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846 THE LEADER. [Satxjh©a.y
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PUBLIC JHScAtfcTH-—THE CHOLERA. Tbe tReg...
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cTh,e Board of Health is very acstiye : ...
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THIa vpiea»ant sttg^eetion is made by a ...
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THE BEEK ACT. TiiE" Protection. Society ...
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WUEiGci\.TAI¥ ENTEHESFG 51EH ON BOA3RD M...
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COURTS-MAltTIAL IN INDIA. (From the Mofu...
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THE BMGSSINGS OF ABSUJBD MTEEATUHE. The ...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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846 The Leader. [Satxjh©A.Y
846 THE LEADER . [ Satxjh © a . y
Public Jhscatfcth-—The Cholera. Tbe Treg...
PUBLIC JHScAtfcTH- —THE CHOLERA . Tbe tRegistrar- 'Generat-opeturns : — " sin the--week that ended on Saturday last 2515 persons died in London . This number exceeds the average , 1248 , by : 1267 , but is 281 less than the number of deaths in the week that ended September 1 , 1849 , when " cholera was epidemic , and 2796 persons died . - " The air was stagnant in the early part of the week ; no rain fell ; the sun shone brightly ; and the temperature of the atmosphere and the TJiames ranged from 60 degs . to 70 degs . " 1287 deaths are referred to cholera , 243 to diarrhoea . The deaths from cholera during the last nine weeks have been 1 , 5 , 26 , 133 , 399 , 644 , 729 , 847 , 1287 .
" 3 Elie present cholera epidemic , like that of 1848- —9 , has appeared in two eruptions . The first broke out earlier ( August 21 , 1853 ) , the latter eruption later in the year { July 8 th ) than the corresponding eruptions in citlier the epidemic of 1832—3 , or of 1848—9 . " Up to the date of September the 1 st , 1849 , the epidemic in London daring 15 weeks destroyed 8117 lives In the present epidemic 407 Q lives have been lost in the eight weeks ending September the 2 nd . " Although little more than a fourth part ( 616 r 635 ) of the population ( 2 , 362 , 286 . ) of this vast city is on the south side of the Thames , 2317 of the 4070 deaths from cholera , have happened in the low southern districts ; and there the mortality is still heavy ; 101 persons died of cholera last ¦ weekiin -Bennontlsey . " On -the north side of tlie Thames there has been a remaskable outbreak in the St . James ' s district .
t ^ " The ' lpcal authorities-should immediately make arrangements . , for carrying out . the instructions of the . Board of Health . iNo < time should be lost . Inspection arid the honseto » house visitation should be at once instituted . The maxim with every . person now should be—Follow your usual pursuits ; ; iiye . temperately ^ but well ; iear no thing ; - ' , but the instant » ypn perceive any : disorder , however' slight , in yourself <» fany-inember -6 f your family ,, apply 'for- medical advice . " ¦ On the water comi > anies tliat supply the population with 'the dirty water of the rivers a serious responsibility rests . The water of every company is as impure as it was in 4 : 849 , except in one instance . The Lambeth company ; now -procures its water from Thames Ditton , and in the districtsi which it partially supplies the moi ^ talifcy ftdnv cholera is Jargelyjreduced . "
Cth,E Board Of Health Is Very Acstiye : ...
cTh , e Board of Health is very acstiye : that is , it is issuing incessant circulars . It recominends these precautions : — ¦ . -, ' ' ' :.. ¦ ¦ " ¦ ¦ : ¦ .- '¦ .. '• 'I .. - Apply to a medical man immediately in case of looseness of / the'bowels , as it may bring on cholercw , ' * '' 2 i -Do not take any salts or other strong medicine with-< Jut , proper advice . ¦? VS .. ' Beware of drink , for excess in beer , wine , or spirits is likely to be followed by cholera . ..,,- ¦ rU ' 4 . Avoid eating meat that , is . 'tainted , or unwholesome
decayed or unripe fruit , and stale . fish or vegetables . . ¦" 5 i 'Avoid fasting too long . Bemoderate at jneals . '"; . < $ . Avoid , great fatigue ,, or getting heated and then chilled . " 7 . Avoid getting wet , or remaining in wet clothes . " 8 . Keep yourself clean , and your body and feet as dry and as vvarm us your means and occupation will permit . "' 9 . 'Keep your rooms well cleaned and limewashed ; open the windows as often us possible ; remove all dirt aaid impuxities'immediately .
" 10 , Use chloride of lime or of zinc to removo any offensive s molls . " 11 . If there are any dust or dirt heaps , foul drains , bad smells , or other nuisances in the house or neighbourhood , mako complaint without delay to the local authorities having leg _ ul power to removo thorn ; or , if there be no such autho » rities , or you do not know who they are , complain to the board of guardians . " » It lias called to its aid a Medical Board—a good step , ensuring at least jfor the future a scientific generalisation of the origin and cure of cholera , The medical men selected are : —
" 1 . John Ayrton Paris , M . D , F . R . S ., President of the Roynl College of Physicinns . * ' 2 . Sir James Collina Brortio , Bart ., F . R . S ., Sergeant Surgeon ¦ 'to the Queon , Consulting Surgeon to St . George ' s Hospital ' '" ' 8 . Sir James 'Olark , Bnrt ., M . D ., F . lt . S ,, Phyaiqian in'Ordinary t-otlie'Quecn and to his JRoyal Highness Pcinco Albfliu . ^' 4 , Jivnws AlrtevsoTi , M . D .. F . R . S ., Fellow nnd Trenennr of tho 'Royal College of Pliyaicians , Physician to St . Mury ' n Hoapitul . ' *« 5 . > Bonjamin Guy'BttbinRton , "M . D , F . R . S ,, Follow of tho 'Hfryiil 'Oollogo ot 'Physicians , late 'Phyaioiun to Guy ' s Hospital , "'¦ CO . Alexander Tweedio , M . D ., F . KS , Fellow of tho Royal College of PhyHi « ian < i , i'hyfticlnu to tho FovorlHoa-\ i * ai |* uik ia \ uivruv iflfll
j ^ AU < tlf < A ^^«« an * . " A ** W IIIYUIOllj \ Jl JLjWHUUJI . " 7 , William Daly , jVI . !> ., F . R . 8 ., Assiatunt Physician to 'St . ¦ BnTtholomoW' 8 Hoapitnl , Physician to tho Milbank Penltflntinrry . lM -William Lawrence , F . K . S ., Vico-Preaidcnt of the Jtoynl 'College of Surgoonw , Surgeon to St . Bartholomew ' s Hospital , -Surgeon Extraordinary to tho Queen . " ® , 'John Simon . 'F . R . S ., Surgeon to St . Thomas ' s Hospital , GMiicor of Heriltih inttujOHy of London . ¦ * " »() 'RiOhnril Owon , -F . BiS , iWoasaor of Zoology in the Boy « l'C « llogo of Surgeons . ' ?• 1 | . tNnthaniul B . VVwnl , Maator of tho Society of Apothoowleii . **• J 2 . < ifo \ m Bftoot , Inapootor of Anntoiny , Member of tho Sonutfl Of tho Univornity of London . ' 'JW'William F « rr , "M : D ., Koglsbrar-GononU ' s Office . "
" In Macaulay ' s History will be found the following passage : — " ' On the east" of Begent-street , opposite Conduit-street , ' was a field , not to be passed without a shudder by any Londoner of that age . There , as in a place far from the hatmts of men , had been dug , 20 years before , when the great plague was raging , a pit , into which the dead carts jad nightly shot corpses by scores . It was popularly believed that the earth was deeply tainted with infection , could not berdisturbed without imminent risk to human life . ' " This is the spot which the Commissioners of Sewers , disregarding the warnings of Mr . Simon , the medical
inspector of theOity of London , chose to disturb to the lowest depths for months together this spring . The consequences weare now seeing . A state of things which even in the time of the great plague would have been appalling . In one street upwards of 100 dying from the cholera in less than three days . The corpses carried away in carts-for want p f more suitable means of conveyance . Scarcely a House in the district without its dead or dying . " Will not the ground in other parts le now let alone by the commissioners till the epidemic be somewhat abated ? Or shall fresh hecatombs of victims mark at once their energy in making sewers , and their total disregard of any sanitary or hygienic principle ?"
Thia Vpiea»Ant Sttg^Eetion Is Made By A ...
THIa vpiea » ant sttg ^ eetion is made by a corxo-BPondent to tho Times ; —
The Beek Act. Tiie" Protection. Society ...
THE BEEK ACT . TiiE" Protection . Society " of the \ Licensed Victual , lers has had a : nieeting , at which the Committee oflered t"heir defence : to the trade , and we ought to assume that the trade inras satisfied , for no counters iresoltttions vre * fe offerecl in cqtnpetitiion iyith . those proposed hy the Committee . But the secession . goes on . About 600 Licensed Victuallers have . constituted , themselves into an independent" 3 ) efence AssQeiation / ' and have had a meetings to organise , at Crury Lane . Speeches were jnade , and resolutions p > asseci , fatal 16 the ¦ present array of editorial vtalent connected with the morning Advertiser .
Wueigci\.Tai¥ Entehesfg 51eh On Boa3rd M...
WUEiGci \ . TAI ¥ ENTEHESFG 51 EH ON BOA 3 RD MERGHA-NO ?« HJPS . iA CASEof . « ome importanee < to-the commereial and royal ^ navies was heard by'the borough'magistrates at PortsmQuth oh Wednesday . £ Th 6 Commariderrin-Cbief , Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas pobhrane , was present during its hearing , as yras also Captain Hay , of H ; M . S . "Victory . The circumstances of the case w © r 0 as follows : James 'Chirk , a waterman ^ belonging to Gosport , ^ appeared to answer ; to an infpririation , laid under the 8 & 9 Tic , chapter 116 , intitutled an ' * Act for the protection of seamen entering on board merchant ships / ' in having " provided and supplied a seaman'named John Grain to a merchant ship , " he not having a license to dp so . These are the faots ; the man Qratn was a seaman belonging to the Sealark , tender to the Illustrious , and he had leave of absence from Jfriday evening , tho 25 th ult ,, till Sa-. ttirday morning . He did not return to the Sea-Ja ' rk on the last-named day , and then it ¦ transpired that he had entered on board the merchant ship Blenheim . A fast steamer ( the Vivid ) was sent after the Blenheim , -which she overtook off St . Katherine's Point . Gram , together with two other seamen of the Illustrious , -were found on board , and brought back .
The charge was not denied . Thqre were in all six informations , and Clark was fined 15 / . with costs , or four months 1 hard labour , on < the . first , and la * , or one day s hard labour on the others . Jt appears that the law had never been put in force at Portsmouth before .
Courts-Malttial In India. (From The Mofu...
COURTS-MAltTIAL IN INDIA . ( From the Mofus & il ' UeS ) In oyr remarks upon the caso of Lieutenant tfnrris , tho other day , we qspocmlly adverted to tlie extreme leniency of tho sentence , in comparison with othor sentences awarded fpr offences of a similar kind . One of the most Btrikjng contrasts is tbnfc of Lieutenant Bradford of the Artillery , Mr . BrntHbru failed to redeem his promissory -note for 800 rupees , nnd tho note paving been negotiated , the endorsee had to discharge tho obligation Thoso gontlerncn were brotlier oflicers of Mr . Brndford , and paid tho money without calling attention to tho circumstance , nnd considered tho 'transaction evidently as a , private one in all respects . There waa h second charge aguiuat Mr . Bradford , which was to tho oflbot thnt ho haq givon n creditor an order to the extent of 100 rupees mmontli on liia pay nnd allowances , and afterwards , without tho consent of the bank to whioh tho ordcrlmd Icon sold , directed tho discontinuance of tho deductions . For thoso offences Mr . Bradford was sentenced to be dismissed tho service .
Of tho two olfimces thorc can bo no doubt thnt tho offonco of Mr . Harris wns tho one which would lower tho delinquent most nmong gentlemen , and expose him to n severer punishmont bytlio ordinary law . But becnuao thqy wore tried by court-mnrtlnl , Mr . Harris , tho greater offender , loses thrqo atopa , while Mr . Bradford , tho smnllor offender , is caBhicrod . Wo have ohtsoIvos repeatedly condemned tho preaont system for ita uncertainty , nnd thin journftl .-whilo in other lmndtj , has a » w « yB cnllod loudly for reform . Tine rniomiilios to which it gives rise nto countless . T | io hriofertt description of cnBCO within our iccolloction whioh have boon ^ jros % blundorod , would fill n considerable apneo . Need wo rcfor to tho nnmen of Snndhmn . Rood , and Gumming ? Nood we point onco moro to tho mraicivl incllicloncy of tlte Judgo Advocates X > o-
partment , especially under a late head , who proposed that great boon to young officers—viz . making their eatire pay available at the Military Oonrt of Requests—and . actually attempted to force it upon their acceptance ? Need-we refer to the anomaly which is occasionally met with—of an officer and a gentleman who has been dismissed the service for dishonourable conduct , swaggering about with the airs of injured innocence , on full pay , and as good a man as any in the army ? One of these we call to mind at the present moment , when the case stands out in peculiarly strong contrast to another , —that of one who has been tried and acquitted by court-martial , of very serious charges , and turned out of the service to gratify the private animosity of a person to whom he had rendered himself obnoxious . Last year the incapacity of the Judge-Advocate ' s Department was particularl y exhibited in the case of Thomas Paeey
, of her Majesty ' s -1 . 0 th Kegiment , who was represented in the charge as killing and murdering a man on the 3 rd of March , when the man did not dte until the 9 th . In a case which occurred at about the same time , there was a flagrant instance of a Judge-Advocate selecting and commenting upon evidence while the doors were closed , and during the absence of the prisoner , —a practice winch may ha iivaccordance with custom , but is certainly not in accordance with , law . TheD , again , as regards previous convictions . They are never meant by military law to have any weight in the case of commissioned officers ; the Court being boaud simply to consider the case before them . Yet Mr . Sandham , to whom we have already referred , was sentenced to be cashiered , partly on the ground , as was formally declared ,- that . evidence of two previous convictions had been received . These and numerous instances on record of the filiii-ins
requirements of the present system , can leave no doubt on the mind of a * y ^^ rational . person that no real reforni is likely to take place in military law until there is anewdepartinent , formed of men of undoubted aiid ascertained qualifications for the work . It is no ieproach to officers that the . great majority of them are not capable of fulfillirig the "functions of lawyers wlio go through a -regular training in their pi-ofession , and < ain attain su . ccess . in it only by years of laborious study . We should not be surpaised .. at a- barrister being incompetent to lead a regiment into action , or to lay the . plan of a sbientific iriilitary operation . AVhy then should even experienced officers be expected to be unerring in matters so niuch beyond the rarige of tlielr proper duties' ? this particularly applies to the investigatic » n of cases vrlnch . do not involve military offences—like the case of Mr , Harris , for instance . Ih England , an officer wlio is charged , with an offence of the kind is tried by the civil law ; by impartial
persons 'fully qualified to form an estimate of his guilt . If lie is proved , guilty of an pffence derogatory to his character , and which brings him within reach of military law , he is dealt with accordingly ; - —and in England ; therefore , such anomalies as we have referred to are unknown . Under the Indian system a court-martial never seems to § o right . There is always an absurd amount of revising , isapproving , and no ^ coiifinriing . There is no confidence whatever between the officers of the army , and tlie Department . The personal character and moral influence of a Gommatider-in-Ohief , of course goes very far towiirds overcoming , defects of system , and securing justice as far asfoi'ins will allow . Under a man like Sir Charles Napier many blunders and scandals may be avoided . But allCoinmandersin-Chief ai-e not Nivpiers ; and occasionally those high authorities have not the weight and influence which should belong to their position .
Therefore , as we cannot always " be sure of great men to govern , theru is the more reason why the lu \ vs should be such as little men may administer with something like certainty .
The Bmgssings Of Absujbd Mteeatuhe. The ...
THE BMGSSINGS OF ABSUJBD MTEEATUHE . The Liverpool Journal discusses the question raised by Cardinal Wiseman : " The Cardinal Archbishop would have tho people taught only by Act of Parliament ; and he would introduce a censorship of tho press , lest tho . pood tasto of the public should full to reject what waa unseemly , Speaking of the books distributed through the rum ! districts of France , ' ho explained how it hnd been curried on for 300 years by tho colportage ; how , annually , from 8 , 000 . 000 to 9 , 000 , 000 volumes , varying in flriee from on « halfpenny to tenpence , had been thus distributed ; how little in tho lapse of ages , this literature had boon changed or been improved ; and how , nt length , tho government of tho present Binpovor had resolved to inquire intothc chnractor of the works thus circu *
lntetl , ; witli tho view of prohibiting ; such na it considered noxious or foolish . . On the 30 th of November , 1852 , a commission hnd been appointed , ami , in eonsoquenco , the . co / joojv teur was required to hnvo n stninp of pormlsttion on every book , thnt ho » pldf Tho . publishers hud also boon , invitod to send in their publications > to bo examined , nnd itpproved or rejected , Tho nnjnboi : of works , in consoquonco , submitted , hnd been 7600 , nnd of them threo-lourths hnd boon refused permission to bo put in circulation , " Now , Uio boolcswliioh hud sufforod no ohango ' in tho hipso of ngoa , ' must huvo had some merit in thoin ; and if htia eminont'o would pnuso a moinont from theology to bu wiao , ho would find tuat tho popular litornturo which delighted thousands of yonrs ngo , delights stilt . Ho will find
thnt''Jack'tho Qmnt- < Ktllor is still at iiunuinrln the nursory , oven of the high nnd noblo , and thnt tho ' Sleeping Beauty in tho Wood' is a story thnt ncvor tiros , 1 'ho Thousandand-One Nigh ta'ia in o very library ; and'Qrinun ' s Northern Legends , ' i \ nd Orpfton Orokor ' H ' : Fniry H ' lileB' havo run through many editions , boouuoo thow «« Uhy ond tho lonrnod buy thorn . Dickona introduced ivn importimt topic in hla Hard Times ' but did not dovoloy it . 'FaclB nnd aoionco , ho ehowod , do not suit tho juvenile capacity , while tho absence of tlio knowledge— -or nmusomfint , w you like—¦ which tho instinct of tho youug dosiro , ) , ia 'followed by montul consequences not o-ntioipatcu by , ton < Jhora , What tho young and tho old Btand moflt In need of ia tho enlargement of thole oympathlca — a fullor
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 9, 1854, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_09091854/page/6/
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