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THE NORTHERN STAR, SATURDAY, AUGUST 26, 1843.
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XosDWt-Mt . Sherrard Trill lecture on Sunday jadming at fire "Working Man ' s Hall , Mile End 3 io * d . Miss Susannah Inge , mil lecture at the same place in ihe erenlDg . - Mzxanxsomt—Dr . Fnssell ttSI lecture " at the Mechanic ^ institution , Grenj-street , Kew-road , on Sunday evening next , at eight o ' clock . Soxebs Towa Ldcjoxtt . —On Sunday evening next , Mr . GroTer -wHllectnre at Mr . Dnddridge's , BricSJaver ' s Arms , Tonhridge-street , Jiew-xoad . Bsas-sikkei , Soho . —Mr . PaTOC will lecture at £ he Golden Lion , on Sunday next ^ &t eight o'clock . at the
• fo <_ ^ A 5 iz trill lecture Black Horse and TPindnaH . Keld ^ ate-sfcreet , Wniteebapel , on Snn--day , ihe 27 th ia& 3 at eight o ' clock in ihe eveinns . After lie lecture , some important business . . A PcBiac-aieennK -will oe holden at lhe large Assembly Hoom 3 , ^ oF the Two Brewers , Tine-street * Hatton-walL , to Uke into consideration the distressed state of the country . The proceedings -will commence at eight o ' clock precisely . —On Wednesday B 6 Xt ihe Tnpsting will be addressed by Messrs M'Grath . Fossell , Bolwell , Cameron , Cowan , Parker and Sharp ,
A Chabust meeting -will be iqlden at the Patriot Cofiee House , every Monday eyening , and atths Two IBrewers on Wednesdays . WxsmcK , —A meeting will be lolden at the Saraeeafe-lead , Beit Sunday evening , preciseLy at halfpast seten o ' clock , when it is expected that the Delegate -Fund will be completed . B » jtht — A pnblie meeting -will be ieldcn in the Chartist Association ro&m , Pellon-lane , on Monday the 28 lh InsL , At eight o ' clock in ihe evening , to appoint a delegate to the projected Conference . A Special Delegate Meetixg of the Halifax District will be holden at Lower Wariey , on Sunday ( to-morrow ) , at two © 'dock in the afternoon . A good attendance of delegates is expected . ScrwsEBT- —A camp meeting will be holden on Batten-row iioor on Sunday , Sept . 3 rd , at two o ' clock in the afternoon .
Susdebiakb . — -Messrs . Dobie and Cbariton will lecture on Monday evening , the 28 th inst ., in the Chartist loom . Chair to be taken at eight o ' clock precisely . Admission free . Oidbjol—On Sunday , to-morrow , a lecture will be delivered in the Chartist room , at six o ' clock in the eTening , by a friend . Ob "Waxes Tvssdxt » Tea Party and Ball wDJ iakejiaceinihfi Town Aail , Oldham . Mr . O'Connor has pledged himself to attend . Mr . Doncombe I 3 also invited , aid expected to attend . Tea on the table precisely at four o ' clock , and the Ball to commence at ten . Gentlemen ' s tickets , 10 the body of iheiall , Is ± 1 ; Ladies , Is ^ to platform , Gentlemen , is 6 d ; ladies Is 3 d each j to Ball only 83 each . Early application is regaested , as * only a limited number of tickets will be issued .
Bjughioh . —The . supporters of the cause of liberty are respectfully informed ,-thai a < kmeeri and Sail Trail be holden on Tuesday the 29 th inst M at the AniehoVe Inn , Willie-street , for the benefit of Jflr . TKlljiamrTlower , EBb ^ Trea 3 nrer , their old friend and labourer in tie cause of truth and justice . Tiie aitendanoeofreformers is respectfully solicited . HorrrsGHiaa , —3 Ir . Doyle ' s a-onte for the ensuing Treek : —Nottingham Market-place , on Sunday the 2 Jfli ; Mam £ eld 3 on Monday the 28 th ; Sntton-in-ABbfiBld , onTuesdajthfr 29 ih ; Bnlwell , on Wednesday the 30 th ; Hkeston , on Thursday the 31 st insU ; and Derby on Sunday Sept . 3 rd . Hoc&dxls . —Mr , Thomas Davis , of H » wick , will deliver two addresses to-morrow , in the Chartist loom , lop of Yorkshire-street , to commence at halfpaBt two and six o'clock .
HiH > i > EBsra £ B . —A District Delegate Meeting will b * holden in the Chartist room , Honley , on Sunday * he 27 th inst , atone o'clock in the afternoon . Ab eollecntms -were made at a number of places , where Mr . Davies lectured , to defray the expensesattending ihe fame , it 3 b hoped that Delegates from those places will attend , in order that the money matters maybe settled . BxKHiSGHax . —A Grand Tea Party and Ball will be bidden on Tnesdsy , September 5 th , in the Ball of Science , Lawrence-Bireet , in honour of Thomas S . lOuncombe , So ^ M P ., J . T . leader , Esq ., M . PM "W . "Williams . Esq ., 3 LP-, and Sharman Crawford , Eeq ^ M . P . Tickets , One Shilling each .
Hxbxxsbsjch Distsicx . —A delegate meeting will bebeldaiWednesbniy , on Sunday , Sept . 3 rd , when delegates , irom the foliowine places are requested to attend from Birmingham , Wakall , Bilsion , Wol-Terhampton , Dndley , Oldhury , Stourbridge , and the suxrosnding district . StoCKTOKt—A mtmbers ' meeting will be holden m the large room , Hillgate , at two o ' clock , to-mortow ( Sunday ) . —Mr . James Leach , of Manchester , will lecture in the eTening , at six o * clock . Subject * The Fallacies of flie Anti-Gom Law League . ** = Oa Ttosmt a priblic ^ meeting wiH be nolden at « 5 ght o ' clock in the evening , to elect a delegate to the Conference to be lolden at Birmisgham on Tuesday Sept . 5 fch .
MiSCHESTEa . —Mr . J . "R . Bair&towwill deEvera lecture in the Carpenters'Sail , oa Snnday eveninjf , ( ke jucwaxpj Chair 10 bfl taken * & half-past ax xj ' clock . The adjourned discussion upon the Land < piesiion will be resumed on the Large Ante-room of the aboT © Hall , nm Sunday TZojiiottowJ CSiair to be taken at half-paBt two o ' clock in the afternoon . Dewsbcbt . —A Public Meeting for tne Election © f Delegates to the Birmingham Conference ( which is to be holden on ihe 5 th of September ) wOl be bolden in the Market-place , Dewsbory , on Monday next , ihe 28 i instant . Chair to be taken at seven o ' clock .
SHti-yituv-On Sunday , at half-past two o ' clock , that eloquent advocate of the people's rights , Mr David Kosh , of Manchester , will deliver a lecture in Ihe Eig-tree-laBe room , on the Bights of Man . In the evening of the same day on The great Delusion . Chi Monday eTening , the same gentleman will deliver a lecture on Political Power . Coyextry . —A public meeting will be holden in He Cbartkt Association Room , on Monday , August 28 : h , for the purpose of electing a delegate to represent the Chartists of Coventry in the forthcoming Birmingham Conference .
BsmxFoBD . —On Sunday evening , at seven o clock , a lecture will be delivered in the large room , Bntterworth Buildings , os the Tarious Plans of Or-Jfanlzalioii , sow befere the public I > isctisEion incited . After the lecture , a collection will be made , to defray ihe expence of the West Biding delegates to the forthcoming Conference . A Cjcke Meetikg will be held at Apperley Bridge , * t two o ' clock in the afternoon , on Sunday . The Chxbhsxs of Little Horton , -will meet in tbe School Koom , Park Place , on Sunday morning , at sine o ' cloclc The Chabhsis of M ^^^^^ TTn , will meet in their Room , on Snnday morning , at ten o ' clock , on important business . A full attendance is- expected . Tbb Chabubts of Bowling Back Lane will meet in their Soom , on Snnday morning , at ten o ' clock ; and At two o'clock in the afternoon , when a discussion will take place on Organization .
The Ghabtisis of George ' s-street , will meet on Snnday , at nine o ' clock . The shareholders of the Co-operative Store , will meet in the Store , Chapel Lane , enTMonaay evening , at eight o'clock .
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yrAn ^ »« w ; R * r 7 yn ^ —Cxspssteks * Hit . t . — On Sunday erening lait , ihe abore Hall was crowded in ttrery part by a highly Tespeelable Audience , to bear an address from Mr . Peddle , of Edinburgh . Mr Sattcn occupied the chair , * and after a hymn bad been sung by the choir , and the leading article in last Saturday ' s Star read , Hi . Peddle was introduced to the meeting . Bis -address occupied np-¦ wards cf irrohoura in the delirery . Upwards of twenty persons joined the Association .
Peeuc Mjbehieg- op zhs Ikhabiiabts np M . xs-Chester . —A numerous meeting was holden in the Carpenters' -Jiall , on Tuesday -eyezung last , for the purpose of electing two delegates to tne forthcoming Conierenoe . Mr . James Leach was nnanunonsly ealkni upon to preside . The Chairman opened the buanK 3 byreaQingthepbicaTdconTening the meet-S "^ fe . ^ 3 > ODOTaa lhea Tose ' a " proposed ^ r \ v-r J - ^ * - and P ™!** person to represent South Lancashire m the Conference ; aud paid a Tdfcmoited 53 bu
compfittent to ^ hat gentleman for his JWh ^ S * *" ¥ jF £ *' « naracter . Mr . John I » uUall seconded the moiion in an effective SS& £ ** % . S . - ^ " ^ J » d SpSJy applanfied . The Chairman then put the morion which was earned witW a dissenfient . TjKbS W- *~ Watson then cameibrward and pr « U 9 = * d Mi TraiiamlJjxon . ^ The proposition wa / seSd S Mr 3- Lal 5 ^ L On hm P * »« unaiuinously agreed to . Thanks wereihengiyen to the Chairman and the meeting separated . ^^
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IiAUGE IaiPOBiiiica o ? Fscn , 3 cc . —On Montia-v last , thesonAshed of tbeHumber Dock presented theappearance of » market , tbeimeraldlsleBieamer laving amred « n the preceding evening with mpwards of two thousand baskets of fruits and -vegetablse—a goaatity hitherto unprecedented this sea-Bon . A special orderi » ving been received from the Boarfl ^ of Cu&toms , facilitating greatly the . deJirery of pensbable articles , brought by this conveyance , the unloading commenced- »* six o ' clock precisel y , and the whole was landed in excellent condition . BnytXB iiwng arrived by Ibe first train from ieeds , parenasea proceeded pretfcf briskly , and before the
tlelirery of the cargo was completed , early in the afternoon , mpwards of 15 7 CO pecks * f apples and pears , and SjOiOIbs of red currents had been despatched by railway for the markets of the West BxdiBg . -We believe some inxther parcels were sent by the next train . TMs cargo included 1 . 010 bisketstS . OSO peeks 3 apples « nd pears ; 336 baskets , I 8 ibs * aehY currants ; € Sd 3 * o plums ^ 50 ofTvbacn ¦ w ent to Leeds > j 1 of jnelons ; 2 « f cncEmbers ; 80 of girkinks ; 2 crates -of oanliflowErBj and € 37 bushel baskets of potatoes , together wifb sereral packages olSswer roots , " and twenty bask ti ot dried yeast , wife : wine , madders , &e .
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" THE LAND" AND THE LEEDS MERCURY ' CABBAGES AKD Potatoes , versus " HISTORIES of the Cotton Tkadk . " Whes the employment of our unemployed labour and unproductive capital , upon the toils of our own country , under circumstances that will ensure independence to the labourer , has been advocated , as the means of producing plemt for all , and removing the iarrible mass of poverty and misery caused in the manufacturing districts byitae labour-displacing-process of machinery ; and in the agricultural districts , by the Big Farm Bull-Prog system : when this plain , simple , easy , and practicable plan of relief bas been proposed , rather than the enactment of
a measure which will cause a farther . " extension" of machinery in the manufacturing districts , and , by consequence , a further displacement of labourers ; and cause , too , the main portion of the lands in the agricultural districts to be still less \ cultivated than they are at present by theBull-FrogB , and , by consequence , a still farther decrease of the number of labourers employed in tilling ibe soil : when the friends to the application of Home Labouh for the production of Hoke-Foob , have hinted that common sense dictated that it would be more judgematical to make our own Land produce the quantity of food
required , rather loan be placed in a position to be dependant on others for that which we could not do without : when this scheme has been advocated , both as a measure of sound national policy , and as the only means of xeal relief from the misery and destitution engendered by the present direction of our National Energies , a yell of clamour has been set up by the ** Profound Political Economists" as senseless as it has been loud . " England can not prodnce enough of corn . " ; " She can not , because ebo does not . " " Capital will always be employed in those pursuitB that wOl ! give a return ; and it is clear that if a better cultivation of the
Land wonld be more remuneraliv * , more capital wonld be employed in that caltiTatioii . " " We shall therefore always hare to depend on the foreigner for a portion of our supply : and it is manifestly our interest to get it from him as cheap as we can ; and all laws that wonld prevent us from doing BO , though passed to PROTECT homb laboub , I are Yieions in principle , and injurious in practice . " Such are a few of the Cuckoo songs that are instantly sung , the moment a plain , simple , common-sense ; unpretending politician , rentures to Epeak of The Land as a remedy for the national erilof non-employment , and as the firs J and beet Eeld for the exercise of National
energy . It is in Tain that yon addnee fads In support of your common-sense positions . It is in vain that you shew that the Land is , in reality , wtilied , compared with what it might be , by the aid « f science and modern improved modes of culture . It is in Tain that you point attention to ihe wdl-kaown fact , that no pains have been taken , comparatively speaking , to encourage agricultural science ; while every care has been had to foster " inTention" and " improvement" in manufacturing machines , nntfl the whole art is now almost wholly performed by
inanimate means ; and chemical power applied to the perfection , in a few hours , of processes connected with manufactures which before-time occupied more than months . It 13 in vain that yon shew thai ihe implements mainly used by the tiller of the soQ , are the rude and ill-adapted ones of more than a thousand years make ; that few hare turned their attention to the employment of the new lights of science in the construction of tools wherewith to cause the earth to teem with ? leatt in abundance ; and that fewer still have striven to cause the far deeper and more general chemical knowledge we kow possess to be
employed in aid of agriculture . It is in Tain that yon show that the operations of our Bull-Frog Big Farm system tend to the bad-culture and no-culture of the Land ( even rude as culture now i& ); from the absolute impossibility of one man attending to the uants of such an extent of surface as the Big Farm system causes him to have ; that he cannot have the requisite capital ; nor if he had , ( which is not at all desirable ) be cannot rightfully superintend the neceBfary operations from sheer want of time to attend to all and each . It is in Tain that you show the baneful workings of our iniquitous law of primogeniture ,
which causes the Land to be locked up in th e hands of the few to the wrong and great injury of the many . It is in Tain that you demonstrate the evila to agriculture itself , attendant on the making of the landlord ' s land the qualification for the subservient tenant ' s vote . It is in vain that yoa prove , by actual experiment , what can he done with the Land by improved implements , a judicious application of chemical knowledge , and improved modes of culture . It i 3 in vain that yon prove that it iB possible , in all cases , to quadruple your prodnce , from land badly tilled , by tilling according to a less expensive mode .
It is in vain that you show , by actualfact , that the produce may , in many instances , be increased tenfold , and more . It is in Train that you Show that the rudest and most antiquated modes of culture are the most expensive and wasteful ; and that a less outlay cf labour and capital , if judicionsly and scientifically applied , would result in a far better return . It is in vain that you adduce , and prove all these things . The " profound political economist" heeds them not . Wrapped up in the axioms of his school ;
crammed to the throat with the cuckoo sayings of bis tribe ; stuffed with self-conceit and puffy vanity , almost to bursting ; big with disdain of all that is unpretending and * un-learned "; being , in Bhort , the actual embodyment of superciUionsness and "coxeombery , your crack profound political economist" will dispatch your facts with a sneer ; and forthwith , spout a lot of theory" to PROVE to you * hat that which you know has been done , comj > wot BY POESTBILITT BS II
Precisely such an animal as tMB , iB the Profound Political Economist" of the Leeds Mercury ; and precisely in this manner has he met the advocacy of the employment t ) f Thb Lahd to the removing of the destitution caused to the manufacturing and agricultnral workers by his political economy . 11 The adTOcacy of the employment of | Thb Lakd to such an end as we have just spoken of , is no new thing with the Northern Star . The letters of Mr . O * Consob in its pages have done much in the way o
forming public opinion upon the question , by directing public attention to it , and setting forth the advantages to be dermd to all classes of society from a proper and useful application of labonr ' s energies to our own soil ; and we irnst that the many Editorial articles that liave appeared , from time to time , and months ago , from the pen of the present writer , have not been withont their tffect . The present position of The Laud question clearly shews that the tfiarfs of its advocates have not been in vain . , It now
occupies , in some shape or other , the main portion of ihe public attention . What is the cry for , and the dread of , " fixity of tenure , " but the Land question forcing for itself a way through and amidst the * profound political economical" nostrums of the day , shameing them out of existence by ! mere force of contrast 1 The battling of ** Bxbecca" ! with " fixed tithes , taxes , and rents ? what is that but the Lakd question in another phase , ptrnggling Wget itself into itsownandproperposnion ! Thenowincessantadvice from our " profound political economists" themselves to the agriculturalists , toielj inoia upon
improved modes of culture for a return for their capi * tal than aoon protective laws , is bni ^ another indicate of the general feelingin conne&feawith the due occupation and employment of t £ e * 8 oil : and tins ideation is * a the more satisfactory , because it demonstrates that the » profound * ' ones themselves ; those who used to talk tha *> it rcouldbe wllvsre the &UU of England covered JTvM an encrustation of La » a , mstWth * gbowth """ "J BLABE 0 P «>** ° * « uss , that our entire population mu , ht be employedin manufaclmes to ffite to the forei gner i » esthange for hit much
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cheaper agricultural produce ^ both corn and cattle ;" it demonstrates that the " wise" men who could at one time , when the u manufacturing game' * was " profitable ; '' when it was leaving its thousands and Us millions to the " masters , " and " more kicks than ha ' pence" ; to the men ; itBhewsthat even those , who could then spout this balderdash , and wish England a barren rock , are now forced , themselves , to consider upon The Laud question , and teach the farmer how to use his Boil to produce more of national wealth .
What is the loud demand of the working people for a plain , simple , and efficient plan for practical operations on the Land , but the effort of man to regain Mb-natural position , from which he has been diBlodgedby the combined operations of high-taxation , paper-money , and an unduly-hot-bed-forced amount of manufacturing machinery J Yes ! The Laito question is THE QUESTION of the day ; and well is it for the suffering poor that it has been so strenuously and so successfully foroed upon general public attention .
But what has all this to do with me , exclaims the " Profound Political Economist of the Leeds Mercury . Why have yoa mixed me up with your Land question ? What have I to do with it , whether you choose to advise people to grow potatoes or not 1 Pray what ; connection has my " History of the Cotton Trade" to do with cabbages t Softly , good Mercury . Don't get out of wind You'll need it just now to blow your OWN Potatoes with , as they are just about to be served-up again , "all hot" ; and we intend you and ourselves to " discuss" them together . You are a " dab hand " at growing them , we all know : let us see what sort of a customer at eating you are .
It was not long ago , Mr . Mercury , that you ineered at Mr . O'Connor , because he drew a perfectly legitimate deduction from a plain unmistakable fact of experiment : and you asked if it were " possible that any man in Europe could be so ignorant , as to be imposed upon by suoh a monstrous mass of absurdities" ! The fact which Mr . O'Connor detailed , was , that Mr . John Linton , of Selby , Yorkshire , Bineteen miles from Leeds only ( not in Japan ) ; had , proved to himself , from actual practice ; from actual experiment ; that a little , more than three roods of laid , wira more than onb-third of rr in gbass , could be made to produce , after paying a
back rent , and after paying taxes , and for seed , and tit wear and tear of implements : Mr . John Linton PROVED to himself , that he could , from the abovespecified small extent of land , and that too not of the best quality , but far from it when he began his experiment ^ and with less than two-thirds of it in cultivation : the / ac / from whioh Mr . O'Connor drew his deduction was , that Mr . John Linton made manifest , at Selby , no further from Leeds than , Selby—one hour ' s r ide—that 4 , 021 square yards of land , with 1 , 350 square yards ot it in grass ; that this small extent , when partially cultivated , could be made to yield crops worth £ 57 , after paying rack sent , taxes ! for seed , and for wear and tear of
implements I Such was the fact narrated by Mr . O'Connor , on the authority of Mr . John Linton himself , who is no stranger in Selby , which is only nineteen miles from Leeds ; and the inference that Mr . O'Connor drew from that fact was , that if three roods of Land would leave £ 57 , afterpayments as above set forth , four acres cultivated in the same manner only : i . e ., xeith more than one-ihird ofit in grass , would leave £ 305 . This fact , and the naturally-formed inference from it , the Mercury designated " a monstrous mass of absurdities" ; and asked "if it was possible for any man in Europe to be so ignorant ' [ yes , IGNORANT was the word !] " as to be imposed upon" by them 1
It happened , however , that the " profound" Mercury , had himself vouched for the accuracy of a much more apparent " monstrous mass of absurdities , " which made the doings of Mr . Linton , extraordinary as they appeared to the " Profound Political Economist , " to be a mere bagatelle , when compared with the doings of the " potatoe-groweu " of the Mercury . We have , just bow , to report some more" doings" of Mr . John Li . vton , who lives at Selby ; and' a portion of those doings relate to " potatoe-growing" too {—( perhaps he haa been
trying to beat the Mercury with what success we shall soon see ) . Indeed , the main object that we have in view is to chronicle those " doings" of Mr . Linton , round-about as we may appear to go to work to accomplish that object . The fact is , that a bare sight of Mr ; Linton ' s letter brought to mind the agricultural ' labours of the " profound" Mercury " Potatoe-grower ; " and we could not refrain from cooking up " the mesa" over again , and having a teie-a-tclewith " the grower" while we " skinned his murphy" J
We will- very soon have Mr . Linton ' s account of his new doings ; but it shall be by way of dessert . The meal : i . e . the feed , shall be the Mercury ' s own . Whether his potatoes are " mca % " or not , will be best proved by the eating . First , then , for the sneer : and tben the dish of " Prince Regents , " warmed-ap , and seasoned with pepper * "Chartist Prospects . —That very profound poll , tlcian and political economist , Mr . Ftargua O'Connor , is at present engaged ia developing a plan for the
advancement of the wealth and happiness of his followers , and for securing the success of the Charter . This scheme is beautifully simple , and is comprehonded in the single sentence—• Get possession of the land . * Not all the land , that is unnecessary ; but each Chartist is to buy or rent foar acres . Having accomplished this object , he ia ito set about the cultivation of bis farm , and the following he is assured will be the reward of bis labours ; » large ironfonnder , of the name of Linton , at Selby , in Yorkshire , the Chartists are told , cnltivates three roods cf land , near the town of Selby , with distinguished success .
"' And now , says Feargus , 'for the result of his experiment ; Uwo quote Mr . O'Connor * own words )—• upon this three Quarters of an acre be last year fed two cows and eight pigs , besides a quantity of poultry , and bad vegetables for bis table . We will suppose the eight pigs to consume as much as two cows , in order that we may come to something like a calculation of value . Tondo tnis be bas sot cultivated anything near the entire of the three quarters of an acre and he gives his labourer 3 s . a day for every day ' s work . Leaving out , then , everything but the four cows , see what the profit of nineteen days' labour leaves , for that is , I understand , the number of days' work required for all Mr . Linton ' s operations up to the present time . If an operative can ; now sell his labour for fifteen shillings a week , he considers himself a happy man ; and let us
see by this seals what it would be worth . We must not suppose : tbat Mr . Linton ' s bad ground possesses loach cbarm beyond that which labour can communicate , and the following is the result upon three quarters of an acra He feeds , or could feed , four cows . Suppose snch cows to give six quarts ot milk at a meal , for the six summer monthB at 2 <) . per quart , each cow produces £ 18 43 . worth of milk ; but to be under , take £ 3 4 s . from the produce of each , it leaves profit npon the four cows ^ 60 for thirty days' labour , and 15 s . rest , for this land is not worth more than £ l the awe , or 153 .- for three quarters of au acre . Now four acres cn'tivated in the same way , would leave , after deducting the £ 3 is . from the above moderate cost of production sod price , the sum ot £ 300 per annum , out of whicn £ 1 for rent should be paid . '
" Is it possible that any man in Europe can be so ignorant as to be imposed npon by this monstrous mass of absurdities ? ' And is it farther possible that suoh a aian should set himself up for the founder of a political sect ? TThich is in due time to swallow np all other political parties , and to become Lord of theAscendant . "— Leeds Mercury , May 6 th , 1843 . Now , it might , in all conscience , be considered a full answer to the above specimen of Mercurial ' * profundity" to adduce the statement of Mr . Linton , as to what he has actually done with his little more than three roods of ground . It might be considered , and would be , a , full crushing answer to this sneering " Political Economist , " , to show tbat when Mr . Linton ' s three roods , partly cultivated , leaves £ 57 , after paying a" Bick-rent , " and payment of taxes too , as
well as for seed , and wear and tear of implements , foub jlCkeb cultivated in the same manner , and bearing the same rale of expence , WOULD leave j £ 305 1 ! as I have conclusively shown in the foregoing part of this letter . This , I say , might be considered , and ] would be , a sufficient answer . But I will not leave it there . I will not content myself with that statement and that shewing , Mr . Linton is not the only one who has been trying experiments with small portions of land . Others have turned their attention to this matter , as . well as Mr . Lintoa ; and I am happy tb be atle to give the results of a series of " experiments , " which fully bear out Mr . Linton ' s statements , and are besides hard "facts" which will takeailthe *' proiundity " of tht"Political Economist " 01 the Mercury to overcome ! Here is the statement :
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'¦ ** Growth of Potatoes , —A correspondent , who takes a good deal of interest in the productioa of potatoes , and who on a former occasion furnished us with a communication pn this subject , sends us the following as the result of hia labours- The experiments may be found very useful to those parties who arejast now engaged in cultivating email plots of ground . The plan haa been pursued tat two years ; tfa ' e month of March in both years being selected for planting . In order to show which plan is the most productive , every row ; of potatoes la reckoned ten yards long , and the first row to produce 40 pounds : — lbs . " 1 st . Ashtop Potatoes , atza of a hen egg , cut
In two , but planted before they begin to sprout ; many small ones when ripe 40 " 2 nd . Asbtop Potatoes , cut In two , bat sprouted one inch before they were planted ; the tops were shorter and the potatoes ready for use fourteen days sooner ; when ripe , few small 30 > ' 3 rd . Ashtop potatoes , the size of a goose egg . planted whole , and sprouted one inch ; when full grown very busby , and few small ... ... ... 40 I ' 4 th . Ashtop Potatoes , cut in two , and sprouted one inch ; they were ready for use fourteen days sooner tnan the above ... ... 45 ' 5 th . Ashtop Potatoes , cat in two , and planted before they begun to sprout ; when ripe , part
small ... ... 40 " It appears in this statement , that oue Ashtop potatoe , the sfzs of a hen egg , cut in two , produced the same weight as the sizo of a goose egg Bet whole : the only difference is , that there were less small in the latter ; and it will be found that a potatoa cut in two , will , after having mode its appearance above ground , in the course of ten or fourteen days , appear more promising than a whole potatoe ; in about a fortnight afterwards , however , the whole one will take the lead , bat the cat potatoes will : be ready for use first . ; lbs . " 6 th . Prince Regent Potatoes , the size of a
wallnut , planted whole , before they began to sprout ... 80 " 7 tb . Prince Regent Potatoes , cut in pieces , to as to leave enly one eye for a plant ; very weak ... 30 " 8 th . Prince Regent Potatoes , tfee , -s's » of a cricket-ball , cut in two , but sprouted one inch ... 160 V 9 th . Prince Regent Potatoes , sprouted one inch , and planted whole' ... ... ,. ... 120 " 10 th . Prince Regent Potatoes , cut in pieces , so as to leave only one eye for a plant ; strong tops ... 60 " llth . Whole Prince Regents , the siza of a child ' s ball , planted with long stable litter ... 22 ' . 'All the potatoes ( excepting No . 11 ) were planted with manure composed of ashes , road-scrapings , lime , soot , night soil , &c , well mixed together .
"The land is rich black soil , clay , sand , and red earth , anil in order to ensure a fair trial , six rows of each . HOtfc of potatoes were planted in different parts of the field ; and potatoes have been grown on the same laud for four years , and the last crop has been the best . " Our correspondent formerly sent an account of 10 yards 10 ixbes producing 10 stones 5 lbs ., the tops -weighing 7 stones 3 lbs . ; out of 12 TOWS , me& 8 Uring 10 yards each , he obtained 70 stones 5 lbs ,, or out of 120 yard . 985 lbs . of potatoes : 24 of these potatoes weighed 28 lbs . 41 'Ashtop Potatoes . —The ridges were twenty inches asund or ; Prince Regents . ... ... thirty inches . "
Now , where does tho reader imagine I have picked up Jthia statement ! Where is it from 1 From the Chartist , Mr . Linton ! or from a Chartist at all . Noi It is from tho Zee * Mercury itself !!! Tho "correspondent" ia the Mercury ' s own ; and the truth of this " monstrous mass of absurdities" is vouched for by the Mercury ' s " profound" self ! Let us examine this statement . Let us analyse it . Let us see if it does bear out both Mr . Linton and myself . : One row , ten yards long , produced , of Prince Regent ' s potatoes ( No . 8 , in statement ) 160 Ibs . This sort was planted in rows thirty inches apart .
A small plot of land , ten yards long , and ten yards broad , making 100 square yards in all , would bave twelve rows , ten yards long , producing 1601 bs . each row , ; or ! , 920 lbs . in the whole . In an acre of laud , there are 4 , 840 square yards . If 100 square yards produce 1 . 920 ibs , one acre cultivated in the same way will produce 92 , 92 Gibs ; and four acres will produce 37 LJ 02 tbs . A bushel of potatoes is accounted to weigh 721 ba . ; when bought by weight , 721 b . is given to the bushel . One hundred square yards will therefore produce 26 . } : bushels ; an acre will produce 1 , 290 bushels ; and four acres 5 , 160
bushels-Potatoes are now sailing , from the boat * at Warehouse-hill , Leeds , at £ > d . for 48 ! bs ; i . e . Is . 1 id . the bu ! -helof 7-2 ! b 8 . This price is extremely low ; lower that has been known for a . considerable period . Tho average price is accounted Is . 6 d . per bushel . I will , however , take the present market price , If one bushel of Potatoes sells for Is . Id ., the preduce of four acres , 5 , 160 bushels , will sell for £ 290 2 s . 4 d >! !
Braro " PROFUNniTf" ! I estimated the yearly amount of produce of four acres , when cultivated bo as to give FIVE CROPS in three years , at £ 300 ; and : THE " Political Economist" of the " -Mercury exclaims " is it possible that any man in Europe can be so ignorant as to be imposed'upon by this monstrous mass of absurdities . " The Mercury him-Re If ? shows from actual fact , from stern stubborn " experiment , " that four acres , with only ONE CROP per year , will produce £ 290 2 i . 4 i . I II Where now is the sneer !
The Mercury ' s man has beaten Mr . Linton hollow His < " monstrous mass of absurdities" are sober statements , compared with the " monster montrosit ies' * of th © Mercury , Let us examine each of them . Mr . Linton ' s statement is , that upon 1 , 748 yards he produces 140 bushels of potato ? p . Tho Mercury ' s Man produces upon 1 , 748 yards 466 bu > he . U 1 ! ! or MORE THAN THREE TIMES THE ^ OANTITY I Mr . Linton , with his mode of cultivation , keeps upon the produce of his little more than three roods , two cows and ! eight pigs . For tho eake of simplicity , iu that letter from which the Mercury made his extract , I supposed the eight pies to consume as much aa two
cows ; and assumed that the produce would maintain four cows . The Afercurt /' s Man , if he could produce five crops in three years * with as great an increase upon Mr . Linton's produce as in the case of the potatoes , would be able to keep three times the quantity pf cattle ! Should we say that Mr . Linton could keep four cows , the Mercury ' s Man could keep twelve ! Should we say , what is the actual fact , that Mr . Linton keeps two cows and eigbit pigs , the Mercury ' s Man could keep six cows and twenty-four pigs ! But should we sink the p ' ifts altogether , as the Mercury seems to doubt
the pig-keeping capability of three roods of land , and say that Mr . Linton only produces food for two eows , the Mercury ' s man would find food for nix !! Mr . Linton , with his two cows , and his 140 bushels of potatoes , calculated at Is . the bushel , shews a return for labour of £ 57 3 * .- 4 d ., after rent , taxes , seed , and wear and tear of implements has been paid . The Mtrcnry ' s man would have a return for labour of £ 171 10 s . for the little more than three roods !! If he could do this with the amount of land Mr . Linton farms , he could produce from four acres the sum of £ 844 6 a . 2 d . ! 1 !
And "THE Political Eoonomist" of the Mercury , , ** profoundly" sneers at me for saying that the produoe of four acres might be made to amount to £ 300 . Let his ' Profoundship' try again . " Now then we have had the feed '; and a precioas one it is , to say that it is provided at the expense of a " profound political economist . " We will now serve up the dessert , provided by a plain " ignorant ' grower of masses of absurdities . " Here it is : — " Selby , Aug . 17 th , 1843 . " Dear Sir , —I have now reaped the whole of my first crop of cabbages and potatoes for this year . The following is the result . I bave bad 7400 early York cabbages from the plots ei lands Nos . 2 and 3 . On the 2 nd 6 f June some of them weighed fibs . each . I sold them to persons to retail at tbirty-two for a shilling . What J sold was tjie heart of the cabbage cut out ; the remainder
I gave to the cattle ; Some weighing AS MUCH AS FOUR POUNDS AFTER THE 11 EAUT WAS SOLD . I bad a great number of people to see them ; and all declared they were the finest crop they bad ever seen . No . 1 was planted witb potatoes , called Esrly Maiza . I have had this cvop measured ; the produce was at the rate of 568 bushels per acre . I sold them at 2 s . per bushel . I bave now an excellent crop ef Swedish turorps on tha same ground , plot No . 1 . On the 13 lfc of June No . 2 was planted with Prince Rkgent potatoes . To aU appearance , at present , this will be a most extraordinary crop . I never , in all my life , saw anythiDg to f qual it . No . 3 is planted with Swedish turnips . They are the finest I bave seen anywhere this season . Many of tUem are now aa large as a cricket ball . I cannot even imagine to wbat an < xtent the land may be made to produce . The improvement in my crops every year is so great as to perfectly astonish me . " I am , deal Sir , yours , moat respectfully , " John Linton . " Quantity of land , No . 1 ... 825 square yards . No , 2 ... 823 ditto . No . 3 ... 923 ditto . No . 4 ... 1360 ditto in grass . Total , ... 4021 Ah I Mr . Linton is not a " profound political economist "; or he would have known that "improvement" in crops is " impossible . " " It is impossible for us to grow food enough in England ;* ' " we don'ti ; therefore we can't . ' buch are the AXIOMS of " profound political economy" : had Mr . Linton learned them rightly ; i . e . to the exclusion of all sensei common and uncommon , he would have had no doubt respecting the capabilities of tho soil . His " imaginings" as to "what amount the Land might bo made to produce" would have been very Email !
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Seven thousand four hundred cabbages from one thousand eight hundred and forty-six square yards of land ! and some of them weighing seven pounds each by the 2 nd of June !! and at Selby too I so near Leeds as Selby ! Really if this be true , and dope so near home ; our home , and tho home , too , of the man of % \ profundily ' \ if , this be even so , we shall begin to doubt some of the axioms of " political economy , " and | entertain a faint idea that good Old England may yet be made to produce enough of food for us , without our having to set the Americans to work to keep- our jaws going !
It was only the hearts of his cabbage 3 that Mr . Linton sold ; he kept the rest for " fodder ; " some ot the " learings'j weighing no less than 41 ba . each . Say that he had 2 lbs . each , from the whole 7 , 400 cabbages sold : ] here would be food for a cow , for ninety-three day ? , at 160 lbs . a-day ; and this too , after selling £ 12 worth of hearts : and all from a piece of Land only containing 1846 square yards . Verily Mr . Linton has cause to say , "it is almost impossible to imagine what The Land can be made to produce . "
We had heard of these cabbages , before Mr . Linton sent the account inserted above . It happens , as we have before stated several times over , that Selby is only distant from Leeds some nineteen miles . It so happened too , that themain , or at least a large portion , of Mr . Linton ' s cabbages have found their way into Leeds market ! Loads of them have been fetched from Selby to LeedsJby Leeds green grocers , and sold to the Leeds Lieges in the Vicar's Croft market .. Many of the teeth of the "Leeds Loiners" have come in contact with Mr Linton ' s " monstrous mass of absurdities " : bat they have gotten through them , and they have digested better , and done more good , than any the " profound" man of the Mercury ever served up , always saving and excepting his " dish" of " prime potatoes" !
But the cabbages are not all . There , bas been a crop of potatoes ; and again there are crops of Swedish turnips and potatoes now on the ground . The potatoes are of the Mercury ' s own sort—Prinoe Regents . Mr . Linton says that " the crop promises to be a most extraordinary one ; " he never , " in all his life , saw anything like it . " Ah he never saw the crop the " profound" man grew ! He never taw the 'crop at the rate of 92 , 9261 be . per acre ! He has yet to hide hia " diminished head . " His " Early Map crop , " though most extraordinary for early potatoes , was only at the rate of 40 8961 bs . per acre . " Profundity" belt that ! How matters will stand , when Mr . Linton reaps his Prince Regents , remains to be seen . But we would
seriously recommend the " Profound Political Economist" of the Mercury to run down to Selby to see them growing , if he can spare so much time from his " profound" studies . He can then judge whether ha is likely to bd "done , " or not , in the matter of " tater growing ; " and , if necessary , hatch a " thumper "' or two to get himself out of the mess . It ought to bo mentioned that the Prince Regent potatoes now growing in Mr . Linton's small plot of Land , were planted according to the directions given in Mr . O'Connor's work on the management of Small Farms . The number of that work containing the general instructions relative to potato-planting , reached Selby just about when Mr . Linton was
ready for planting his Plot No . 2 with potatoes for a second crop . He was much struck with the reasoning of Mr . O'Connor on the subject ; particularly with that portion of it contending for the' great advantage of planting sets whole , and uncut ; and these , too , the largest of the sort of potato you plant . He therefore wisely determined to try it . He planted the largest Prince Regents he could procure ; planted them whole ; and his letter says that " he never , in all his life , saw anything equal to the promised crop . " I . And now then working-men , a word with you Do you think that the land would not do as well for you , individually , had you but your share of it , as it does either jfor Mr . Linton or the " profound " Mercury ? Could not you manage to dig it with a spade ; to rake it with a rake ; to hoe it with a hoe ; to put " muck" on it , and spread it , and dig it in ;
to plant cabbage-plants , or " set" potatoes \ Could you not manage to " cut" ycur cabbages when ' they were grown ; a id " get" your potatoes when they were ready t Could you not manage to do these things ! For it is only these things that Mr . Linton does , to get the " extraordinary" crops , that be is every now jand then telling us of . Labour applied to the land is the secret of Mr . Linton ' s successsJ There is no other secret about it .
He has not sun , day and night , as some of you might suppose . He has no means of causing tho shower to come , only when God pleases to send it . He cannot keep off frosts , or cause dry weather , when it is " titeeping wet . " He can do none of these things . He can only watch the seasons as they come , applying labour so aa to take the greatest advantage of them . You have the labour . You only want The Lanb whereon to employ it ; and then you could live well , if you could manage to eat what you grew . To get that Land Bhould be your main , your first object ! In another part of this sheet is detailed A PLAN by which this LA'ND may be got ; and the means of
protection when you have it;—political power . Look that Plan over . Study it well . And if it seems to you , on examination , to be calculated to get you The Land , set to work under it , to carry both objects . Organjzs under it- Apply the means you have at your ] command ; and rov will very SOON BS ABLE TO GROW CABBAGES AND POTATOES FOR YOURSELVES J ! You will then not care muoh about " Baines's History of the Cotton Trade . " The Rotten Cottons and the " author" of their "
History" and your ( now ) misery , may then go and lament together for "the days of auld lang-syne , '' when Cotton-lords , with their hnndredsof thousands , engrossed in a few years , pleaded kcin as a reason why they Bhould drain the . ' ast drop of blood from oat of the shrivelled aad almost dried-up carcases of
their workmen . For the present we leave this question . We shall , however , return to it next week . We have not done with the " Profound Political Eoonomist" of the Mercury . We have some more " pie" for him ; not printers' " , " nor potatoe " pie" ; but " political economical" " pie ! " We shall shew that The Land has been prescribed by Mr . Baines himself , as " oar last , our only regourae" I We shall prove , from him , and by him , that " one of the natural consequences of machinery must be the decrease of labour" ! We shall shew that he has declared , under his own
hand , that " in manufactures , be cannot get a glimpse of hope respeotingjthem "; " that the common subject of complaint is , the want of employment for both males and females ; for both young , middle-aged , and old persons "!; that "the introduction of auy oihcr manufacture might &h > ft the evil , but would not remove it" ; and th&t " ho can see [ with us ] no help , no employ , BU ? IN THE SOIL" ! !! All this we will prove from Mr . Baines ' s own mouth ; and then we sha . ll ileavo him to settle the question of his " profundity" with tho publio as he likes . A fine " pie" for you , readers , next week !
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fate of those countries whose destinies are com * mitted to such misrule . But , in our grief , we CANNOT FOBGET THB- MOST QOItTT PAETX 1 thOSO , who by directing the Reform Bill from its promised purpose , prepared the public mind , by progressive acts of tyranny , for that state of things which they have been mainly instrumental in producing . We can see the injustice of an " Irish Arms' Bill , " as keenly as others ( We can look with horror npon the first step towards the attainment of an " Irresponsible Standing Army , " and can imagine the uses which may be
made of this assumption of power by the minister In this move , we see the military force of Britain divided into two distinct armies , having two distinct and separate interests : the Parliamentary army , subject to the annual'vote of Parliament for its subsistence ; and the Royal army , irresponsible to Parliament , and under the command of the Minister . It is folly to talk of Parliament having controul over the " Invalid National Guards ! '' They have been enlisted for the remainder of life ; and 60 well matured were the plans of our " physical force " government under their general , that Ministers rejected the limitation of enlistment to five years . We can regret the proposed means for redressing Welsh
grievances , by adding new burdens to their already overload of suffering , in the shape of a county police , paidforby the sufferers as the penalty of their rashness for complaining . We can cast a backward glance at the ' bill of fare , " which , at the opening of Parliament , was laid upon the table , as compensation for the " supplies" to cook it . We can admit tho " something promised , " and the " worse than nothing performed . " We can pity Ministerial profligacy in the midst of National distress . But , for the life of us , we cannot see any great distinction between the foul deeds of the past and the foul deeds of all former Sessions , The only difference is that IT WAS NOT THE WHIGS , BUT TUB TORIES WHODID IT 1
Had the Whigs perpetrated the Sessional atro « cities , the Tories would have backed them in the good work ; and authority would hare gained much that it has lost by the faint opposition of the Whigs . To ramble over the sayings and doings of the two Houses , would be an insult to our readers . We have long laboured to bring corruption into disgrace ; and we have at length 6 U cceeded in directing the public mind from the "little minds within" to the " great minds without . " The centralization of the few has triumphed over the disorganized many ; but the roused many have at length seen the weakness of their opponents .
Did the supporters of the Whigs from 1833 to 1841 , attempt to hamper our tyrant masters , who reigned during that long season of rank oppression f No ! no ! Every act of tyranny was palliated by the cry : " the Tories would do worse . " Tne Tories hare given a standing army to England ; bat did not the Whigs give a standing army to Ireland I Yea , did they not garrison the very capital with the most odious of all military "forces , "a police " fobce , " under the direction and command of rampant city authority !—a " force" irresponsible save to the passions of their com wanders i Have they not filled
our peaceful rural districts witb a similar spy "force , " to be paid for by the broken shop-keepers ! Did they not commence the foreign crusades , and civil commotions , which are now ripping open the very bowels of society ! Did they not add insult to injury , by furnishing fat Poor Law officials as a galling contrast with gaunt poverty , which the officials were hired to keep in subjection 1 Did they not make extensive promises at the commencement of each session , with full reliance that those promises wonld be frustrated in the Lords 1 Did they not rejeot Sit Hesketh
Fleetwood's proposal for an extension of enfranchisement , the effect of which would have been to curtail the evil of which they now so loudly complain—the £ 50 tenants-at-will clause ? Did they not " basely compromise" Mr . Ward ' s appropriation clause 1 and denounce all further interference with the Irish Church revenues I Did they not pledge themselves to " RESIST a repfal of thr union to thb death ! " Did they not propose and enact the Irish Poor Law Bill , bo hostile to Irish feelings J Did they not fill the gaols with political offenders , and mock their appeals even for mercy ? Did they not laugh at our petitions : and deny the
existence of distress , until the moment of their dismissal , when their hearts became soft ? Did they not even reject , by larger majorities than the Tories had , a Repeal of the Corn Laws ? Did not their leader recommend tho magistrates of Staffordshire to call magisterial tyranny to the aid of the law , and to " ruin with expenses" ( Melbourne ) all those who sought protection under the law ! Did not their leader , in the Commons , conspire against the life of Frost , lest he should oust him from Stroud ! And at the present moment does not their stock of Irish sympathy consist in denouncing tho ? e very grievances which they demanded coercion tostifle ? " Out upon such rascals" !
A new feature in the English character has now been developed ; and to meet it a new system of sectional agitation is being concocted . The high and mighty are tired of repose , and look once more for the fatigues of effice ; while the subordinates of their party look for patronage under them . To meet the improved condition of English mind , new political devices must be had recourse to . But however varied the system of warfare may be , the people may
rely upon it , that one and all of the discontented sections are pulled by " head men , " who , while they profess identity of social feeliog with those whose champions they would fain be constituted , are themselves actuated solely by political motives . These sectional streams , though flowing in different channels , yea , though moving in apparently different directions , all converge to the oKe poikt ; AND THAT POINT IS POLITICAL POWER ! ! 1
To meet this sectional warfare , the working classes , who hare been sufferers from Whig duplicity and Tory tyranny , must look to themselves , and to their own power ; and to that alone ! Of aU things they must bear in miud that the restoration of the Whigs to office would be followed by a temporary repose , to give the newly installed Ministers " another trial ; " and that the more Accursed their acts , THB MORE LIKELT WOULD THET BE TO ENSURE TORY SUPPORT .
For ten years England was destitute of an " opposition ; " and her voice of complaint was never heard . Since the restoration of the Tories , however , she has had an opposition ; and her ¦ WRONGS HAVE BEEN BELLOWED IN PARLIAMENT , AND HAVE RUNG THROUGH THE WIDE WORLD ! We long louged for what we bave got : an organ through which the doings of oppression might be published to all tho nations of the earth : and it is oar duty to hold the trumpeters to their post , until echo answers " stay where you are , unless you are prepared to allow those capable of redressing the grievances of which you complain to take part in making the hws under which those grisr&nces can no lonter exist !"
We make no distinction between political sects * We fearlessly give it as our opinion , that every agitation wbitb does not embrace every principle , and the sacred name , of the Charter , in which the soul of political life breathes , is based upon a desire to restore the Whigs to office , that the Generals of Brigades inay be rewarded for their services ! The men who would withhold the right of self representation , cannot be safely trusted with the guardianship of other men ' s rights I as it i 3 evident that in popular weakness he recognizes his own and his party ' s strength .
We conclude this general review of factions with A WARNING NoTfi . The time is f&st approaching when the Leaders of n moral force " Whiggery "will belt vpon a Popular outbreak FOR THE RESTORATION OF THEIR PARTY ! And the English oabinet would gladly change tho scene of " physical" action from United Ireland to disorganized England , in the hope of reading a wholesome lesson to the Imh people ! Let all of them , however , bewabb how they koosb the British Lio . v 1
The Northern Star, Saturday, August 26, 1843.
THE NORTHERN STAR , SATURDAY , AUGUST 26 , 1843 .
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^ ^ ™^ ^ ^ r - ^ ^ r - ^ ^^ v ^^^ B ^^^ P ^^ V ^ ^ ^ ^ r ^ r ^ T ^^ V ^ r WHIG AND TORY WEIGHED . ft TANTARARA—iROGUES ALL ! ROGUES ALL * ' I ! The desponding manner in which the Whig scouts in both Houses baye reviewed the acts of tho past Se 83 ion , would lead those ignorant of the treachery the imbecility , and cowardice of that defunct faction to a belief that their own Sessional Settlements would stand honourable contrast with that of their Tory opponents . The time was—but has passed away—when present insult operated as a
corrective ; when the crimes of thoso out of office , though deep as scarlet , became white as snow by comparison with the reigning oppressors' sins . Those were times , however , when the people were in thehabit of allowing j others to think for them : and the change is the result of the people ' s resolve henceforth to think for themselves . Wo cin l-.-ok with sorrowful reflection tipon the acts of the passed SiBsior , and mourn over . the
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4 . THE NORTHERN STA ^ F ^ ^ [ ^^
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 26, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct496/page/4/
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