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BOOKS ON OUR TABLE Railway Superannuatio...
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We should do our utmost to encourage the...
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COMTE'S POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY. B y Gr. H. ...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Books On Hungary. Hungary In 1851; With ...
waa a desolate and uninteresting place / ' _$ nd nobody could care to see 4 t Why should he visit out-of-the-way places P—mere travellers did not do such things . Why should he want to study the old Hungarian constitution and the working of the new Austrian system , unless he had a sinister object ? He must be in a plot , and therefore he had better confess Had he not had about him a note of introduction from General Ozetz , a rebel , and another to one of the emigration in London P had he not called upon " p ersons compromised in the Revolution of 1848 P" did w not possess a pamphlet and a history advocating the Hungarian side ? and had he not uttered " words implying an acquaintance with Ujhazy ?" Inferences were most ingeniously drawn from these premises , and , in the eves of the major in command , Mr . Brace stood there clearly condemned . But , fortunately , one of his prison companions was liberated , and he took letters for Mr . _Braqp in the fining of his boot , addressed to two gentlemen in Vienna . At length , after long delay on the part of the Austrians , a
" note" came from Mr . M'Curdy , the American minister at Vienna , saying that he would do all he could to obtain the release of Mr . Brace , and that he had demanded it in the most positive terms , _finally , he was liberated , and , under the escort of a noted spy , taken to Pesth , and thence to Vienna . As the man who carried the letter from Kossuth to Palmerston , when the Turks were deliberating on the fate of the Hungarian refugees , was an Englishman , so an Englishman was the first to carry the news of Brace ' s imprisonment to Vienna : " It concerns me , " said our countryman , " as much as him . " Fortunately for Mr . Brace , two American ships of war happened accidentally to put in at Trieste , while the negotiation was going on between the Austrian government and Mr . M'Curdy . They were very useful diplomatists . The reader will find in Mr . Brace ' s book much valuable information ,
very p leasantly mingled with lighter matter . The chapters on—the State of the Protestant Church ; the Bauer , or Peasantry ; the System of Common Lands , which is specially remarkable , and the Agrarian Laws in actual working on the Plains of Central Hungary ; the summary . of the old laws , with the clear account of the "Bobat , " or forced labour , abolished in 1848 , and its effects ; are particularly worthy of attention . It is worthy of remark , that both the books , whose titles we have placed at the head of this paper , wind up with the strongest expressions of confident anticipation in the future of Hungary . Mr . Henningsen is a traveller no less than Mr . Brace ; indeed , if we mistake not , Mr . Henningsen
is peculiarly well acquainted with Eastern Europe and Western Asia , and capable , from long experience and intimate acquaintance , of forming a tolerably correct judgment on the state and prospects of the people of these countries . It may be said , that his estimate of the power of Kussia is too low ; but we find him supported by Mr . Cobden ; and the Economist and preacher of peace agrees with the Secretary of Kossuth . Mr . Henningsen has given a brief- but good account of the various campaigns of the War of Independence , illustrated by maps . He has appended to his book some curious speculations on what may be called the revolutionary forces of the East , which all who would understand the question would do well to consult .
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Books On Our Table Railway Superannuatio...
BOOKS ON OUR TABLE Railway Superannuation . An Examination of the Scheme of thc General Railioay Association for providing Superannuation Allowances to worn-out and Disabled Railway _Employes . By C . D . Brydges , of the London and South-Western Radway Company . London : John Thomas Norris . A small aud readable pamphlet , explaining in a very lucid manner the history and nature of an important project . Tho plan may be said to bave originated jointly in a provisional committee at tho Clearing House , and in tbe principal ofiice of the South-Western . Railway Company . The principal provisions are thus described : —
" 1 . Tho arrangement ia to bo confined to salaried officers only [ not servants at weekly wages , who could not so well bo comprised in tho plan , while they have in ovovy lino providont associations of their own ] . " 2 . The funds arc to bo supported by an annual payment of five per cent , upon the salary of every subscriber , winch it is proposed shall be paid in _eejual _proportions by tho subscriber and his employers , tho Railway Company . " ll . The ago of superannuation is fixed at tho ( 3 ovcrnment ugo , 65 , with an option of coming on the funel either at 55 or 00 , receiving , of course , only a proportionate _bemefit . " 4 . Tho rate of superannuation is to be gratluatoel according to the ; length of _service :, and is _tl _^ o same aa that adopted by Government , _uneior tho _authority of an Aeat of Parliament : the ; scale ; is as follows :
After 10 years ' , anel tei 17 yours' service , 3-12 _ths of the average salary . „ 17 „ 21 „ 4-12 ths „ 24 , „ 31 „ 6-12 tlis „ 31 „ 38 „ 6-12 ths „ 38 „ 4 . 5 „ 7-12 th _« „ 45 and _upwarels 8-l 2 ths „ " 5 . The superannuation allowance is tei be calculated on tho average : of tho last five years' salary . " (( . In the ; ovont of a subscriber resigning his situation , eir being _eliKuiisst'il feir any i < : iiHem sjieirt eif fraudulent dealing , he : will _roceiive : back tho whole ; eif his own contributions , without interest ; but iu ( lie : _eivcnt of his elying before _ree-ehing the ; superannuation _aHowuneo , his payments will bo forfeited to tho 1 . _tuiel . "
The _aggregate , _mmber of salaried ofliei . ru is about , 8000 , and flu ; _aggregate , _income which thoy receive must exceed 800 , 000 / . ; facts _wbie-b illustrate the magnitude of the interest in tpiestion . . Kvery railway oflicer ought to bave ; tiio pamphlet in his _lianef .
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The Charm : a Magazine for Roys and Girl * . 4 _^ ey a _nf _£° Jorinde and Jorinqel . fart TV . , r Addey and Co A Manual of Ancient Geography . By Itev . W . L . Bevan . John W . Parker _ajd Spn Charles Knight ' s Imperial _Cyclopaedia . Part XII . Charles _^ mg ht Half _HourtiqfEngUsh History . ' Charles Knight The Traveller ' * Library—Electricity cmd the Electric Telegraph . Uy I > T _® . Wilson . Longman , Brown , Green , and Co Bentlet _ft Shilling Series—Pictures of Life at Home and Abroad . By _aiJbert Smith . B . Bentloy Two Tears on the Farm of Uncle Sam . By Charles Casey . »¦ en *} ey Constance Tyrrell ; or , the Half-Sister . By P . H . Pepys . 3 vols . *¦ Bentley Gardener ' s Record . Groombndge and Son Illustrated Exhibitor and Magazine of Art . John _Cassell The Popular Educator . ' John Cassell The Elementu of Geometry . By E . Wallace _^ . John Cassell
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We Should Do Our Utmost To Encourage The...
We should do our utmost to encourage the Beautiful , for the Useful encourage itself . _—Goethe .
Comte's Positive Philosophy. B Y Gr. H. ...
COMTE'S POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY . B y Gr . H . Lewes . Part XVII , —Vital Dynamics : Materialism or Immaterialism ? To the analysis of the fundamental statical condition of living beings , succeeds the co-ordination of all known organisms into one hierarchy ; in other words , to Anatomy succeeds zoological Classification . The chapter devoted to this subject by Comte is full of interest , but I must pass it over
with a mere indication . He decides against Lamarck's celebrated development hypothesis , made so popular by the admirable , but as I cannot help thinking , somewhat metaphysical version of it given in the Vestiges . Although his admiration of Lamarck , and appreciation of his influence on philosophical zoology is such as may be expected from so great and liberal a thinker , he . does not , as it appears to me , fully appreciate the immense value of this hypothesis if merel y treated as a philosophic artifice , let its truth be what it maj _' .
Having set down the general consideration necessary as a prelude to classification , Comte then commences his survey of the dynamical conditions of Biology ; or what in common parlance is termed Physiology , as distinguished from Anatomy . I can only g lance at the main positions . Physiology first demands a fundamental division into Vegetative Life and Animal Life , corresponding not onl y with the two kingdoms Vegetable and Animal , but with the twofold life of every animal—viz ., the organic
life and the relative life . The Vegetative , as more simple , more general , and first in tho order of time , demands priority iu study ; the animal depends upon the vegetable , the vegetable does not depend upon the animal . Now in the phenomena of Vegetative Life we see very distinctly the co-operation of all those laws of inorganic matter , which the previous sciences have made us acquainted with ; and Comte has sketched what lie calls the " theory of media , " or indispensable circumstances , as a necessary preliminary to this part of our science .
" The true philosophic character of physiology consisting in the institution of an exact anel constant harmony between the static and dynamic points of view , between the ideas of organization and the ideas of life , between the notion of agent and that of act , there results the evident necessity of reducing all our abstract conceptions of physiological properties to the consideration of elementary and general phenomena , every one of which necessarily recals to our mind the _ielea of a locality more or less circumscribed . One may say , in short , that the reduction of the various functions to corresponding properties must be regarded as the consequence of the habitual analysis of life itself into its different functions , setting aside all vain pretensions to discover cuuses , and bearing in view only the discovery of laws . Otherwise , the ideas of properties will fall back into thc ancient notions of metaphysical entities .
" In endeavouring to make our diiferent degrees of physiological analysis correspond with those of anatomical analysis , wo may begin by saying that the idea of property , which lies at the bottom of the one , must correspond with that of tissue , which lies at the bottom of the other ; while the idea of function corresponds with that of organ .- so that the successive notions oi function and property present a gradation perfectl y similar to that which exists between the notions of organ and tissue . " It has alread y been seen , in treating of the tissues , that we must divide them into , 1 st , one primordial generative tissue—the cellular ; and 2 nd
the secondary and special tissues which result from the combination of certain substances with this primury tissue . That is to say , there is the cellular tissue and its modifications ; antl there is the combination of this tissue with fibrine and neurine to form muscular antl nervous tissues . Tho p hysiological properties must therefore be divided into correspondent classes—1 st , those general properties which belting tt ) all the tissues , and which constitutes the life , so to speak , of the primordial cellular tissue ; and _iind , those special properties which characterize the most distinctive modifications—i . e ., the muscular and ncrvoiJtt tissues . Thus we return to the great fundamental distinction between Vegetative ami Animal Life .
" It , says Comte , « _- we consider the condition of opinion with reference to this matter , we shall find , that , as regards the two special secondary tissue ** , very clear antl important conclusions have been obtained of their properties , because , in accordance with the natural march of intelligence , the most striking phenomena are the soonest appreciated . All tho general phenomena of animal life , are , _now-a-duys , unanimously connected with contractility and sensibility , _considered each as the _eharocteriutic attribute
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 7, 1852, page 21, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_07081852/page/21/
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