On this page
-
Text (2)
-
$&6 ITiHE liEAjPgSit. [Ko. 280, ^^PoaaPA...
-
Tjbus Irish in Aaiekioa.—An Irish Roman ...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
)<> Phqgttess Of Kussian Policy In },,Tj...
Kaxabagh . was subdued Jby , Zizianof . In this year GoloneTKomieu arrivediatTeheran , the bearer of Widsame presents from the ; Emperor Napoleon , and empowered ta offer a subsid y and an auxiliary army against Russia ,. as . the price of the Shah ' s renouncement of thefinglish alliance Such propositions as these , contrasted with the lukewarm indifference of the British Government , could not fail to gain some influence with the Persian monarch . But he was still loyal enough to make a last effort to rouse his allies to exertion , andas we have mentioned above ;—Mirza Nebbi Khan received instructions to apply to the Governor-General of India for efficient aid . But when Sir G . Barlow declined to depart from his system of non-intervention- —to use the words of Sir John
McNeill— " Persia , losing all hope of support from her old ally , had no alternative but to throw herself into the arms of France . " The Persian king , however , had no intention of admitting a foreign army into his own dominions . He merely proposed that the French should act in Georgia , though he was willing to march his awn troops down ** by the road of Cabul and Candahar" if they proposed to invade Khorassan ; but he warned his ambassador —the adventurous JMirza Reza—not to promise the French any " station or port in the province of Fars ibr their passage to Hindostan . " Napoleon f ladly acceded to the terms proffered by the Shah . Ee was in no small need of allies to aid him asainst
the colossal power of Russia , and a diversion on the side of Georgia held out expectations that were all the more magnificent for being undefined . M . Jaubert was therefore immediately despatched to Teheran toratify the alliance which hadpreviously received the Emperor ' s sanction at Fenkenstein in May , 1807 . But the treaty of Tihmt , in the following month of July , completely changed the aspect of affairs . It was now no longer possible for the French to co-operate with the Persians against Russia , but their mediation availed for a time to prevent the Shah from being further despoiled of his hereditary dominions . The Persian alliance was deemed of such
importance by Napoleon , that he at first intended to send his brother Lucien as his representative at Teheran . He afterwards , however , made choice of General Gardanne , who fully justified the selection by his able conduct under most trying circumstances . The French officers who formed his suite also did good service by organising the Shah's illdisciplined levies , and by giving the Persians some idea of the science of fortification . Nor was the Shah ungrateful , for he evinced his sense of the obligation by despatching a brilliant embassy to Paris , charged , among other costly presents , with the sabres of Tamerlane and Nadir Shah , as if
Napoleon was alone worthy to inherit the arms of those , , mighty conquerors . While General Gardanne was at the zenith of This favour , General Malcolm arrived in the Persian Gulf as the envoy of the Indian Government . But it was in vain that he had again recourse to his old barbaric expedient of paving his way with gold . The Persians were not grown less sensible
to the seductions of wealth , but they valued their existence as an independent people far above pecuniary considerations . The French had promised to defend them against Russian aggression , and this point the Indian Government had always evaded , though it waa the one most eagerly desired by the Persian Court . It was not surprising , therefore , that General Malcolm should utterly fail in his attempt to supplant the French ambassador . But the hot-headed soldier committed
the great mistake of losing his temper ; for his personal vanity had been wounded by his discomfiture . He accordingly took his departure for India , threatening to return at the head of an invading army to avenge the insult offered to his nation in his own person . But Napoleon ' s inability to fulfil his grand promises gradually alienated the Shah from the French alliance , And this feeling was speedily heightened by the able manoeuvres of Sir Harford Jones , who arrived immediately after General Malcolm had sailed for India . Sir Harford had
been sent from England by the Homo Government , but on reaching Bombay had learnt , to his great astonishment , that JLord Minto had on hit ) own responsibility sent an envoy to the Court of Teheran . With praiseworthy moderation and judgment , however , ho remained at that Presidency until the iflfluo of General Malcolm ' s negotiations could be known \ and it waa not until ho was uppricod of . their failure . that he proceeded to his destination . handingtatJiuah * KG in October , 1006 ,
he soon discovered that the French influence was on the wane , and his personal acquaintance with the Persian Ministers enabled him to supplant it entirely . As he . approached the capital , General Gardanne slowly retired and left the arena open to his fortunate rival . It would be unjust not to acknowledge the ability , temper , and knowledge of Oriental character , displayed by Sir Harford in the course of his mission . His only mistake was the undertaking to record his own achievements . The peevish garrulity of the fiery old Welshman , who had long dwelt upon the idea that his labours were not duly appreciated by the public , is apt to prejudice the reader unfavourably ; but every allowance should be made for theannoyances he received at the outset of his mission , and for the insulting hauteur with which he was uniformly treated by Lord Minto . If the tree is to be judged by its fruits , the representative of the Crown must be placed high above the envoy of the Governor-General . For the one was constrained to leave Persia with disgrace , while the other was received with open arms , and succeeded in arranging the conditions of a preliminary treaty on the 12 th of March , 1809 . The 3 rd article of this treaty provided that every previous " agreement which the King ^ of Persia might have made with any one of the Powers of Europe became null atid void , and that he would not permit any European force whatever to pass through Persia , either towards India or towards the ports of that country . ' By the 4 th article England was pledged to furnish a subsidy if Persia should be attacked by any European Power ; and Persia was equally bound to lend her aid to Great Britain in the event of the invasion of India by the Afghans or any other nation . Tiie 8 th article , however , stipulated that if * war broke out between the Persians and the Afghans , the British should not otherwise interfere except as mediators . That these conditions were considered at the time highly advantageous may be fairly inferred from the readiness -with which they were accepted by Lord Minto , who certainly cannot be suspected of any personal partiality towards the negotiator . The Home Government likewise testified their approbation by at once ratifying the treaty , as soon as it was submitted to them bv the Persian ambassador , immortalised in " Haji Baba , '' and the first one seen in England since the reign of Abbas Shah . In the following year General Malcolm was again despatched to Teheran , in order—wrote Lord Minto—* ' to restore and secure the injured credit and insulted dignity of the Indian Government ; " and the officers who accompanied him materially assisted Abbas Mirza in organising a regular army . But the Shah perfectly understood the subordinate character of the Indian Government , and continued to discuss political matters with Sir" Harford Jones alone , who occupied the post of Resident Minister at Teheran , until his . voluntary resignation in 1811 . From this time our diplomatic relations with Persia have been mostly maintained through the Home Government , and the Governors-Gen oral of India have been brought to understand that they are not independent princes . ( To be concluded in our nexf )
$&6 Itihe Lieajpgsit. [Ko. 280, ^^Poaapa...
$ & 6 ITiHE liEAjPgSit . [ Ko . 280 , ^^ PoaaPAY , . ' — '———^— - ^—————————^— ^ ^ ^ ^——¦—^——^—^———^^—^—
Tjbus Irish In Aaiekioa.—An Irish Roman ...
Tjbus Irish in Aaiekioa . —An Irish Roman Catholic priest , long resident in America , has been writing a vehement dohortation to his countrymen on the subject of emigrating to the United States , lie says that tho Irishman does not get rich in " the land of liberty , " while ho loses his former respect for his priest , becomes sceptical and immoral , and indulges in " tho beastly vice of intemperance "—which , of couthc , jh a thing unheard of in Ireland . The Americans themselves are denounced as " infldela" ( by which wo fluppono ia meant Protestants ) , and as encouraging a Hy » tem of liberty which is only another namo for licence ; while the children of Irian parents born in America become oven more anti-IriHh and moro irreligious than tho genuine * ' Yankee . " Tho moral of all thin is , thut it is bettor to die at homo than to louo " faith and morals" by crossing tho Atlantic . Wo heard no such complaints before tho Know-nothing agitation . Collision on thk AiiERDKKN Raii . way . —A collision took place on this lino on tho night of Friday week . An excursion train from Montroso stopped at the Covo station , when tho ordinary train came up at full speed and ran into the other , the engine driver not weeing tho danger signal until too late , owing to a curve in tho road . Several carriages wore . broken to pieces ; Mid one passenger had . a log . fractured , while another waaaevorely contused . An official Inquiry is being instituted ; but It ia fair to abate tliot Lhia . is tho first accident thut has
happened on the line during the whole five years that it has been opened . Constantinople in Uatulazan . — Constantinople , during tho month of Ratnazan , presents " a very different aspect from Constantinople at other times . The city , it is true , is much more stern and serious during the ( Lay ; there is none of that gay , careless life of the Orient which you see in Smyrna , Cairo , and Damascus ; but when onco the sunset gun has fired , and the painful fast is at an end , the picture changes as if by magic . In all the outward symbols of their religion , the Mussulmans show their joy at being relieved from what they consider
a sacred duty . During the day , it is quite a science to keep the appetite dormant , and the peoplo not only abstain from eating and drinking , but as much as possible from the sight of food . In the bazaars , you see tho famished merchants either sitting , propped back against their cushions , with the shawl about their stomachs , tightened so as to prevent the void under it from being so sensibly felt , or lying at full length in the vain attempt to sleep . It is whispered here that many of the Turks will both eat and smoke , when there is no chance of detection , but no oue would dare infringe the fast in public . —Picture * of Palestine .
America . —The uewsfrom America this week is tven less than usual . The most important fact is that tlit * English consul at Cincinnati has been held to bail in the sum of two thousand dollars , on a charge of-enlisting troops for the Crimea . Other English subjects have also been held to bail on similar charges . Letters from Washington state that the duties paid under protect while the reciprocity treaty between Canada anil the United States was being ratified by the colonial
Legislature , were to be refunded as rapidly as circumstance would permit . The disarming of the negro militia ot llavannuh is progressing , as , since the fears of invasion have passed , there is no longer any occasion for th < h services . From Rio Grande we hear that the revolutionists arc progressing . Colonel Kiniiey and a small party of Filibusters have been wrecked near St . Doming" . while on their passage to Nicaragua ; but no lives wer < - lost .
Railway Accidknt between Gravesend ami Stkooix— " O . B . C . H . " writes to the Times to give iui account of an accident which happened on Friday week in the railway tunnel between Gravesend and Strood . The train , which had been oscillating for some time , at length ran off the rails , and was brought to a standstill by the engine becoming jammed into the chalk wall of the tunnel . The rails were torn up for a considerable distance , and the passengers ( some of whom were bruised ; had to wait in semi-darkness for about an hour beforo ^ liey were taken ofl" by another train . The writ * -:-thinks that the wooden pins used for fastening t ! .-" chair" of the rails to the sleepers were of inadequate strength , aud that they had been broken by the horizontal pressure caused by the oscillation . Gknkhal . Count Zamotski arrived in London in
Sunday morning . We understand that his visit is the result of a special invitation from the British Government . —Daily Netcs . Thjs Ai > ui / tj £ RATIon CoaiMiTTKE continues to sit , and to receive evidence exhibiting the general difl'usiun of the practices by which our food and medicines arc depreciated . Mr . Blackwcll , of tho firm of Crosse and Blaekwell , pickle and preserve manufacturers , in giving evidence before the committee , stated that his firm had been in the habit of boiling their pickles and some of their preserves in copper vessels , for the sake of giving them a brilliant green , and that they used to introduce foreign colouring matters into their anchovies , & c . ; that
they had discontinued these practices , and that their customers had made great objections to the loes of colour . A sensible diminution of custom followed , aud it became evident that the public are themselves somewhat to blame for the state of things that had prevailed . Another witness , Mr . Redwood , Professor of Chemistry to the Pharmaceutical ( Society , was of opinion that u it would be highly undesiruble that any regulation should be enforced prohibiting the manufacture of cheaper drugs or chemicals , " and that it is sometimes
right to allow tho introduction of foreign matters for tho sake of a reasonable cheapness . lie believed that the evil of adulteration had been greatly exaggerated . Gin he hold to be generally a very wholesome spirit . It is indeed adulterated with oil of vitriol , oil of almond .- * , and salt of tartar , but in such small proportions an to bo innocuous . These substances are put in for the sako of u fining" tho liquor , which would otherwise bo rendered dull by tho water with which its otrength is diluted by tho publicans . Hour he conceived was pernicious in tho Htato in which we havo it .
Tim " Lanoict" Analytical Commission . — Mr . Wakloy haH written U > tho Times to nay that th « investigation * into the adulteration of food , & c , tho results vi which appeared in tho Laticct , did not origiiuilo with Dr . Ilasuull but with himself , and that nn far buck ua 1880 lie employed I > r . O'Shaughucflsy to write n ninulnr Hcrion of papers for tho Isincet , only a few of which , however , wore produced . In answer to thin , Dr . llaasall Htat « B that ho never claimed to be tho originator of tho commission , tho Idoa of vrhich w « n In fact ? niptft Hted to . him by Mr . iWakley , tho subject having Leon « - awak « rx » d . in thnt gentleman ' s mind by aoino i » Ap « r « read by Dr . llAtutnU to the Uotuntoul Soojefcy of London-
-
-
Citation
-
Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 4, 1855, page 14, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_04081855/page/14/
-