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JBLwai attir General $nteUizente.
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WHIGGERY AND M MORAL FORCE" AGAIN '
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SECOKD JEPIT1QM,
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3LBIDS:— Printed for th* Proprietor, * SA*"**2
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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THE CONVENTION COMMITTEE . TUESDAY , Mat 25 th , 1841 . On account of the members being engaged in prepar-. the petition for presentati on , there was no business "temsacted .
WEDNESDAY , Mat 26 . ; Mi . Smut iraB « aUed to the Chair-Mr . Wilson , one of the WwtmiMter deputation , wai then heard relative to an interview with Colonel Brans ¦ who -wished to see a depciatwnxrf the leading Chartiats seet the liberal Members of Parliament . —Mr . W . was xefened to the County ConndL Mi . Banaby moved , " That as the presentation of the Rational Petition is now accomplished , it therefor * becomes the doty at the delegates to dissolve this 26 th
day current , the General Petition Committee , and return to their constituents , for the purpose of reporting the success of their mission , and summoning the provinces to the electoral battle . " In support of his motion be pegged to read an extract of a letter from Mr . Cullen , -who had left London ; and for himself he would con--tend , that , first , it would be a loss of money to the country , and , secondly , that they had no power to sit -any longer . Mr . Ridley seconded the motion .
Mr . Martin said Mr . Barmby had referred to the eonatitotaoB of the Committee . What next had to do with tfceir dissolution he was at a loss to know . He knew that the business was not yet perfected . . They , he hoped , before separating , would send forth an address to the country . He considered that their meeting to petition was but a shield to protect them -whilst creating a feeling throughout the country . He believed little more was gained from petitioning than this , that it gained publicity for them , and the opinien of the country was thereby strengthened . The opinions of the Ministers—of those fsToarable to the cause , proved that the Charter must be gained before Frost , Williams , sad Jones can be freed from the fangs of the tyrants of JT ew South Wales . Fox Mauls had stated that the
peaceable agitation was proceeding—that peaoeatee agitation would gain the Charter . The proceedings which had taken place at the Crown and Anchor had taught them a lesson ; a second or third lesson must j * t be given them . We must firs an address before we part ; we must look to all the plans of assBtdatlon ; we must get all the trades to act together . He believed Mr . B&rmhy had not thought enough of the afiuir , and be should therefore more , " That it is the opinion of this General Committee that their correspondence and finance business being unfinished , and an address to the country haying to be prepared , it is necessary to prolong the period for the final dissolution of the General Committee until four o'clock on Saturday , the 29 th of iUy . » Mr . Morgan seconded the amendment
Dr . M'Douall was in favour of sitting two or three < isv 4 , so as to bring up the accounts , and the address , especially an . address to the country and the trades , after the victory gained the night before ; besides , it would be ridiculous to leave the unfinished accounts ; if -they dissolved at once , they would do so without having , or beiiig enabled to produce any of their affairs , in a proper -view . ( Hear , bear . ) Mr . Skevington supported the amendment Mr . Ridley spoke in favour of the original resolution . Mr . Wall supported the amendment , as did Mr . Bese . Mr . Barmby having replied , The Committee divided , when there appeared , For the amendment 7 Against it 2 Majority 5
A vote of thanks was then unanimously given to Mr Hogg for his exertions in getting up the Crown and Anchor meeting . ~ Mr . Hogg said he did not deserve thanks , for he had flatly done his duty , which he was alwayB willing to perform . Thanks were voted to Mr . Wilson of Westminster . Messrs . Smart , M'Douall , and Wall were then severally proposed , seconded , and elected a Committee to draw up an address to the country . Adjourned .
THURSDAY , Mat 27 th . iLr . Rose was called to the chair . Mr . Skevington moved and Mr . Ridley seconded , «* Thata » ete of thanks be given to T . S . Duncombe , Esq ., and others who supported his motion . " Carried wati- con . Dr . M'Douall was requested to draw up such * ddres 3-Mr . Skevington moved , " That a letter be sent to P . O'Connor , Esq ., on the subject of the balance belonging to the Convention in Mr . Pitiethly's hands . '
Mr . Ridley seconded the motion , which was carried ¦ Without a dissentient Toice . Adjourned till five o ' clock . Thursday Evening . The Committee resumed . Mr . Smart brought up the letter of thanks to Mr . Ducconibe . Mr . Martin moved the adoption of the Eame . Mr . Morgan seconded the motion . Put and carried unanimously . Thanks were voted to Mr . Smart for the said letter . Adjourned .
FRIDAY , Mat 28 th . Mr . Martin in the chair . A letter was read from Bath . Mr . Smart was appointed one of the Finance Com-Kiittee , in the room of Mr . Barmby resigned . Messrs . Smart and Skevington were appointed a deputation to wait on T . S . Duncombe , Esq ., wilh the -fote of thanks . Dr . M-DouaH moved "That the minute book , correspondence , and papers of this Convention , be placed in the hands of Mr . Cleave , until a majority of the ¦ vembers composing thin body shall demand the same to be restored to them , or any other person op persons ' whom they may authorise to receive the said papers , * & » Mi . Ricley seconded the moton—pat and carried .
Mi . Skevington , moved "That Messrs . M'Douall , ¦ Ros-2 , and Ridley be a committee of finance to superintend That moneys may arrive after to-morrow , and that liter the delegates and all expences are paid , hand over the same to the Executive . " Mr . . Smart seconded the motion—carried -unani-SLOusly . Mr . Sfcevmgton moved " That all petitions that may orive after to-morrow be referred to the London Petition Committee , and that they be requested to the ssroe . " Mr . Rose seconded the resolution , which was agreed to . Messrs . M'DauaD and Morgan were appointed a deputation to wait on two of her Majesty ' s ministers , to now their intention in reference to the prisoners . AoJDurned . SATURDAY . Mat 29 .
Mr . Rose in the chair . Dr . M'Douall moved" That Messrs . Smart and M'Douall be authorised fco borrow from Mr . Cleave the sum of sixteen pounds ¦ even shillings and five-pence , and to convey to him tits claim the Convention has to £ 3 5 s . now lying in bia hands-, also the estimated balance of £ 6 in lAurence Pitkethly's hands ; likewise the subscriptions sectioned in the Star , estimated at £ 8 12 s ., as well aa the future subscriptions which may be forwarded for the use of the Convention ., to the amount of £ 1 15 a . bd ., these items making in all £ 16 7 s . 5 s . " Mr . Morgan seconded the motion , which was carried unanimously . Mr . Wall
moved" That in consequence of the negative answer given by Mr . Cleave to Messrs . Smart and M'Douall , a letter be written to F . O'Connor , Esq ., relative to the fends . " Dr . M-DouaQ seconded the motion which wai ooiel The letter was then agreed to . Mr . Martin moved" That if there be a surplus arising from the fends of the Convention , the sum of thirty shillings be distributed among , and te , each of the three Iondon delegates , so as to make up -their weekly salaries . "
Seconded by Mr . Smart and carried unanimously . The Address Committee brought up theii report , which was ordered to be received . Mr . Martin moved—« That the Address to the Country be adopted . " Dr . M'Douall seconded the resolution , which was carried unanimously . Mr . Skevington moved—« That having completed our business so far as we ma , under present circumstances , we do now dissolve , and trust the country will follow np _ our exertions . " Hz- Smart seconded the motion , which was put and tarried * em . am . Delegates present at diwlution- ^ Mesara . Ridley , V yrttr ^ Morgan , M'Douall , Smart , Wall , and Ske-TBgtoU .
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CARPENTERS' DINNER IN LONDON . ( From our London Correspondent . ^ The annual dinner of the associated bodies of carpenters and joiners was held at the Highbury Barn Tavern , on Monday last . About 460 sat down , Mr . Chatfield in the chair . . After the removal of the doth , the Chaihxan , after some prefatory remarks upon the righto of industry , gave "The people ; may the time speedily arrive when the rights of industry will be supported by the united energies of the working classes . " Drank with three times three , and one cheer more . ¦ /
Mr . Simpson , in responding to the toast , called upon his fellow-workmen to unite for the porpoBe of preventing their masters from riding rongh-ahod over them . The masters said there was a diminution of trade . This he believed to be untrue ; bat if trne , he eoold not Bee how that diminution of trade could sanction the decline of remunerating labour . If there was that diminution of trade , why not lower the hoars of labour ! ( Cheers . ) It was , however , nothing less titan an attempt to deceive working men , so as to reduce wages , and to increase the hoars of employment . He would ask whether the interests of 150 , 000 or more of men . belonging to the body of carpenters deserved to be protected t Should the comforts of these men , their wives , and
families , exist merely on the favour of men who had by chance obtained a station in life which enabled . them to be employers and not employed ! The body of the carpenters included in number as many souls as did the City of London 150 years ago when she gave laws to kiaga and swayed the monarchy . The carpenters contributed more than any other class of men to the comfort and enjoyment of the people at large , and to the elegan-. eies of the higher classes and were they to remain in the Bame station in the nineteenth century whioh they occupied in the 16 th century \ The society before which he had then the honour of appearing had been formed for the purpose of protecting the
interests of the trade , to destroy the antipathy which existed of the workman to unite with the mas er and that of the master to unite with the workman ( Hear . ) The workmen were disposed to unite with the masters in one grand object , that of obtaining from those who have made a fortune , & something to support the old and those past labour , for those who bad not had the opportunity of preparing for the evil day . In conclusion , he would say , they ( the working men ) had no desire to oppose the masters , but they called on all to unite for the purpose of , as the toast he had the honour of speaking to said , supporting tho rights of industry . ( Cheers . ) Song—44 Tne four leafed shamrock . "
Air . Rowb , in proposing the next toast— " May the united energies of the Carpenters of London prove successful in supporting the rights and privileges of the operative , " stated that the utmost unanimity prevailed in the body of Carpenters , and that , instead of being divided into sections , they were about forming one common centre , so as to protect themselves against the tyranny of their competitive masters . ( Cheers . ) As an instanoe of their union , he had only to state , that a motion made at one of their last meetings , for erecting an asylum for the aged and infirm of their body , was carried unanimously . ( Loud Cheers . ) Drank with the usual honours . Song— "The Mountain Horn . "
Air . Clayton , in a neat speech , proposed— " The l adies , and may they always contribute to the social enjoyment of Bociety . ( Cheers . ) Drank with three times three . Song— " My native hills . " Mr . Taphell proposed "The press ; and soon may it become the advocate of the working classes , and not the tool of tyranny . " He knew that the working millions had not the support of the press , which has left the working classes unnoticed . He looked to the press to be yet the pioneer in human improvement ; for , though unnoticed by the press , he believed the fault to be this—the working classes have not as yet raised their voices so as to be heard-Hhear , hear)—but they lived in a new era , the working classes had become an intelligent people , and their claims could not long remain unrecognised . They had the importance
of right on their side ; and be felt assured that yet must the Government be obligtd to come to their assistance . He felt strongly that the press , the press alone , could accomplish their redemption ; and proud was he to say that tie working classes had now & paper which , week after week , advocated their rights . The Northern Star deserved the support of every working man . ( Cheers . ) Yes ^ that paper and tho little publications had done them , the working classes , " right good service . " There was another paper which had at times advocated their interests , and which had not opposed them , ho alluded to the Weekly Dispatch . ( Hear , hear . ) The voice of the people had gone forth through the medium of the Northern Star— ( cheers )— and he hoped to see that paper 6 till more read . ( Hear , hear . ) The toast was then drank amid much applause .
Mr . W ^ ll returned thanks on behalf of the Northern Star , and Mr . Demfsey for the Weekly Dispatch , The Committee of the Glasgow Cotton Spinners here entered theroom , amidst enthusiastic cheering , one of their body bearing a richly chased teapot and snuff box , for presentation to Mr . John Newton , Secretary to that Committee . The following is the inscription on the teapot : — " Presented to Mr . John Newton , by the London Trades , for his untiring zeal as Secretary to the Glasgow Cottoa Spinners' Committee , A . D ., 1841 . " The plat * having been deposited on the table before the Chairman ,
Mr . Lovstt rose amid much and long-continued cheering , aad said it gave him great pleasure to see , noi only so numerous an assembly , but the cordiality which prevailed . In communing with his own thoughts , he had often asked why meetings of this description were sot more frequent . ( Hear , hear . ) He believed it arose from the want of means on the part of the people , through an unequal distribution of wealth . Let them for a moment imagine our royal mistress with her £ 300 a day , and her husband to play with his £ 100 a day—( hear , hear)—and then they would discover how it was that the working classes had net more time and means for rational enjoyment aad information . To-day they had met to do honour to one of their own order , and to prove
they were not unmindful of the cause of justice and humanity . The trades in general , with their friend Mr . Newton , banded themselves in the bond of humanity , and in the cause of justice . Their labours were successful , being influenced by the purest motives , to receive those individuals whom injustice was about to sacrifice—( cheers)—to prove their innocence , and to render them back to their wives and homes . Their friend Newton and his colleagues did all they could to render imprisonment supportable , and to keep their families , thus making imprisonment lighter . Night after night were they engaged ; day after day , and year after year , did John Newton exert himself , and they had met that day to give a substantial proof of their respect for such exertions , and he ( Mr . Lovett ) had then to present him , in the name of those assembled , with that proof of the general esteem which he then held . It was not the artists ' s ingenuity they admired nor the engraver ' s work , but the generous exertions which had procured a testimonial of so high a nature as he had then the honour of presenting to Mr . John Newton , in the name of subscribers of the trades in general . ( Immense cheering . ) I Mr . Newtos , who was much , affected , returned I thanks , and mentioned that even in the obtainment I of the testimonial the poor Spitalfield ' s weaver had < contributed ; but he had to thank all . He bad | asked for a character from the trades , and he could I say that indeed they had that day given him a last-; in * one , which his children ' s children would honor . ( Cheers . ) Thinks having been voted to the Ch&irmaB , the company adjourned till eight o ' clock , when dancing commenced , which was proceeded with till bright morn made its appearance . The tin-plate workers held their annual dinner at the same house , and on the same day . ; The farriers likewise held their annual dinner at the same time and place .
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' * FREE DISCUSSION" IN MANCHESTER . SECOND PETERLOO . The Corn Law Repealers of this tewn last week announced thoir intention of holding a public meeting upon the subject of the Corn Laws , in Stephenson ' s square ; and at such meeting discussion was particularly invited . The Chartists felt pleased at this , and accordingly issued placards calling upon the people to attend , and demand free discussion . This caused great excitement in Manchester and all the surrounding villages . In the placards issued by the Chartists there was a strict inunction for their friends to keep the peace . The meeting was to have commenced at eleven o'clock in the forenoon . On Wednesday morning , about four o ' clock , the joiners began to erect hustings for the Whigs , and about five o ' clock , the Chartists began to erect their hustings , giving the Whigs their choice of the
ground . Abeut six o'clock , tne people oegan to assemble , and a body of police wore marched into the Square and took their stand around the hustings . They protected each alike until the Chartists' host ' ings were finished , when the police took possession of them , and would not let any one come upon them , and if any attempted , even if it were those who had had the management in their erection , they were ordered off . About half-past eight o ' clock a number of gentlemen entered the Whig hustings , The Chartists then though ; it time to make to their hustings . Our Reporter was requested to go and ask why the police had taken possession , but before he had ascended a couple of steps the policemen gave him to understand that if he did not quickly go down they would knock him down . He then inquired for the Superintendent , to know the reason why the Chartists were not to have their own stage . He was told that he had reoeivod bis orders from Sir
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Charles Shaw . He then demanded to be allowed to go upon the Whig hustings as a reporter . •* What St per do yon report for V ** The Northern Star . " e was then , told he oould not go . A number of working men who heard this cried out " Let him go . You have allowed the Guardian reporter , and why not him t" After some farther hesitation , he was permitted to ascend . — About this time ( nine o ' clock ) the bands began to eater , leading . processions from different parts of the town . A dense mass of people were assembled round each hustings . A large posse of Irishmen , headed-by one Kelly , secretary to the Repeal of the . Union Association , was reen advancing , bearing with them large sticks and similar weapons of offence . This party forced their way through the
assembled crowd to the place nearest the ; hustings ; this move was looked upon with the utmost coolness and indifference by the police . The greatest confusion and uproar prevailed , all through the meeting , but no blows were struck until Mr . Wat kin , a Corn Law repealer , came forward about ten o ' clock , and moved Mr . Cobden to the chair , which motion was greeted by the Irishmen by several rounds of cheers , and by terrific groans from the other portion of the meeting . Mr . R . J . Richardson mace his appearance at one of the windows of a large house in the Son are , and was received by sallies of groans , which continued till he went in again .
Mr . Watkin then put the motion to the meeting , when the body of repealers voted to a man , followed be loud cheers , waving of hats , &c . j from the repealers . He then called for the contrary , when there appeared a vast number of hands , accompanied by groans and crie 3 of " no factory lords , "' and " why don't you let the working men have their hustings ! " " Are you afraid of discussion ! " " Down with the cotton tyrants , " &c , &o . This was the signal for a brutal onslaught on the part of the " moral force" Corn Law repealing hired bludg « on-men . Staves , pokers , sticks , and bludgeons were instantaneously produced ,. and twirled in the air in different parts of the meeting , and the
possessors of them commenced to lay around them with most ungovernable fury , hitting friend or foe , just as it happened . A more indescribable scene was never witnessed ! Heads were laid open , and parties left on the ground , weltering in blood ! Several were so seriously injured , as to be obliged to be removed to the Infirmary . During all this affray Mr . Cobden , the chairman , Sir T . Potter , a magistrate , the whole Whig clique and the police foroeon thehustingslooked on wittuhegreatesundifference , taking no steps , not even appearing to discountenance the " brutal and bloody" work of their "bat . e'hirelings . When the promoters of the meeting , who had challenged and offered " free discussion , " had
Buffered this work to go on just long enough to give every one who might offer himself to dispute their dicta a foretaste of what he was to expect , the trumpet sounded for order , and tho bludgeon men ceased from their murderous work , as if obeying the call of their captain , and , after some little time spent in settling imo something like peace , an " operative'named Warbeh rose to move the first resolution preferred by the promoters of tho meeting . ' The confusion prevailing throughout the denae mass , prevented a word he said being heard more than two or three yards from the hustings . His resolution was seconded by Mr . DaJy , one of the Union Repealers .
Mr . Bairstow , vrho had been fortunate enough to procure a ticket of admission to the hustings , presented himself to "discuss the question , " as had been challenged . The "open" and "fair , " and " candid , " and straight-forward Mr . Cobden' refused to allow him to attempt to address the meeting on the ground that he was not an inhabitant of Manchester , until he had first put it to tho vote . Accordingly he essayed to do this ; and the decision of tho meeting in favour of Mr . Bairstow ' s being heard , was declared by more than a dozen Corn Law repealing Whigs around the Chairman .
Mr . Cobden , however , decided that he was not to be heard , and Mr . C . Connor , who had also obtained access to the hustings , presented himself , saying he was an inhabitant , and would move an amendment . This announcement served as another signal for the " brutal and bloodies . " The staves and pokers were again used in most " moral" murderous style , the Magistrates and other authorities present not offering to interfere , but actually took part in hustling Connor about on the hustings ! Sir T . Potter ' damning" and" by G-d"ingm a most outrageous manner . After sometime the trumpet again sounded , when Cobden introduced a gentleman named
Dr . Sleigh to the meeting , who said he appeared there , as " discussion" had been invited and offered , on behalf of the Agricultural Protection Society . No sooner , however , was it known that he was not a Corn Law repealer , than yells the most terrific were set up , and he was prevented from speaking . And thus to the end of the chapter , was tho " free discussion" meeting of the Whigs conducted ! This "brutal and bloodt" attack was pbemeditated and planned by the whigs . In proof of this we offer the following evidence
A requisition to the Mayor had been got up by the paid officials of the Anti-Corn Law League , and numerously signed . When presented to the Mayor , he refused to call the meeting , probably from knowing the tricks that were to be resorted to , and therefore he did not feel himself justified in taking upon him the responsibility of calling and presiding over a meeting at which brute force was te be used . The meeting was therefore called by ten of the requisitionists , amongst whom was their paid hired advocate Finxigan .
An old Chartist , and a good man , residing in Manchester , named James Wheeler , who is the owner of a Perambulating Advertiser , and who has , for some weeks , had posting bills from tho anti-Corn Law League upon his Advertiser , called at their rooms a day or two before the meeting for the settlement of his account . He there saw the man hired with the " Anti-bread Taxers '" gold , named Finnigan . Finnigan asked if he ( Wheeler ) and the Chartists intended to be present at the meeting on
Wednesday ? "Most certainly , " was the answer ; " Yon have invited discussion ; and we shall be there to discuss with you the question . " ** I would advisft you not to go" was the rejoinder ; " unless you are prepared to meet your God ! " " I am always prepared for that , " retorted Wheeler ; " but why do yon say bo 1 " " I can only say , " answered the hired tool , and the hirer of the bludgeon tools , "that if you and the Chartists are wise you will not go to that meeting , unless you are prepared to meet your God" / . ' . ' . ' >
This avowal , on the part of this paid manager of the anti-Corn Law League , and one of the getters * up of the meeting , that it was their intention to use brute force , and , if need be to murder their opponents , was communicated by Wheeler to Sir Chas . Shaw , the Manchester police commissioner ; and yet , no steps were taken by him , or the other authorities to prevent the meeting ; not a word of caution was issued , warning the bludgeon-bearers not to attend ; not a single step was taken to prevent them from entering the meeting , or even to restrain them when they were using their bludgeons in a most ferocious manner . Yet all
the police were in readiness , drawn up in places contiguous to the place of meeting ; hundreds of them were on the hustings , and immediately behind them ; the military were under arms , and in the neighbourhood , ready , if called upon , for active and immediate service . The fact is , all these preparations were deliberately made in the hope of having an opportunity of calling in the military and bloody police , to remove scores of the " surplus population" into eternity . The plan was this . By offering and inviting "diBoussion" they knew they would draw together a large number of the labouring people ; by sending amongst them a
large body of hired ruffians armed with weapons of offence , and with orders to use them when the signals were given , they hoped to have provoked retaliation ; and when a " riot , " as they would have termed it , amongst the people , had thus been produced , then would the police and the dogs of war have been let loose , and a-far-worse than Peterloo butchery perpetrated ! This was the intent 1 This was the plan ! Bat , thank God ! it was frustrated ! The people had been warned to keep the peace—and all the fiendish attempts to make thru •* riot" failed ! The bludgeon men
had this sort of work all to themselves , and were not interfered with . Neither police nor military were introduced to prevent or pat down their " rioting , " and the people , from this faot alone , saw through the whole scheme , and wisely frustrated the " bloody "design ! " Being smitten , they smote not again ; " but they pondered over the faot that those who are so anxious to thrust " large" loaves down their throat whether they will or no , should have hired bludgeon men , to beat them : and have also provided soldiers , police and yeomanry to mow them dowa should they resist ! This conduct on the
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part of their frfends ' they didnotseem to understand . The " love" thus evinced was beyond their comprehension ! . .,. . . . . .. ¦ ' .: _ ¦ ' : ¦ ¦; ¦¦ , ' -v ' . ¦ . ;; '¦ " :..- ¦ ¦) . ; ¦ . ' - ¦ - These statements are not without foundation . The police were there , ' and did not interfere so long as the "riot" was confined to the Awrd" bludgeon men ! The military were under arms , bnt were not called in , though life was in imminent danger . Magistrates were « n the platform , and did not even put up a finger to stojpi the effusion of human blood
When one of them , Sir T . Potter , was appealed to , and desired to take some immediate steps to repress the riot then raping , he coolly rejoined , "that it was merely a few Irishmen using their shUlelabs ! and that they liked such sport ! " Many of the Whig gentry oft the platform openly testified their joy at blood being thus shed ; and above all , and before all , their paid tool , Finnigan , hid openly declared , before the meeting * that they ip fended to put down any opposition , that might be offered , by SENDING THE PABTIES TO " HEBT THEIR GOD !"
Here for the present we leave the matter . But it must not , can not , shall not rest . We must have some other steps taken in the business . We must know whether such things aro to . be permitted : for if they are ; if bludgeoning is to be the order of the day ; if sending parties to "meet their God" is to be the way of * discussing" * the Corn Law question ; if murder and slaughter are to be openly connived at by < magistrates and police men , why then the people must prepare ! " What 5 s sauce for the goose ia sauce for the gander ! " Now » mind ! we do not advise that the people should retaliate this attempt . We have every cbnfidence in
their good seriBe and right feeling . Wednesday proved that that cbnfidence is not misplaced . But for tbeir good Bense and great forbearance , Manchester on that day would have been a scene of slaughter and bloodshed , such as England has seldom seen ; the provocations given , if retaliated , would have produced the state of things we have described . — Retaliation would have brought down the military and police . Murder and massacre would have followed their introduction . All the wild feelings of revenge for past and present injuries would have been called up ; and perhaps Manchester itself would have been laid in ashes ! Therefore , we again
thank God 1 that the people were able to restrain their indignation , and thus frustrate the " loving " designs of the" bloodies" ! But while we thank the people for their circumspection and good senae , and while we again say that we do not advise retaliation , we must bid the " bloodies" to mind what they are about ! They may play ) that sort of game once too often ! The people may not always be able to restrain their indignation ; and then woe be to them ! We , therefore , warn the Whigs against hired bludgeon-men ! We tell them that the use of them , aa on Wednesday , will not do ! It is not to be expected . They do not expect it . Let them therefore refrain ! Let
them not again venture on so dangerous an experiment ! Edged tools are dangerous things to play with . If bludgeon law is . right , dagger law is right also ! If " meeting your God" law is right torch-law is right also ! If all law is to be set aside ; if magistrates openly countenance its violation ; if they refuse to protect peaceably disposed subjeots from the attacks of a hired band of ruthless miscreants ;—why then anarohy has commenced 1 and a factory may be as soon burned down as a Bkull be cracked ! Let the Whigs then beware 1 We warn them in time ! and we call upon the Government to interfere and prevent their partisans from producing such a state of things as above indicated .
In conclusion , we again call upon the people to still continue to manifest the eame good sense and discrimination which characterised them on Wednesday . Let nothing provoke you to break the peace . Put up with every insult , every indignity , rather than furnish to your enemies the slightest pretext for charging their disturbances on you I Give them no opportunity for " mowing you down" with their sabres , or of shooting you like moor-game ! Endure , till you can endure no more , and then , ———God help the right !
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Sir Charles , lie would depute them to his masters . The Whigs had violated every , principle of justice —( hear , near)— -and had gone the full length of tyranny and despotism . Mr .-Pitkethly recommended the people , at the coming election , if they could hot find men of their own principles , to turn out the Whigs at all hazards , ( Hear , near . ) ,. Mr . Bctterworth said aa a proof of the consis tency of the Chartists and the inconsistency of Mr . Cobden , he , with two others , were deputed by a Chartist election committee to wait apon Mr . Cobden to ask him if he intended to offer himself as a candidate for the representation of Manchester . Mr . Cobden peremptorily refused , by Btating that the present House of Commons was so corrupt ¦ that ' he would not disgrace himself by sitting in that House . That he would not allow himself to be put in
nomination for any town ; and . said he , the members of that House talked about tnings which his old grandmother did , and snob , like nonsense . But while Mr . Cobden was telling them that , he knew that the Whigs were bringing him forward for Stookport . So much then for the consistency of Mr . Cobden ! ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . Butterworth said that he had been accused of receiving £ 3 per week from the Tories , for which he felt greatly obliged .: ( Laughter , and" Je wish you had jit . ') Mr . Butterworth said , that instead of his . having any connection with the Tories , the fact Was , that he did not know three Tories in Manchester . Mr . Butterworth concluded by denouncing the conduct of the Corn Law Eepealera that afternoon . , / ; Mr . Bairstow next rose , and observed that , before that day , he Had thought that England was a free country . ( Hear , hear . )
At this time a person , rose in the body of the meeting and interrupted the speaker , by announcing thai ; there were four men in the room who had ; kot only got their heads cut , but had lost their hats . ' A collection was then made to replace them . Mr . Baibstow—He had been called a Tory , and had . been taunted with receiving Tory gold ; but before he would assist a faction whioh had attempted his assassination and threatened the lives of many ef the Chartists—( hear , hear , )—and who had hired a band of ruffians te butcher the people , he would assist a : devil , or any thing , before a Whig . ( Hear , hear . ) Had that meeting been called by the Ciiartists , and had they come armed with pokers , bludgeons , and loaded sticks , &c , they would have
been denounced as physical-force men ; but because the , bludgeon-men were serving the Whigs , they were allowed t » break the people ' s heads who had come peaceably to the meeting ; and though the blood wad ' ¦ streaming , the Chairman never used his influence to prevent it . Had it been a Chartist meeting , the " b \ ue-boUles" would have beeu sent amongsc them to disperse them , and the Habeas Corpus Act would / have been suspended .. If that was to be the conduct of the Whigs , down , down , down with them . ( Cheers . ) He never before witnessed such unfair , such atrocious and bloody conduot in his life . ( Hear , hear . ) When he was robbed , he liked to be robbed by an honest thief—a man who came boldly forward land demanded his
money or his life . The Tory was like the rattlesnake , and came forward as an open and avowed enemy ; but the double-tongued sneaking Whigs came forward ,- and patted them upon their backs , and pretended to be tbeir most confidential frieuds , but afterwards betrayed them . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . Bairstow detailed the conduct of the Whigs , and denouncad thorn as the most despicable faction that ever disgraced a nation ; and afterwards gave an account of the treatment he had received at a meeting ia the Potteries , where the Whigs had instructed their men to overthrow the hustings he was speaking from , and to throw stones at him . One caught him upon his side and smashed his watch , and another was actually in the act of levelling a
pistol at him . Mr . Bairstow declared he never would attend a meeting where he was going to meet the opposite party Without being prepared . The speaker continued in one strain of well merited declamation of the bloody Whigs . Mr . Job Plant of Hey wood , next followed in very strong terms , entering his protest against the bloody massacre of that day . Mr . James Mitchell of Stockport , denounced the conduct of Mr . Cobden , Sir Charles Shaw and the Whigs , for allowing the infuriated Irishmen to break the people ' s heads , while they stood laughing at them and appeared to take pleasure in the sport . Mr . Thomas Clarke of Stockport , said he was sorry that the men of his own native soil had acted
ia the manner they had that afternoon . The Corn Law repealers had continually been denouncing the Chartists for physical force , but , however , they , the Chartists , had npw lost that title . He was astounded at the condaot of the chairman , a gentleman who had been proposed to be put in nomination for Stockport . It was uumanlj aud unfair fer Mr . Cobden to endeavour to got the Irishmen not to hear Mr . Bairstow , He ( Clarke ) would pledge himself that the resolution would be rescinded when he explained his conduct as chairman that day . ( Hear . ) He would move that it should be so , and his friend that had seconded it had agreed to withdraw his support . Mr . Clarke then ' said that his lite was in danger in Stockport , by his own countrymen . He had been threatened many times , and once run out of a room ,
by a man with a poker in his hand . ( Shame . ) Nothing but the Rathcormac butchery would teach Irishmen . Mr . Daly , of Manchester , had likewise been denouncing him aa a traitor to his religion and his country . He belonged to the Catholic religion , but he would be bound to no man ; he would think for himself . Mr . Daly , too , said that two Irishmen bad eaten peas soup on a Friday , therefore they could not be true Catholics . He ( Clarke ) meant two of those who signed the address . Mr . Clarke then said that he had heard the Irishmen say , that day that at the first opportunity they would assassinate Mr . John Campbell , the secretary of the Executive . He was sorry to see his countrymen so deluded . ( Hear , hear . ) He hoped that every man who wished well to the people of Ireland , would combine to send the Northern Star .
Mr . John Campbell next protested against the proceedings of the Whigs that afternoon . He had heard that the Irishmen had avowed their intention to assassinate him for his principles ; but that was but a poor way of putting down Chartism , because if he was to be taken away others were ready to fill his place . Mr . Mark Gradwell addressed the meeting in very strong terms , respecting the brutal manner in which the people , that day , had been used ; and he , like the foregoing speakers , advised the people , when they went to another meeting , to go well prepared . Mr . Mahon , an Irishman , said that every man must be prepared to sell his blood at the very best market , if he wished to enjoy freedom of speech and conscience .
The Rev . Mr . Jackson delivered a most soul-stirring and eloquent address , in which he gave the Whigs a severe castigation for their conduct that day . He advised them to go to the next meeting prepared . Time will not allow to do justice to the speeches on this occasion , which will , we trust , be a sufficient excuse . Mr . Crabtrer , of London , denounced the proceedings of that day as the most unjust , cruel , and savage he had ever witnessed during the whole course of his life . He came into the town a few days ago , and seeing a placard upon the walls which contained an address from Mr . Mark Philips , he stopped to read it , and while doing so , there came up two gentlemen , to whom he said that " the Whigs were a base and bloody sot . " The gentlemen then called a policeman , and told him he was insulting
them . The policeman then came and demanded his name . He ( Mr . Crabtree ) paused for awhile , to consider whether he was in England or not , and would not give his name . The policeman then took him to the lock-up ; and when he got there , ' the policeman was questioned as to the amQunt of his crime , when it turned out to be that he ( Mr . Crabtree ) would not give his name . Mr . Crabtree then went on to stateliow he had been served since , in applying for justice : and he afterwards made a powerful attack on the New Poor Law Bill . Mr . Josh . Linnet entered his protest against the conduct of the Whigs , in making tools of the Irishmen , to bludgeon the Chartists , because they were not prepared to meet them in fair disousdion . Several other speakers addressed the meeting , condemnatory of the cruel treatment of the people that
afternoon . A person in the room said , that all who had spoken had denounced the conduct of the Whigs individually ; and , as he believed every one present wished to enter his protest against it , he would submit the following resolution , which they would , by passing it , show that they did collectively : — " That the conduct of the Whig Corn Law Repealers has been most cruel , unfair , and atrocious towards the working people . Firstly , in depriving them of the hustings , which they had built at their own expence . Secondly , in not allowing the people ' s advocates to address the meeting . Thirdly , for people , by taking no steps to prevent it 11 **
Jblwai Attir General $Nteuizente.
JBLwai attir General $ nteUizente .
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TODMOBDBN . —Shocking Accident . —The greaser of Messrs . Fielden ' s weaving shed had his arm nearly severed from his body on Friday , May 28 th . His ant was fast in the gearing , until they got the wheel oft * , whieh oeoupied them nearly an hour . When they had effected this , they thought he would never nave any use in his arm again ; bat by the prompt attendance of Mr . Hardman , he is now doing pretty well , and there are hopes that bis arm ' will be saved . LONDON . —Cobii Laws . —A most noble meeting was holden in St . Pancras , of the ratepayers only , in the Vestry Rooms . After two hours ' anxiety , the Chairman , ( one of the churchwardens , ) declared the meeting adjourned , on account of the paucity of members , there being just thirty-eight persons present ! Heigho !
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SUNDEBLAHD —On Sunday evening i . ^ Mr . Williams delivered the first of a courwof tl ^ lectures upon morals , politics , and religion ilT long room of the GoW Lion ; TlffiSer ? Jfe upon the superiority of moral over all other seieJ-T shewing its pressing necessity at the present « S * its relation to tha ^ HcttquekdnftttffiJdw ^ th $ present condition of the people . He Travail interesting summary of the ; leading moral *« L-2 that have previkiled at various timea , and e » K th ? JKSPlM ? nature of Christianmorality , andnufe tameffits superiority over every other system ^ nL * audience was large , and most attentive . " ** CHOB 1 STT , — ^ polioeman was brouirat tof ™ . the magistrates here on Tuesday ^ ^ laBt , and \ ied *? assault
¦?¦!?¦ £ * : " •>* »?* .. h « . "t ««*»»* eu , wnUe he m > drank , upon a sober , inoffensive , working man ^ Ba&j Blackburn , by the Bitting magistrate , Mr . * wS £ whoBe deciBion has given universal satisfaction tS policeman also . assaulted a man named CMling *? who went to Blackburn ' s assistance . The inar ii ! trate ordered the fellow to be imprisoned foihra months , in case of nonpayment of the fine . AbUm money was not forthcoming , he was takeaawaVt ! prison , in custody of the police . 3 V > KXHGtBELXT ? . —Democratic School Feasts On Monday last , the anniversary of the ThwasC Domocia ^ p ^ Sun d ay School Bras celebrated ivT soholars , teachers , and mo 3 t of the mhabhaS . taking tea together In the soUool room . ^" place was beautifully decorated with festooiu
^ flowers , amongst which were arran ^ d the & » portraits of O'Connor and the other ^ elebraM patriots . Betwixt one and \ vro hundred , com » ri «! ing nearly all the jnhabitanfcs » .. with a few friendT psrtookofan excellent tea drinking , the exumS of which was defrayed by a voluntary subscrnS which leftlOi . towards the support of the fnstitnHfln This school presents the pleasing instance of a whob village united to instruct each other In the radiniBnta of Useful education , without regard to sect or n « + ?
and , although numerous attempts have been najJ to swallow it up , by a powerful and intelerant ^ t of opponents , it continues to flourish in spite of ill opposition . The anniversary of the Working MaaE Hall Sunday School , was held on the same day br 1 similar treat to the' children ; after Which the an was thrown open for the entertainment of thefri « 5 « and public , who enjoyed themselves with daaoito &c . till a late hour in the evening . ^^ Mr . G . J . Habnbt paid his first visit to Keiehler on Tuesday evening last , in the discharge of wi duty as Chartist missionary for" the West Riding
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FROM -OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT . Manchester , Thursday Evenina June 3 rd ,-IMl . *' MORE PARTICULARS OF THE BUTCHERY . After the meeting had dispersed , placards were issiiea by gentlemen who were eye-witnesses of the proceeding which took place , and we would wish to impress upon our readers that the Said pemns are not Chartists ; the following of which is a copy :- ~ "Englishmen of Manchester ! vindicate yonr character from the aspersions oast on . it to-day in Stevenson ' s Square , by Richard Cobden , who dared to assert that the ruffians hired fur the purpose of breaking the heads of all who Rhould venture to question the efficacy of his nostrums and quackeries , were to be considered illustrative of the universal or general feeling of this town . There were not tea respectable men upon the platform , and the greater
part of the ground m front was occupied by the brutality , filth , and ignorance of Little Ireland . And truly , the slaves of Daniel O'Connell and Priest Hearne served their masters well : they came on the ground armed with immense bludgeons , which they used in the most cowardly and most brutal manner , for the destruction of any man who refused to do their dirty bidding . Will you submit to this ! If so , let us bear no more boast of English independence . Let reason go to sleep . Let faction rule , and let Richard Cobden be your organ . For further particulars inquire at the infirmary . "June 2 nd , 1841 . T . Sowler , printer , St . Ann ' s Square . " I have been at the infirmary to inquire howmuv
were carried there yesterday , who were wounded at the meeting , and the officer told me there were eleven ; and from inquiries I have ascertained that there were six persona who had their- heads dressed at a sargeon ' s contiguous to the Square , and three at another surgeon ' s , whose name in Grinrod , in Great Ancoats-street . A great many went as they were , bleeding to their own homes . Mr . Finigan , the day before the meeting took place , told one of our Chartist friends , that if he came to the meeting on Wednesday , to show any opposition , he . must come prepared to meet his God ; and this he is willing to swear , if required , in any court . Mr . Walker , the drunken magistrate , was in great Ancoats-street last Friday evening , hearing
Entwistle , who is putting up as a candidate for the borough , and because some one had the audacity to Bay something derogatory to the Whigs , he assured them that there should be broken heads , for . that many were round at the time . We are prepared to prove , th at soon after the meeting had assembled , and symptoms were shown that there was likely to be great opposition manifested ; that a person entered the square with a number of short staves in the shape of rolling pins , wrapped in some fine paper , as though they were colours ; they were about a yard long and three inches in diameter , and when he had got snugly among the Irishmen , dropped them , and made his way out of the fttowd ; atw one who waa present might have
seen staves of the above description brandishing over the heads of the Irishmen as though exulting in their triumph when a motion was submitted . Mr . Thomas Potter was upon the hustings , and Saw the Irishmen beating the people , and in the hearing of a gentleman , who is prepared to swear it , said that " the Chartists deserved their heads broke" for opposing the repeal of the Corn Laws . And this gentleman ( Potter ) is a magistrate , and was knighted for hiB endeavsurs to crush Chartism . There appears to be one general feeling of sympathy for the peaceable Chartists , for the manner in whioh thev conducted themselves : and . on the other hand ,
a feeling of disgust manifested and expressed towards the Whigs . I have met with no one who has Iaj £ any charge upon the Chartists , but lay all the blame upon the Whig Corn Law repealers ; manyo * the electors have declared that if that is Whiggery , they will have no more of it , and will never vote for another Whig ; and further , many of the repealers hav 6 said , that the great meeting will do th em more injury and impede their progress more than anything that has ever taken p lace . It is the topic of conversation all through , the town , and among the Irishmen a boast of what they have done to the orange ( as Dan called them ) Chartists .
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FROM OUR LONDON CORRESPONDENT . . '' . -.. Thursday Evening , June 3 rd . The principal topic of conversation ia the brutal and indiscriminate attack made by O'Connell s mob upon the passers by in Gracecnurcn-street . People are naturally asking , shall O'Connell and Dr . Kirwan pass unscathed , whileithe more humble followers of the big O are punished . Trade is remarkably dull , but , notwithstanding the good folks have been enjoying themselves ngnt merrily daring this festive season . Mr . Martin has paid to Mr . Rogers , for Mrs . Frost , the sum of 8 s . 6 d ., on account of Mi . Reynard . .
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©• CdSNOB , E » q ., of Hanmenmttk ^ CoOT Middle ** , by J 03 HUA HOBSON , . ¦» . «¦» £ Ing bfflees , tfos . it ai * M . Mark « t-itreet , «* « at »; udPttildMd by the . aid Joshua SpjgJ ( forthe tald Piiiwi < yCo » ico * , ) . ¦•» . «¦ " ^ ling-how ., No , S , Market-rfreet , Bri »» te ; « J i « UrnalCoinratalcatlo « existing betweM »• » - V 6 . S , Market-street , and the aaid Noa . U £ . 13 , Market-rtreet , Brfcgite , thusM ^ W * *" whole ' of . the said Printing and PubliBbing OB » . one Premise * . Saturday , June 5 , 1841 .
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Execution of Dabjies . — The Sun of Tuesday ? oniams an account of toe execution ef Darmes , ( who attenpted to assassinate the King of the French ) at eves o ' clock on Monday morning , at the Barrier © St . Jaeques . It says :- " He walked barefooted , in Ids skiri , to the place of execution , his head being covered with a piece ofrblaek crape , in conformity with his sentence . There were but few spectators , wing to the early hour at which it took place , and to * almost moral certainty en the part of the citizens « f Paris that the King would commute the capital paaishment lor imprisonment for life . Darmes was , « Morted from the prison of the Luxembourg to the foot of the guillotine by a strong military force . His bearing was firm , calm , and collected . To the last he refused to make any confession implicating others , aad died more nobly than he lived . The spectators were unmoved , exhibiting neither sympathy nor korror , and when the bloody apparatus was removed Urn enni peaceably to their several homes . " J
Whiggery And M Moral Force" Again '
WHIGGERY AND MORAL FORCE " AGAIN '
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MEETING IN TIB-STREET , MANCHESTER . After the meeting was over , the Chartists adjourned to the Chartist-room , Tib-street . The room , was crammed almost to suffocation . The object of this meeting was to take into consideration what step 6 bould be taken for the future , and to denounce the brutal conduct which had been displayed at the meeting by the repealers of the Corn Laws , and the Repealers of the Union , towards thn people , and the Chartists in particular . Mr . Littler , member of the Executive , was called to the chair . When we entered the room , a young man from the West Riding of Yorkshire , who was
in company with Mr . Pitkethly , was addressing the people ; and . in his speech , ho denounced the proceedings of that afternoon , as the most cruel , unfair , and brutish he had ever witnessed during tbe whole course of his life . He , for his part , had Been enough on the above ocoasion to for ever disgust him with the conduct of the Whigs . ( Hear , hear . ) The speaker concluded by urging the people never to attund another meeting without being prepared to defend themselves . ( Cheers . ) Mr . Lbech next addressed the meeting ; he thought that the proceedings of that day would tend to strengthen the cause in which they were engaged :
and , if the Whigs had taken such brutal steps , for the purpose of stifling public discussion , they would be greatly deceived . He had always requested the people , when addressing them , to be peaceable , and not violate the peace . But , for the future , he would take a different course . ( Hear , hear , and cheers . ) The conduct which had been displayed that day ought to convince Englishmen , Irishmen , and Scotchmen of tbe necessity of uniting themselves for the purpose of overthrowing the most despotic faction that ever disgraced this country . He had been accused by the Corn Law Repealers of receiving Tory money . And they wished to know
where working men could get money from to go round the country to upset their meetings . The money must come , said they , from the Tories . Now , whether the Chartists had received money from the Tories or not , it v > aa evident that money had been received from the Whigs—( hear , hear ) , —or their tools could not walk off from the treadle into a gig to ride into the country to meetings . ( Hear , hear . ) That meeting ought to eleot a deputation to Sir Charlea Shaw , and demand the expences which had been laid out for the erection of the hustings of which he ordered his own band of ruffians to take possession —( hear , hear ) , —and to enter their protest against Sir Charles Shaw , in allowing the people , who have to pay men to protect them , to be bludgeoned in the discharge of their constitutional duties . ( Hear . )
As Englishmen they would not stand it . ( Hear , hear . ) If such conduct as that was allowed to proceed , no man's life would be safe , and an end would be put to free and fair discussion . ( Hear , hear . ) Tbe Chartists had been denominated physical-force men , but they sunk into the shades when ? ut in comparison with the Whigs . ( Hear , hear . ) > ne unprincipled rascal came to him and asked him if he did not tell a gentleman that he ( Leech ) was paid by the Tories . Mind you , said Leech , he did not say that he had been , but asked him the question . ( Execration . ) For their conduot that afternoon , the Speaker said , that , whether they could put down Tories or not , they would , at any rate , let them see that they could effectually put down the Whigs . ( Hear , hear . ) That meeting had sealed their doom as a faction—( hear , hear)—and
had strengthened their ( the Chartist ) party . ( Here three or four respectable men said that they would enter that afternoon . Cheers . ) They ( the Whigs ) had been able to make out no case but one which would be a lasting disgrace upon their heads . ( Hear , hear . ) On the other hand , the people of England would see the folly of sending men to Parliament who would sanction such brutish conduot . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . Leech , then exposed the plundering aota of the cotton lords , and concluded amid the plaudits of the assembly .
Mr . Pitkbthlt next rose , and said that he had heard it wai probable that the same infuriated men who had been exhibiting their brutal conduct at the other meeting , would come and disturb that ; but he hoped , if they did , those men next the door would give them a warm reception . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . Pitkethly Baid that the exhibition of physical force in Stevenson's Square was sufficient to convince the people of England , Ireland , and Scotland what they might expect from the Whigs . ( Hear , hear . ) Thero would be a system of despotism put in force if the Whiga remained in power , which would compel every man to get a passport before he could be allowed to travel from one town to another : he would have to be measured , and every particular would have to be given of him . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . Pitkethly then denounced the conduct of Sir Charles Shaw , in ordering his men to take possession of the hustings . But , instead of sending a deputation to
Secokd Jepit1qm,
SECOKD JEPIT 1 QM ,
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PROBABLE SAFETY OF THE PRESIDENT . Liverpool , Wednesday Night . ; The greatest excitement has prevailed here throughout the day , in consequence of an arrival at this port of the Fortitude , Captain Arbathiwt . from Buenos Ay res , who reports that , wheniniafc 47 . North , long . 24 . 30 , West , on the 25 th « f «*/• at five o ' clock , a . m ., saw a very large steamer steering to the north-east , and making »» uow progress . She was without a fnnneHwiw crippled foremast , large paddle-boxes , P * **?* dark colour , had a large square topsail set upoa ww maintop-mast , a topgallant-sail on the foretop-o »»» with fore and aft-sails . Captain ArDuthnot seems positive that the vessel seen by him was thei rre ^ dent steamer ; she was about ten miles dj ««** » the time . The Drevailin * opinion here is tnat « f
vessel seen was the President . There are , w *** rl others who concludethatit was the Britannia steamff from Boston , now Borne days over due . , . It is not unlikely that the Liverpool ageiite ofjw President may despatch the British Queen VM >««* dock here ) in search of the crippled Bteamer . » £ will most likely put into the first Irish port sw can reach . ( PBOM A CORBBSPONDENt ; ) . Liverpool , Half-past 5 , p . m ., fednesd » y j _ I have just timeto say a few words . ¦*** * * arrived here that the President is safe . She was **? on the 25 th of last month in the Attantw ; atf »» night the Jessie , from St . John ' s , N . B , whw& *» been given up for lost for the last three monthM " part of the insurance money had been P »« a . « f ^" Ct&e River . The news has created a great naa tion in the town . - ' - ' ¦ - ~
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ft THE NORTHERN STAR . ^
3lbids:— Printed For Th* Proprietor, * Sa*"**2
3 LBIDS : — Printed for th * Proprietor , * SA * " ** 2
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 5, 1841, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct552/page/8/
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