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4^4 THJ L,EAD|E. ¦ ¦,,'¦¦¦ . iX^ Vm Aty ...
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TAXATION REDUCED TO UNITY AND SIMPLICITY...
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PEOBLEM VOn XOED KOSSE. To discover Loui...
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THE WATBKS ABE COMING. It is virtually s...
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. v. The annual meeting, we aro told by ...
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Ono whoeigns himself" Ultra," objects to...
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AtfMai'A'A'ION AIMNO .UnAFPMTEDNW, — ^« ...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
The Parts Co-Operative Associations In 1...
" Cash . ... • • - francs 4 , 357 90 Goods . • 18 , 667 5 Materials , tools , & c . . . . . . 3 , 113 10 Bills , & c . . . . . • • • ¦ ¦ 10 , 513 40 Total . . . . - .. ¦ . 36 , 651 45 . " Passif , " or Dr . ¦ For Goods . ., *• ' -. ' . . . francs 600 State Loan .... . . ¦ . . 15 , 125 Fonds d'Association ... .. 4 , 338 95 Debts . . . . . . . ... 7 , 352 87 27 , 416 82 Nett capital ..... 9 , 234 63 36 , 651 45 31 st December , 1850 . " Actif . " Cash francs 6 , 291 85 Goods .... ..... 41 , 004 Materials , & c 5 , 185 25 Bills ........ .. 23 , 701 Total ....... 76 , 182 10 " Passif . " Goods francs 3 , 393 State Loans .... ... . 25 , 000 Caisse de Secours 334 40 Fonds Indivisible ...... 2 , 148 67 Fonds d'Association 10 , 241 45 Debts . 11 , 891 88 53 , 009 40 Nett capital 23 , 172 70 76 , 182 10 31 st December , 1851 . " Actif . " Cash ..... ... francs 3 , 556 95 Goods . . . . . . . ¦ . . 49 , 966 6 Materials , & c . 6 , 159 30 Bills 25 , 300 -85 " Total . . . ... . 84 , 983 16 " Passif " Goods francs 7 , 437 85 Caissc de Secours . . . . , ... 1 , 271 85 Fonds d'Association 10 , S 20 40 Fonds Indivisible 3 , 683 31 State Loan 24 , 500 Debts 466 75 48 , 180 16 Nett capital ..... 36 , 803 0 84 , 983 16 But as the Caisse de Secours , the Fonds Indivisible , and the Fonds d'Association , placed in the Dr . 's account , are in reality duo to themselves , their capital account stands thus : — Capital , nett francs 36 , 803 Caisso de Secours 3 , 271 85 Fonds Indivisible 3 , 683 31 Fonds d'Association 10 , 820 40 Total 52 , 578 56 Tins Association has Income the- largest manufacturing ltouso ia the trade in Paris ; and ono of the working partners , Dupont , is now President of the Conseil ties Prudhommes . Ah a . commercial speculation , therefore , it i « eminently successful ; tho important principle of SM-i' - EMi'iOYMENT and HK . i . F-CiOVKKNMMNT has boon established hoyond disputo ; and cooperative association proven not only practicable , hut highly bonoficial in its ofleetH upon the moral and social condition of its disciples . Yet , as M . Proudhon truly observes — « I / Ansoeiation , en olle-mcwo , no resout point le problmno revolutionnaire . Loin do la , olio so presento cllo-mcmo commo un prohlcmo , dont la solution impliquo quo les associes jouissontdo touto leur indi-pendunco en eoiiHervant tons Ush avantagos do l ' imion : co qui veufc dire quo la nieilleure iIoh associations eat celle oh , grutio a uno organisation nuptfrieuro , la UberU ontre lo pliw , ot lo d / ioouemant lo moiriH . " * William Coninoham . Komp Town , Mny Int . * " Association of itself docm not ronolvo tho rovolutionary problem . Fur from that , it pn . wmtN itHolf as a problem , tho solution of which implied Unit tho HHHociates shall onjoy their own entire iinl «] xmdnneo , whilst tlioy preserve ) all tho ndviuit / igon ol union , —m otJior words , that tho bout of associations in that in wluoh , owing to a euporior organization , Uborty has tho lurgoat epaco , and dovotednesB is loaat required .
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Taxation Reduced To Unity And Simplicity...
TAXATION REDUCED TO UNITY AND SIMPLICITY . ¦ n . - ' . . ' ¦ ¦ '¦ . Ij ? the ground were not already occupied with cumbrous systems of indirect taxation and their supporting sophisms , there would be little difficulty in seeing the principles on which a true system of taxation must he based . What is it that rules the proportion in which government acts beneficially for . each of us ? In what proportion do we each occasion cost to the government ? In that proportion let each pay his share . . ,-.,,.
A complete and accurate examination of the subject would require us to define the duties of the government , and to fix the limits of those duties , in order to determine with precision the causes of the cost to which taxation professes to be the common contribution . We must not , however , embarrass the present question with a discussion so certain , in the present state of opinions , to lead to results disputable by as many parties as for that the
opinions . It suffices our present purpose first direct duty of government is to provide security of life and property . If it have any other ( which some have taken the liberty to douht , ) that duty can only be secondary and contingent , not essential # nd direct ; and the expense bestowed by any regular government on any such subsidiary functions , always bears but an insignificant proportion to the burden of the primary and indispensable one of order and security .
Tt follows , then , that the due proportion to be contributed by each tax-payer is , incident to the number of persons under his care , and the amount of property in Ins possession . , So long as taxation was tribute , a uniform poll-tax was justly hateful as an impost grossly unequal in its pressure on unequal means ; and no doubt some remains of the old feeling would discover themselves on any new proposal being made to establish such an impost . But truth vindicates itself in time , and a tax which was resented as an oppression enforced by the rapacity of an unscrupulous feudal lord , would soon commend itself to reasonable men as a just contribution to a common expense . A working man would easily acknowledge that his seven children could he no more protected than fed at the same cost as one .
Property occasions expense to the state mainly m proportion to it . s value , with perhaps some variations , easily ascertained in practice . Nothing , therefore , seems clearer than that it should contribute according to what it is worth . This part of the question has , however , been much mystified by taking , without wan-ant ,-the question of profit into account . We say , without warrant ; for , let us consider an extreme case , that of an empty house , or a depreciated tradesman ' s stock . These require the s : une care from the Government for the maintenance of
all rights connected with them , as though they were profitable to their owners ; and why should any man lay oii his fellows the cost of protecting his profitless goods , and of keeping courts open ready to hear all disputes about them ? On the same ground that his property yields him no profit , let him ask an insurance company to indemnify him for nothing against risk of fire ; and the answer may reconcile him to tho consequences of the fact that neither can his property be protected for nothing .
If in this extreme case tho incidence of taxation ought to follow tho value of property , so should if ; in cases which diner amongst themselves as to profit , only in degree . The substantial object of taxation is the actually realized possession , not tho continuously nascent advantage derivable from use , whother greater , less , or none at all . Profit is legitimately taxable only when it has survived tho current need into something tangible and realized . What we now possess is tho nott result of past savings . Taxation should fall on that as realized property which once was only profit . Income-tax ,, as distinguished from property-tax , stands , therefore , wo conceive , on a fulso foundation .
Although taxation only partially conforms in character to insurance , wo commend to our readers , as a convenient guide to thought , that viow of tho case which assumes their similarity . Deem taxation a premium for insurance against violonco and wrong , and nearly all tho incidents and consequences of insuranco will fall into theiv right places in a just theory of taxation . AppropriatonoHH and proportionality of charge , directness of relation , recognised efficiency of Horvice , with its consequent contontmont , mutuality of advantage , a just combination of chances for neutralizing tho severity of individual casos , —spring just iw truly from ono m from tho other , if taxation bo made direct , but not otherwise . In tho light of this viow Of the case little mystery in hit . The administrative inconvonionces of direct taxation are , howovcr , commonly uUegoil to nullify tho
conclusions in its- favour so obviously to be drawn from the consideration of the uses and purposes of government and of the causes of , the cost of maintaining it . This part of the question is therefore the next to be examined .
Peoblem Von Xoed Kosse. To Discover Loui...
PEOBLEM VOn XOED KOSSE . To discover Louis Napoleon ' s " star . " Hating- 'dissolved so many nebulae , Lord Jiosse may be equally successful with that nebular hypothesis . ShouldTie succeed , it would at once place the destiny of this country beyond doubt ; and in such case , it would save trouble , as well as expense and bloodshed , to make the arrangements for a quiet , transfer from . CJueen Victoria to her cousin . We would suggest that a Commissioner should be at once appointed : and no person would be more proper or competent than Mr . Cobden—none , perhaps , so willing . The Commissioner would , of course , secure by stipulation the requisite freedom , for our looms , and " jennies . " As to the press , it would be all the better for some supervision .
The Watbks Abe Coming. It Is Virtually S...
THE WATBKS ABE COMING . It is virtually settled by the Select Committee of the Commons , that in future London is not to have the very worst supply of water ; that the stream is not to be drawn direct from the very filthiest sources , but that , at least , moderation in impurity is to be enforced . This is what the cant of the day calls a" step in tho right direction . " Above Teddington , below which the supply is interdicted , the Thames is the drain , not of a huge empire city , but only of a n extensive population , with , its attendant herds . That is an improvement .
The Committee thinks the impurity in that quarter too small to affect health . But why have any ? Londoners , we imagine , would rather have no impurity at all . Why drink even a fractional probability of cholera—especially " when there is no occasion for it ? " The Memorandum from the Committee of the Sanitary Association shows that water distilled by nature , but not deprived , like artificial distilled water , of its air , can be obtained from hill-top . Why , then , have it from valley-bottom , down among the dead dogs , and other relics of corruption ?
. V. The Annual Meeting, We Aro Told By ...
. v . The annual meeting , we aro told by advertisement , is to he held by an extremely Christian society , " D . V . " —" Deo volento , " or , God willing ; and the annual sermon also is to be preached " I > . V . " Why is it that the " unco guid" always announce when they intend to perform anything " D . V . ? " It tends to suggest an idea , that at times they may undertako transactions " D . N . "—nolente Deo , in spito of all permission . Nobody elso ventures to keep a reservation implied in tho special announcement . We all mako our plans " humanly speaking ; " and , even when wo do not trumpet it , aro resigned to tho possibility of an interdict .
Nay , few of us would desire to do anything otherwise than under tho acquiescence implied in tho two letters . Their use is offensive : it implies tho monopoly of a virtuous resignation , which everybod y must feel ; it betrays tho notion of a possibility which the omission of tho letters would suggest , but which nobody except tho over-righteous would imagine No committeo can al ter event s by inserting or omitting the two capital letters—not ovon an Exotor Hall committeo , though it may havo arrogated a special influence
Ono Whoeigns Himself" Ultra," Objects To...
Ono whoeigns himself" Ultra , " objects to the reasoning in tho recent letter by " Ion , " entitled " Sixty Yoars Lost . " Ultra" thinks that tho " entire multitude ) noed not do so very considorato of tho " scholastic and eminent tow . Corttunly not , if tho multitudo can got what tliov wani . without tho consent of the few . But ifc happens that tho eminent few aro influential , which " Ultra" ovoriwlj . " Ultra" " cannot conceive how doing simple justice to w » ontifo multitudo can bo an offensive tyranny to tho eminent few . " Tho argument , however , turns upon «"* - «» tho ominont fow" consider that tho act tho £ aro calloa upon to porform , is an net of " simple justice Y " ° y " not holiovo it is : and thin is tho reason why tUoy I o bo conaulted . Nor are tho " eminent few' few W " Ultra" thinks . They aro numorous onough to giuiiw » tho country . __ fc
Atfmai'a'A'Ion Aimno .Unafpmtednw, — ^« ...
AtfMai'A'A'ION AIMNO . UnAFPMTEDNW , — ^« " tho demure Puritan , however , think that tho joke nt all against tho gay cavalier w bowi * TI » oro mny as much of tho sin of cultivation in iho fltrokod ana gloswy hair of tho lioundheau , or plain wan , twi in . w lovc-lockH and bunches of their antipodes in Hentiinonu I havo seen some men , who aflbcted to ho very aflectcd , cultivate a peak on tho top and centre or i « o brown n » Hodulonnly , and with n » much inward rt lafcion on account of it , m over I suw a duiuly < " . a tuft or train a sido-eurl .-t-tf / mm ^ r /* Pocket oellang , vol . iv .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), May 8, 1852, page 16, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_08051852/page/16/
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