible world—and canst create Hope—joy-pain—passion-madness or despair ) Assmtetb . thy high will . To some thou bwng ' st A balm—a lenitive for every wound The unkind world inflicts on them ; to others Thy breath but breathes destruction , and thy smile Scathes like the lightning : now a star of peace , Heralding sweet evening to our stormy day , And now a meteor with far-scattering fire , - Shedding red ruin on our flowers of life In
all—Whether arrayed in hues of deep repose , Or armed with burning vengeance to consume Our yielding hearts—alike omnipotent . AlarieA . Watts . Oh ! beautiful it is to look Upon a guileless maiden ' s eyes , When muTor'd clear , as in a'brook , . Each feeling of her young heart lies ; When joy is radiant in her smiles , Or sparkles the ingenuous tear , Ere yet corrupted by the wiles Of this dark world , her bosom clear Prom aught of falsehood , or deceit , Its every inmost thought displays ' , With calm serenity does meet , — In conscious innocence—the gaze :
Tis said from such a maiden ' s eye E ' en beasts of prey will daunted fly . —Nemo . It was at one of the London meetings that Arthur Morton first became acquainted with Mary Graham , the daughter of . a shoemaker who had for some years been active in the democratic movement . Attending all the Chartist meetings , she had often attracted his attention , and , by a kind of fascination , his eye always sought her , and wandered uneasily round the assembly if she was not visible . Yet he had never aoken to her , nor even made an effort to court her acquaintance , which he could easily have effected , for never was maiden more free from affectation , or of a more open and friendly disposition , than Mary Graham . Inheriting from her parents an
ardent anc enthusiastic disposition , to be a Chartist was sufficient to claim a share of her friendship , and it was displayed with a warmth and impetuosity that , had it not been general to all , and the evident offspring of a heart free from guile , might have rendered her liable to the charge of coquetry—a charge entirely misplaced and false . Often had she wondered at the silence preserved towards her by Arthur even when circumstances had so situated them that silence might be construed into actual ' rudeness ; it evidently was not shyness , for Arthur had entirely overcome this tormentor of his early years ; and it could not be rudeness , for though no words fell rom his lips , yet his features expressed a kindly feeling . Arthur Morton having enshrined the inia < re
of « , uliain his heart , vainly supposed that he was proof against any future attacks ot Love ; but fearful of putting it to the test , lie shunned the company of the young of the other sex , with a degree of morbid sensitiveness , entirely at variance with his usual manner . Circumstances at length forced on him an acquaintance with Mary Grahanu A grand lottery was got up lor the benefit of the victims : m conjunction with other females Mary was appointed to superintend the distribution of the fancy portion of the articles ; Arthur was also upon the committee ; common politeness , indep endent of business considerations , forced them into conversation , and the ice once broken there was no after reserve—their feelings , their ideas werp
similar , both , were connected with the same movement , and both impelled to action by the same hones and aspirations . Can we then wonder that their acquaintance speedily ripened into intimacy ? Arthur was still young , and though Mary , who was scarcely eighteen , was much his junior , yet the discrepancy was . rather in favour of the creation of Love thaii otherwise—in her glowing spirits Arthur could retrace the freshness of his own youthful feelings , and she could look up with admiration to his superior wisdom and expedience ; and the charm of his conversation , the amiability of his manners—so different to the coarse behaviour of the generality of his sex she had hitherto met with—was not lost upon her , for . she speedily loved him with all the warmth
and enthusiasm which her young heart was capable of . It was Mary ' s first initiation into the great mystery which sways all our destinies ; the void which had hitherto existed in her heart was now filled to overflowing—the warmth of feeling which had in vain endeavoured to expend itself in the exuberance of friendship—which she lavished oh all she came in contact ^ cith—had now found a novel yet legitimate outlet .- Of a light , buoyant disposition , the gravity and passivenoss of Arthur ' s demeanour threw a mystery around him , that never fails to intcvcst ' a woman ' s heart : it is not the gay or lighthearted , the jovial companion or the-witty guest , that finds most favour in the eyes of the gentle sex ; a sigh and a tear , even if breathed and sned for the
love of another , is a greater passport to their fcearts than aught that mirth or cheerfulness can essay This may in some instances be incorrect , but with Mary Graham it was a veritable fact . Slowly did Arthur yield his heart to the seductions of Mary ' s attractions ; but day by day the defences with which he surrounded himself ' were sapped and undermined ; until in an hour when past feelings and associations were painfully vivid on his imagination ,-he related to her , the ill-starred fate of his first love ; the sympathy it drew forth from the ever pitying heart of Alary j and the tears—yes , tears—of love and sisterly pity that mingled with his , entirely completed the conquest , and henceforth their two heavts . betaiae one . Oh ! how rarely is it
that female errors or weakness meet with pity oi ; forgiveness from their own sex . . ! now have , we grieved to ^ hear those whom we thought air gentleness and love , dwell with bitterness and acrimony upon the faults of a sister , whilst they overlook , or treat with indifference , far more heinous faults in the male sex . Mow : unlovely , how unfeminino is this , and to what base suspicions may it not give rise ; 'tis a fault hi the education , —an error in the morality of our' females , —productive of equal injurious results with those it affects to condemn . Mary Graham , —almost . destitute of education , owing but little to the experience of others , but acting according to the dictates of her heart ,
( always just and true in the' young arid the innocent , )—was as far above the women of the world in true morality as she was inferior to them in art and finesse , and yet they , envious of her -good qualities , would fain slander her fair fame ; for : young as she was , —pure as Arthur belioved her to be , — the liveliness of her manners , her enthusiastic attendance at Chartist meetings , and her ' open arid fearless . disposition , had given- a handle to the straight-heed , the sly , and the . demure ; and oh ! to their shame , be it said , seldom-do men : attempt to cbeck- ' this disp ' dsition , 'Bu £ rather ( especially if their vanity is flattered thereby , ) do they encourage and attempt to give a seemingness to the untruth , —
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S&S . r ° , ftcn > to the injury of those whom , S fe hCaVtS , ' , thc ? csteem . o « t * ho & » a sacrifice fW LT ' X , systera of detraetion . -their fair X 2 «« f l ° ' th ° ylose their own self-esteem , are rtm It * ? onsc ( iuences , and ultimately become the character they were represented to be ; Arthur Btoiton was aware of all this , and it was thus he m ; deader , reflect on this also . Hitherto we have dwelt on the character , and have neglected the portrait of our heroine . She was about the middle height , with a form as symmetrical as an artist ooufd desire ; a profusion of glossy raven tresses fell around a face , rather round than oval , whilst a delicato tint as of morning ' s a blush illumined her cheek ; her eyes were largo and . brilliant , and of the richest brown ; her lips wereas the ripe cherry , and seemed never to part but witnasmile ; if not supereminently lovely she was sumciently so to ntfvunf « nno » oi . t ^ tiM nn ^ tn
iiSn rt ^ tbe ^ ie a « d delight of her parents ii S&l S eldesttf » large family , whose means of livelihood were but scanty , she was early initiated into the seerets of domestic economy , and devoted her whole time to the comforts and attentions of -SoT " solo . en J ° ymcnt and recreation being her SSi ° P ubli ° meetings , whither she was CS , ° mpanied ^ h « parents . Though XSiKJ P "V P - ° vort y' and impelled to undergo SioTPv if . fr ' andto mk « the many shifts m& %$ ™\ * ° Jo * of the poor , yet she had of ad
orfeelinT , / v ? . ? ' debaBing h ^ thought whSno ^ Wv ^^ . esca P ed one of the e " ISw ty t 0 ? often mflicts <« fche poor-renof the SpT ° / * , meDities aud courtesies fiJn - ? ? r' « nate ranks of society , and too £ ffiv dermgin , them » ™* of self-respect . Si * ' Tf host of evU 9 . ^ d a sure X *! ' of ^ . slavish disposition . Howtrue it isthat evil engenders evil ; and though poverty is TnT ^ Z !^ p ? rent ' theinceDtiveratSou-A& ? W haVa coraPetency would have -saved the perpetrators from committing ; flow much have our legislators to answer for in this respect ? They make , laws which by keeping the bulk of the commumtyin poverty -induces crime ; and then with relentless hand they punish the child of their own creation ; for , alas , the poor criminal finds no pity ; but respectability is a great softener of the law ' s austerity , and society gotshandin hand with the
law in shunning the poor , and in endeavouring to mitigate the rich offender ' s punishment . Mary Graham was fortunate in possessing a mother who united in herself all the qualities necessary to form the character of a young maiden in the class to which she belonged ; frugal and a good housewife , yet possessing sufficient energy and romance in her disposition , to prevent her ever becoming a domestic drudge-possessed of a strong mind , and owing some slight advantages to education , she seemed by instinct to comprehend any subject which attracted her attention . Amongst these was politics ; and in correctness' of reasoning and a happy appreciation of , and expression of ideas , few men could compare with her ; but it was only in private company , or in the domestic circle , that this faculty was observable ; for though a great frequenter of oublic
msfimb les , her character was of a retiring nature-more fitted to adorn home than shine in public . Arthur Morton , when increasing intim acy had admitted him as a Visitor at their humble home , watched with admiration the developement Of these qualities , and ever entertaining the highest respect for the judgment of the matron , it formed a strong link in his attachment to the daughter , that she wa « brought up under the eye , and had imbibed the principles of this excellent woman . Week after week ' passed away , and Arthur , who had obtained employment at his . own trade , became more and more a visitor at Mt . Graham s ; he was Mary ' s constant escort to all the meetings of the Chartist body ; and the image of Ins lost Julia , though still dear to bis remembrance , was sometimes forgotten in the r « pture of present enjoyment or , if remembered , it was with a calm and quiet feeling as near akin to joy as grief-like the faint reams of past sickness recalled to memory in the hour of buoyancy and health . . ( To be continued . )
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• ' n » ¦ THE PEACE CONGRESS , AND DEMOCRATIC PROGRESS . ( From the October number of the Democratic Review . ) In this article we think it necessary to offer a few remarks on the late Peace Congress at Paris . Having read the short sketches of its proceedings , which appeared m the English papers , wo ave led to the conclusion that the members , of this , self styled Peace Ungress , have evaded the principal and most essential ingredients for the establishment of their professed object . They seem to have entirely overlooked the operating causes which have , of late , led to so much bloodshed , and which will continue to produce similar results until those causes are removed . Their" time seems to have been occupied in mutual laudationand
, listening to compliments from the Parisian betrayers ot European freedom , who well knew that it was all a . solemn farce ; In the published debates attributed to them , they appear to have looked at the question only in relation to the rupture between kings or cabinets , leaving untouched the question of the social and political thraldom of the people . It may do very well tor M . Jules Avigdon , the banker of Nice , or Mr . Samuel Gurney of Lombard Street , and suchlike rnillionanes , to amuse themselves wijh philanthropic speeches and letters , but such will not bring us a whit nigher the much desired goal . There may have been a large amount of good feeling among the parties who composed the Congress . There may have been some well-mtentioned personages then and there assembled
, who fancied that the ambition and avarice of belligerent powers might be soothed by a few honied words , and the wealthy traders of such states thereby be delivered from the danger and expense of war . To our thinking they neud not be so vevy solicitous in this particular matter , as that species of war , which they so much deprecate , is even now , fast hastening to a close , by reason of the inability of the various governments to indulge in such costly amusements ; and the national taxation , strung to its highest pitch , is barely sufficient ; to supply troops lo keep down domestic discontent . How beautifully simple some or these worthy men's speeches appear ! They take it for granted that if the various governments of Europe consented to disband their armies , universal
peace would follow . They seem to forget that there is an unceasing intestine war raging at this moment in every civilised community , and that under the appearance of peace , - the rich oppressor arid the poor oppressed are at daggers drawn . Look at the colliers strike in Staffordshire , and the stockingers strikes in the counties , of Leicester , Derby , and Nottingham . Look at the rapidity with which barracks have been raised of Inte years in the vicinity of the manufacturing towns which are in a , continual state of siege , closely guarded by large bbdiesof police and soldiery , See the concentration of a huge war establishment in the heart of England , sealed like a spider in the centre of its ' . web , on the diverging lines of iron road . Ask Sir George Grey to ' disband a portion of the army , and he will tell you that soldiers are necessary to preserve " order" uvthe . manufacturing districts , or , in other words , to keep an ill paid and discontented
populace in subjection and slavery . This is the real vocation ; of standing armies , and , so long , as . the . masses " continue in social and political bondage , they will fnrntan indispensable appendage to every European Government . In the face of these undeniable fac ! s , how futile the proceedings of this congress appear . How mauy of the veritable sons of labour graced that assemblage by their presence ? Look" over the list . You will find manufacturers , lawyers , parsons , bankers , adventurers and Bpeeulatoi' 3 of all grades and names who , like the voluptuous aristocracy of Vienna desire peace that ^ hey niay enjoy themselves in safety—Where , we again ask , were the representatives of labour ? Labbtir is peace . Justice to labour must necessarily be the-foundation of a true and lasting peace . Were none of the sons of labour even ! invited ? No ! Then the ingredients of veritable peace were not present , and thecongress therefore was a mere nonentity .
¦ The i"Cpngress " . persnade themselves that ' . 'peace " simply implies the absence of foreign war , and that it merely requires a n understanding amongst the wealthy to establish the el ysium they so much desire . But they will be assuredly undeceived , ' as , the war of democracy against unjust institutions will never cease but with their total annihilation . The landed , and momed aristocracy may "lay the flattering unction to their souls" that the manoeuvres of diplomacy will attord them pe . ace , in their time , but they will find that the Temple of . Peace , to ! be permanent , must be founded on the . eternal and inalienable Rights of Man . Let m then , as the . friendsof veritaWe peace , proceed a stage . further in our labour of love . ' '
: The excitement and enthusiasm of the English populafapn in the lar ^ e towns , . in 1848 ,. when compared with the apathy and indifference which they displayin 1849 , ought-, to be an instructive lesson to all sincere democrats . Last year , thousands of men avowed ; their willingness to take up arms , and overthrow by force the evil institutions of which they complained . ' They saw that the French people had done so ,. and saw . rm reason why they might not do the same , but the French peoph did not content themselves with bare tooting and shouting . ' Therein lies the difference . However , a , number of earnest men were led-astray by this apparent determination , and are now paying the penalty of their credulity , whilst the mob brawlers are no more seen , and the wives and families of their victims ' . aiio . doomed to suffer the horrors of starvaUon . or submit . to the taunts of the poor-law " dogs' in office . " A . fair snecimen may be
6 een _ in the fact that a London mob cheered Williams and Sharp into Tothill Field ' s Prison , ami there left M" ™ . * ° Perish of cold and hunger . So much for the philosophy of-mobs . ' We must not close our eyes to these / undeniable facts and " ; grave lessons . -They prove to us thatmob / excitementis the mere ; ebulition : cj momentary feelingvery littlo-superior-to animal instinct , and that , for impressions to be lasting , they must be the result of cotmction and intelligence . Th $ present state ef trade in , some dis-
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tncts , has produced that state of torpidity which attects an over fed animal , but in this case overworking has also something to do with the matter . iet , when the day of suffering again arrives , through an inevitably glutted riiarket , we shall ag-iin behold thousands of perishing operatives emerging again into daylight , vowing devotion to democratic principles , and demanding leader * to head them against their oppressors . We have passed throush this ordeal repeatedly , and each time with similar results . Agitation , excitement , and turmoil , have led to the imprisonment and banishment of our best and ablest friends , whilst the brawlers have uniformly deserted them in their prisons , and left them and their families to perish . We must have done with
this . These mobs are not composed o f democrats . Mark that well , and store it up in your moinory . They prove what they arc by their subsequent conduct , and the most favourable light in which they can be viewed , is that they do not understand our principles . Ignorance of the real enemy of their welfare is the bessttmg sm of the working class . They know not the continuous efforts whiunare necessary in order to remove the evil institutions of society . This is the great obstacle in our way , and to remove it must all our energies be directed . As a Grst step in this direction . we propose the establishment of Democratic Tract Societies , to disseminate our views . A few earnest men might at once make a
commoneoment , and any isolated democrat might thus become a useful worker in the cau-. e . This may be clone without interfering with any existing organisation , and without much trouble . To " make a beginning is the main point . Our foregoin ? remarks show that we do not attach bo much importance to mere numbers . Let us begin by acting in small circles , and extend our powers upon certain data , and calculate our future strength upon intelligence . Not the . intelligence of the shams , but that sterling information winch flows from an honest desiro to " serve our fellow men . Who then will be the first volunteers in the Democratic Propaganda ?" One of ihe men of the future .
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ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION . The interesting experiments connected with the seienco of electricity , are now being performed upon a gigantic scale by Dr . Bachhoffner , in a series of lectures , explanatory of the highly interesting subject . Thisgentleman ' 3 . 'lectures are rendered exceedingly interesting , no less by his popular style of delivery , thorough Jtnowledge of his subject , and also by the great facilities placed at his command for illustration . The immense electric plate machine , formerly made use of in this Institution for generating electricity ( seven feet in diameter ) , the largest of its' kind in the world , is now considered but a secondary instrument in comparison with its more powerful and successful rival—the hydro-electric machine now employed for the purpose of experiments . This apparatus may be described as a locomotive boiler , mounted on glass legs , the steam generated being driven through certain pipes , whereby the-friction of the escaping steam , with
particles of condensed water against each other , this peculiar manifestation of electric power is produced . The experiments are upon a , beautiful , and never before attempted , scale of magnitudo , and requireto be seen to be appreciated . The chemical lectures by Mr . Ashley are still embracing the different interesting details of various manufacturies . The process of bleaching has formed the topic of the present week ' s discourse . The lecturer entered at some length into the history of chlorine—the active agent now made ussof , in the above process , stating that no one subject possessed more important details than the history of the discpvery , and subject examination of this gas , bringing us in contact with the important epochs of Schule , Butholret , Davey , Faraday , and many other names of eminence and scientific association . The lecturer illustrated Mb remarks upon the subject of bleaching , by a number of curious and conelusive experiments .
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~^ . SIR J . FRANKLIN'S EXPEDITION . V ? t { Ship } ring Gazette ) have now to lay before our readers the following interesting details . Pilot Office , Hull , Oct . 4 , 1849 . Sir , —I have no small gratification in being able to forward what I believe to be an authentic account of Captain Franklin and his companions . The Truelove Parker , arrived here last night from Davis' Straits , bringing a plan which Captain Kerr , of the Superior , received from an Esquimaux , describing the ships under T ? raaklu \ to be beset on the north side of liarrow's Straits , and Sir J . Ross ' s ships on the south side ; he also states that on the 30 th March , this year , he ( the native ) was on board Franklin ' s ships , " and that a daily communication was maintained between the respective commanders . Ths plan is drawn by lead pencil , and is a very creditable production . Thomas Ward , Esq ., the owner of the Truelove , will by this mail forward the plan " and other information
to the Lords of the Admiralty , to whom he has already forwarded a telegraphic communication . Sincerely hoping and believing that tbis information is based on a sound foundation , I am , sir , yours obediently , P AU 3 Brows . The followins : is the communication referred to b-Mr . Brown , which was received at the Admiralty on Friday morning : — Hull , Oct . 4 , 1 S 19 . Sir , —I had the satisfaction of making a short cuii ! - munication this morning by telegraph , relative to Sir John Franklin's expedition . I have now to forward for the inspection of their lordships the Admiralty chart of Baffin ' sBay , &e ., which Captain Parker , of the Truelove , has put into my hands , together with his remarks , which will , perhaps , convey better information than any lengthened detail of mine ; and a rough ske ' eh made by an Esquimaux , given to Captain Kerr , of the Chieftain , who handed it over to Parker . a
It appears that the Chieftain and other ships got io Pond ' s Bay a day or two before the Truelove . ; immediately they reached that place , some o ? the natives went on board , and without questioning , the man drew the sketch , and by signs and in words of his own language , understood by the masters of the whalers , stated that two of tho ships had been frozen up for four years on the west side of Prince Regent ' s Inlet , andthat the other two had been frozen up on the east side for one year—that the two ships which had been there the longest had tried to get beyond Cape Rennall , but not being able , had come into Prince Regent ' s Inlet to winter , " where the ico had not broken up since—tlmt he and his companions had been on board all the four ships in March last , am !
they were then all safe . After receiving this account from \ he m . ister of the Chieftain , Mr . Parker turned his attention to the endeavour to reach Prince Regent ' s Inlet , or at any rate ( o examine L-iucashire Sound , for the purpose of givirnr such information amight be obtainable of the state " of the conntry , &c ., and of using his utmost efforts to carry out . the instructions of their lordships . lie accordingly left , his fishing-ground off Scott ' s Bay , and proceeded north on the 22 nd July , on the passage to Lnncashire Sound , and having met with the Advice , Captain Penny , of Dundee ( with whom he' was on friendly terms ;) agreed to accompany him . . At that tune both the shi ps were well fished , the Truelove having 145 tuns of oil on board , and the Advice 140 tuns : but the masters judged ( and rightly too ) that although th « risk was great with such valuable cargoes on board ,
they would be disgraced if the attempt were not made to render all the assistance which they were ! capable of doing . On . the 5 th August they got as far as Croker ' s Bay , where they were stopped by a solid body of ice stretching across the straits to Admiralty Inlet ; and no water being visible to the w . estwi . vu , they were compelled to return , coining close in with the edge of the ico , and on . the 8 th of Au » u ; t Mr . Parker landed a cask of preserved meats , and thirty bags of coals ( which , had been sent on board by Lady Franklin ) upon Cap 9 Hay , dtposited the letters , cylinders , &c ., according to the instructions of their lnvdships , and having erected a high pole to attract the attention of the ships or boats which might pass at a future time , they made the best of their way back to the fishing-ground , which they reached on the 17 th August .
If their lordships wish for further information , or to submit specific questions , my humble endeavours shall be used to obtain correct answers ; and if they would prefer that Mr . Parker should attend in London , he is ready to do so , on receiving orders to that effect . ' . ¦ ; . ¦ I am respectfully ,-sir , your most obedient servant , Thomas Ward * owner of the Truelove ; JNo trace was seen of the Investigator ' s launch , neither did there appear to be any reason to doubt the correctness of the . statement made by . the Esquimaux , that the upper part . of . Lancaster's Sound was a solid mass of ice . On the 8 th August , which was a clear day , Mr . , Parker landed on high , ground ; at Cape Hay , with his telescope , to see if any thing could be discovered of the North : Star , but no ship of any description was visable in Lancaster ' s Sound except the . Advice . Capt . Hamilton , R . N ., Admiralty , London .
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' Could wk but see OunsiaTEs as Otiikks see Us . "—From tho diary of a Frenchman in London , wo take the following : — "You will often iik \ 't in tho town statues of Lord Wellington , imd you will often see the name of Waterloo inscribed at the corners of streets . Not having the cmiwms rf » choix , the English arc obliged to repeat themselves . They serve up Wellington in all kinds of sauce , lie is their hero of every day , and their hero of Sundays . They multiply his likeness with inexhaustible profusion , representing the great man in all forms , in all postures , and in all costumes , on foot , on horseback , a Vantique , a la vmh-ae ; as
Caesar , as the Great Frederick , as Aanouon , as Franconi ; sometimes clothed in uniform , in a great coat , in a cloak , in a waterproof , in a coal v ith a stiff collar . He must certainly be somewhevo represented with an umbrella in hi 3 hand . Umlur all these disguises it is always the 3 auiC nun , witll his heroic l ' unchlikc face . " An Invitation to a Bali . —Tigerissimo Huynau has published a proclamation , calling upon all members of tho late Hungarian Diet to come mid be tried by court-martial . He forgot to add , by way of posl-scnptum , " Muskets kept coutinuulh ,-ti ; full cock , and an unlimited supply cf ball cavlvithes on the premises . "
" Orders" Punctually Executed . — Tiio old King ot Hanover , has executed his order u |> mi flaynau—tho order of the Guelph . We understand that Madame Tussaud , fired with emulation of F . rnest , has also sent to the Austrian Whip , her oi-iiur for the Chamber of Horrors . lie has certainly won his free admission . Tir e Legexd of the Wrekis . —A coi'vpsw- 'dent offers the following as one version of the S !;; - ' ^ hire legend of the origin of the Wrckin . The : vil ono hot day was carry ing a shovelful of earth towards the Severn , with the intention of stopping ic up . On his way ho met a cobbler with a bundl < - of old shoos on his back ; The devil stopped to rest , and asked the cobbler how far it was to the river . The
latter ,-shrewdly 'guessing-his motive for the inquiry , replied that it was a long way—so long , indeed , that he'had worn out M those shoes in walking thither . Ujjon this the devil , in despair , threw down his load of earth , nnd scraped his dirty toot on the shovel . The shovelful forms the Wrckin—and the dirt from the devil ' s foot the little hill adjoining . Athenwum . The Way of tub WonLD , —A waggish speculator , ono of a numerous family in the world , recently said , "Five years ago I was not worth a pci . ny in the world , now see where I am through my own exertions . . " Well , where are you ? " " Why , a thousand pounds in-debt . "
It Won ' t Do . —It won't do to plungo into r . lawsuit , relying wholly upon the justice of your cause , and , not equipped beforehand with a brimming purse . It won ' t do for a man when a horse kicks him , to kick in return . It won't do to crack jokes on old maids , in the presence of unmavricii ladies who have passed the age of forty . It won ' t do , when a mosquito bites your face in the nig-it , to beat your own cranium to pieces with your fist , under an impression that you ave killing the mosqnito . It won't ( lo for . a man to fancy that a woman is in love -with him because she treats him cWilly , or that she has virtually engaged herself to him because she has always endured hiB company . It won't do to bo desperately enamoured of a pretty face until you have seen it at the breakfast table . It is a popular delusion to believe that tho powder on a lady s face has the same effect as in the barrel of a musket—assisting her to go off .
TnE Shopociucy . —Mr . Vale relates , in his New York Independent Beacon , that "About tho year 1830 , Mr . M ., a portlay , clderley , and very respectablo looking gentleman , of literary and liberal taste , called at Jone ' s book-stove in Fulton-street , New York , and inquired for ' Palmer ' s Principles of Ifatuvo , ' and ' Pain ' s Age of Reason . ' Tho bookseller , with groat gravity , and with some indignation , replied that he was surprised that a gentleman of his appearance should think of asking a respectable bookseller fov such works ; ' ami with much insolence added , ' he ( Mr . M . ) ought to be ashamed of himself ; ' at the same time he handed
him a catalogue , with tho remark— ' these , sir , are the books I keep , ' and in a softened tone < vf voice , begged him to take a seat and look over it . There was something in this altered tone of voice which struck Mr . M . as curious ; besides , he wished an opportunity of repelling what he thought an insult , or of demanding an explanation . Mr . M ., therefore , took the catalogue and sat down to read . Immediately afterwards two gentlemen , dressed in black , with white neckcloths , left the ntovc , when the bookseller immediately turned to Mr . M . and said , ' I have those books / but those gentlemen are clergymen ' . ''
Yankct . lan'd . —An American paper says that , so numerous is the company in some of the inns in the White Mountains , . u uii , 'ht they place travellers on tho floor in rows , till they got to sleep , then set thorn up against the wall , and lay down another lot ; and so on till all arc accommodated . The Smiths . —Whereas , tho following persons have assumed the name of Smith , all respectable persons are hereby warned against its adoption by thorn : —Louis l ' nilippe was Jack Smith ; a comic writer is Albert Smith ; Mrs . Manning has called herself Mrs . Smith . Added to these cases , Jet it be borne in mind that Smiths make frequent use of ¦ vice / , and forqe repeatedly .
The Crocodiles op tup . Kile . — > Crocodiles stuffed , were often brought to us to buy ; but tho Arabs take a great deal of trouble to got them , making an ambush in tho sands where t-licy resort , and taking aim when within a few yards of their foe ; fov as such they regard those monsters , though they seldom suffer from them . Above the cataracts , a Greek officer in tho Pasha's service told me they are very fierce , aud the troops of Seminar lost numbers of men by them and the hippopotamus , when bathing ; hut I heard of only one death occurring below the cataracts this year . This was of an old woman , who was drawing watev ricav Konch ; a
crocodile encircled her with hid tail ; I rushed lieu into the water , and then , seizing her by tho waist , held her under vvsitov as lona as she continued lo move . When lifeless , ho swam with tho corpse across the river to the opposite bank , and the villagers , now assembled , snw him quietly feuding on their old friend , as an otter might upon a salmon . Tho Egyptian who narrated this circumstnv . ee told us with a grin that it was his grandmother ; that he had shot the assassin f . ln-en days afterwards and sold him to an Englishman for 7 s . Gil . —The Cmeid and the Cross .
The Dublin-Commercial Journal tells a stovy of a youn g lady who san g ' alto * at church , and wlio had some defect of speech , such that when there was a favourite anthem sung , commencing " Turn 0 Lord , 0 turn away ! " ic , much performed l-. y the choir , she always chanted it " Tschurn , tsclmrii 0 Lord ! 0 tschurn away , " much to the edification of the congregation , most- of whom were extensively engaged in tho dairy business . A HIXT TO !) TOURISTS IX SCOTLASn . The following diolosue occurred recentl y in a little country inn , not so far from Edinburgh as the internal evidence lui jrlit load one to suj ; , " n : ; o . 'flic interlocutors are an English traveller ami : i smart young woman , who nctcd ' as waitress , ehaiiiucrmaid , hoots , anil everything else , being the man anil maid of the inn at the same time : — Traveller . —Conio here , if you please ? Jenny . —I was just eominj f ben to you , sir .
2 ' . —Well , now , mistress . . ' . —I ' m no tho mistress ; I ' m only tho lass , and I ' married . r . —Very well , then , miss . J . —I ' m no a miss ; I m only ; i man ' s . docJiter . r . ~ A man ' s daughter ! ' J . —Hoot ay , sir ; didna yo seo afhrm as ye came up yestvecn . iusi three parks aff ? 7 ' . —It is very possible . / . —Well , that ' s my father . ' r . —Indeed . J .-Ti ' s a fac . jf . —Well , that fact being settled , let us proceed to business . I am now in a hurry to go ; indeed , I should have said so at first ; and so , my good Molly - — / . —My Name ' s no Molly , it ' s 3 ennv . What do you call me Molly t ' ov ? T .--I beg your pardon , Jinnie . / . —Jenny Jennv ! ;
3 f . —Very well ; hang it ! I ' m in a hurrv , and must request to sec your bill at once . /—Our Heel ? Wully we call him ; but I Icon what vc mean ; he s no in e ' en now . f . —Wully ! what I want is my account ; a paper stating what I have had , and how much I have to pay / . —And is that our Beel ? ( half aside ) Did any one ever hear tho like of that ? ' ( Aloud ) . io mean tho lawing , man ; but we hao nac accounts here ; na , na , we hao ower mueklc to do . T . — And how do you know what sum to charge ? / . —Ou , we just put the things down on the scl .-. te . and then I tell tho customers the tottlo by word of mouth .
7 . —Very well , then , for mercy's sake , give mo the lawing at onco , and let mo go ! J . —He , he , he ! to hoar the like of that ! It ' s you that maun give un the Jawing , man ; the lawing ' s the siller . 3 . —Pray do tell me , then , how much it is . / . — That ' s precisely what I came ben for ; for if ye had askit me at first , ov waited till yc wove spolien to I wouldna hao kecpit ye a minute ; na , na we ' ve never swert to seek the lawing , although some folks ave unco slow at payin' o ' t . It ' s just four and SIX , ' t . ¦ T . —That is very moderate ; there ave two halfcrowns . . / . —lhank you , sir ; I hope wo hao a sixpence in tho house , for 1 wouldna like to give bauboos to a gentlenan . T . —Tho sixpenco is for yourself . / .-Oh , sir , it ' s ower lnucklo ! ' ¦ :
.. ¦ T . ~ Wlirit , ' do you object ' to take it ? / . —Na , na , su '; I wouldna put that afovnt upon ye . Hut mind , tho noxt time ye ' ro in a huwy , dinnsi be fashing yourself wi' mistresses , and misses , and Jinnies ; but just say , " What ' s the lairing , lass ?"
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— maSOm ¦ V > c ( Athenwwn ) understand that Major Kawlinson , whoso researches into the ancient cunesform language of Persia have excited so much interest among oriental scholars , may be shortly expected in , this country , ' onleaf oif absence . " It is' stated that the trustees of the British- Museum- are . in negotiation for the purchase of the . colosal . bull which was dis' coyored at Mosul , and is now in his possession . : ;' Tiie 0 wENTAii . KiKo HTOS 0 N . —Colonel Pew , the principal ¦ '• director -and shayelib'lder . of the Bcneijes Bank / the oriental double' " of King Iluds ' on , ' lias filled his shedule in the insolvent court fov tho trifling amount of twenty-six hes of rupees !—Madras AtJienanm ,
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- The Clergy .
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The Uxbridge Spirit of Freedom : and Working Mans Vindicator . Conducted by Working Men . London : "Watson , Queen ' s Headpassage , Paternoster-row . The October number of tbis fearless advocate of popular rights , contains some half-dozen prose articles , besides poetical compositions , all breathing the most chivalrous devotion to the cause of Universal Justice ; witness tbe following extract from an article headed /
oint mission . We are censured for strong language ; but we will cry out , we will be heard . We do not write for hire , but because we cannot help writing , not for ourselves alone , ours . are but isolated wrongs amid crying millions , hut in the naine of the myriads who suffer dumbly . We see high aspirations crushed in the infancy of their being , noble faculties destroyed , and bleeding hearts torn asunder by an unjust state of society . It is our mission to war against such a society , and could we wreak our feelings upon expression , there should be such an uprising in England to-morrow , as answered the thunderous battle-summons of Mazzini in Italv . nnr
Kossuth in Hungary . But we are told that we shall frighten middle class reformers , who would otherwise aid us ; well , we must still utter truth , and in strong language too , and if they are frightened at truth , that is not our fault ; moreover , we have little or no faith in middle class reformers ; we live among the middle classes , we know them , we have weighed them , and have no faith ic them ; moneygrubbers with their brains . behind ^ they do not know the sublime meaning of those word-pictures of the Christ-preached millenium Liberty , Equality , and Fraternity . As a body , they have no chivalry , no generosity , and there is no sacrifice in them ; love has no . altar in their heavts , ; and their respectability is a gilded hypocrisy . IIo w . were they awoke to an enthusiasm for devoted and all-glorious
Hungary ? was it not by a voice crying from the breeches pocket ; did not their orators tell them that Ilungary free , would be a splendid mart : for British wares ? that was the potent talisman , self-interest ! aHd they cheered like a shoal of Galifornian sharkers , " just in sight of their £ 1 Dorado ; yes , they cheered ; but what else have they done ? * ; * * . * ¦ * We ¦ will not oppose these Finaucials , although Household Suffrage would not enfranchise usfnor the young mind of our order ; we will help them even as far . as" they will ' go , but we cannot place the destiny of . labour in the hands of those who do ' not comprehend the labour question , and the ' misery expressed in those words—" Employer and Employed . " The working class must fig hMbeir own battle ; they must rally round principles and not names .
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October 13 , 1849 . " * ' " THE NORTHBRN ^ TAR , <>
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 13, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1543/page/3/
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