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No. 494. Sept. 10, 1859.1 THE LEADER. > ...
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share of scientific knowledge, and instr...
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Scott's Patent Generator, the great Econ...
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Guide Boots — to (hi Coast of Kent — to ...
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Eiuhly Sermons on various Subjects, Evat...
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The JUoah, a talo of tho Anglo-Siixon Ch...
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COMMERCIAL.
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THE WOOL TRADE. WE pointed out last week...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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No. 494. Sept. 10, 1859.1 The Leader. > ...
No . 494 . Sept . 10 , 1859 . 1 THE LEADER . > 1041
Share Of Scientific Knowledge, And Instr...
share of scientific knowledge , and instructed to apnnpreciate its value . ' . « We have heard that one of our legislators not verv Ion" since , when speaking of his own ignorance with regard to science , lamented that he had been born in ° a pre-seientinc era , referring , we presume , to the absence of scientific instruction in our schools and universities till up to a very recent period . " Everj' word of this is true , only too true . The perceptions of public men , however , huve at length Awakened to . the high significance of scientific : knowledge to the country in a material point of
view Scientific men , also , have united , though nut without great opposition , for the purpose of conferring the blessing and power of . their knowledge on mankind ; anil we may readily accept the work before us as reporting progress , and cherish the expectation that as the ages advance ignorance will disappear and the future be more under the control and Governance of the highest wisdom , enlightened in earthly affairs by knowledge universally extended and partaken both by governors and peoples . Philosophy and Science must go hand in hand , if the nice is to be regarded . '
Scott's Patent Generator, The Great Econ...
Scott ' s Patent Generator , the great Economise ) ' of Fuel , Labour , and Space , with Exemption Jrota Explosion ; or New versus . Old Steam . London : King and Co . This pamphlet , which-contains . numerous plates-of steam boilers , & c , to illustrate the working-of Mr . Scott ' s new steam generator ,. should receive the best attention of all engineers . "With this generator it is proposed to produce very high pressure steam , without any boiler at all . It appears to be a reversing of the construction of the locomotive boiler , which consists of a great number of tubes running parallel with the boiler , the water surrounding the tubes ,, and the . flame and heated air passing through . the tubes —the whole enclosed in a heavy sheet-iron casing , and weighing several tons : whereas the patent generator consists of a cone of tubes ( to be multiplied to
any extent required ) . This cone of tubes is fitted in the furnace , the flame , and heated air passing all over the tubes , the steam being inside . The steam is first produced in what . is called the liux-ing box , being a mixture of water and a . ir , which are forced through heated vertical , partitions of wire gauze . After leaving this mixing box the steam passes through the coric of tubes , and becomes sf / ywhciited steam . The advantages accruing from this , form of generator , and mode of -generating elastic fluids , may be enumerated thus : —A saving of life and property , a saving of fuel , a saving of space ( for no cumbersome boilers are required ) , and a saving of labour . Could this new form of generator be applied to locomotive and road engines we should soon have better dividends and lower fares on our railw . iys , for the saving of fuel would be full 50 per cent .
Guide Boots — To (Hi Coast Of Kent — To ...
Guide Boots — ( hi Coast of Kent — to the Counts ) of Devon qnd Cornwall— to the Coasts of Hunts and Dorset—and to the Coust of Sussex . Edward Standford . Thksk Guide-books are nil prepared by Mackenzie Walcott , M . A ., of Exeter College , : md form a series of manifest utility , extending from the lfoeulvers to the Land ' s End . Hero , then , we have an illustration to the south coast of England , in pocketvolumes , intended to point out the objects of real
interest , and , to adopt the author ' s words , '' recalling those events and . mnn which have given life , and the modes of thought which have imparted a romance to places . " The author has nlso indulged in tlie patriotic wish to persuade his readers that their own country has attractions superior to those of the continent . Coloiirod local miips tire attached to these pleasant littlo groon-covered books , which , arc really compiled with cure , and calculated to serve us tlio key to the traveller ' s inquiry and investigations .
Eiuhly Sermons On Various Subjects, Evat...
Eiuhly Sermons on various Subjects , Evatu / c final , Devotional , and Practical , liy Joseph Lathrop , DJ ) ., Pastor of tho First Church in West Springfield , U . S . —London : Thomas Jepp . 1 KM > . Tiiesb eighty sermons will ho found of great servico to our country clergy . Tlioy arc reprinted from tho seven-volumo edition at Dr . Lathi-op ' s ser mons , published in America sumo years ago , and now ( according to Mr . Jopps ) very scarce . Wo hnvo not road them , but of so niucli bulk theru must bo something " smart , " as the Yankees Hay .
The Juoah, A Talo Of Tho Anglo-Siixon Ch...
The JUoah , a talo of tho Anglo-Siixon Church . Tins Is anotliur of tho scrips of tales publi diod by John Henry and James Parker , nml hi of fair avor-« gu inorjt . Tho c / bjoM of Ihoaci tales , tho publishers state i s "to give u faithful rt / prosontatiuu of tha condition of thu Church in past utfos . "
Commercial.
COMMERCIAL .
The Wool Trade. We Pointed Out Last Week...
THE WOOL TRADE . WE pointed out last week the amount and value of our imports of foreign corn , and the cruel absurdity . of" the legislation which for a long period prohibited or impeded such a gainful and necessary traflSc . "We now proceed to give a similar short account of our trade in wool . This is one of the three articles of the import of which a somewhat minute account is given in the annual Statistical Abstract ; cotton and corn being the
others , on account , we presume , of their superior importance . As we stated last week , cotton , in point of value , is tho greatest of our imports . The value of the quantity imported in 1858 was . £ 30 , 1 . 00 , 968 ; that of corn and Hour was < £ 2 O , 15-2 , 6 ' 41 ; and that of wool , 48 , 972 , 218 . In value , wool is also surpassed by the sugar imported , which , in 1858 , including molasses and sugar candy , amounted ¦ to ' £ l-i , 467 , 867 . ^ SVe select wool for our remarks because it has been
more subject to legislation than cotton , and is a better illustration of the foolishness of meddling with trade . Latterly -we have all become convinced that Dr . Franklin deserved more honour than he received for the remark that the legislator was one of-. the greatest fools on . earth when lie began to meddle with trade ; the only doubt remaining now is whether lie be not equally , foolish when he meddles with other matters . Down to 1802 the importation of wool was quite free , but the exportation—from a notion that English wool should be kept for our own manufacturers—was entirely and strictly prohibited till 1824 . The exigencies of the
revolutionary war , when it grew into a custom . to examine every article in use only to ascertain if it could bear a _ , led to the imposition of a duty on wool . . At first-..-the- tax -was 5 s . 3 d , per cwt . ; in 1813 it was raised to 6 < . Sd . per cw { . ; and in 1819 to 56 s . The tax yielded handsomely when first imposed , and our manufacturers then having a ' monopoly of the colonial market , and of almost every other market , did not much comp lain of it or oppose it . After the pence , however , when-the monopoly had ceased , and they had fo "compete in the foreign market both for the raw material and to sell their cloth , the additional duty was a grievous injury to them , find they became clamorous for repeal . They interested in their favour only a few
intelligent public writers , but everybody and every thing were then so taxed that they derived no groat help from the nation at large ; each class being naturally anxious to procure the removal of its own special burdens . They were told , too , by the prime minister that he had no objection to give up the tax , " provided they would agree to the free exportation of wool $ " but they would not till they wore p inched very severely by -foreign competition . In 1824 , a bill passed removing this manufacturers' tax from industry , and reducing tlie Import duty to 3 d . per 1 b . This change was as vehemently opposed by the protectionists of that day as the repeal of the com laws was opposed in 1840 , and it was made in spite of their patriotic exertions . Terrible were the denunciations of ruin to our
manufacturers by allowing foreigners to have any of our long wool , and to our flock-masters by permitting foreign wool to come in at a low duty . The latter , led on in the . south by the Duke of llichinond , threatened a revolt or a departure , . winch , as they could not carry the South Downs with them , was not allowed to frustrate , though it Hulliccd to retard liberal legislatian . In -July , 1 H 25 , tho import , duty was reduced to , Jd . or Id . per pound , nn the wool was worthies * or moiothan Is . per pound . Finally , when Sir lloberl : Peel amended the tai-ifl thu imnort duty on wool was entirely abolished ; wince tlien woof has been free of duty , though it still lias , in deference to old usage , to be recorded and examined at the ( Jusloin IIouho . Now wo wish to coll attention to tho present , extent of tho trade , which manufacturers , landowners , and statesmen agreed to impede or prohibit before
IH-24 . . First , us to the wool grown at , home , there are no records kept of this or of tho iniiiibi-rof sheop , but wo ] inyu very good reason to believe , from the continuous and in ' crcMisingly abundant mipply oj ' mutton for an increasing ' population , amongst
The Wool Trade. We Pointed Out Last Week...
whom the consumption of meat is extending , that the number of sheep in the empire has continually increased . About 1830 they were estimated at 32 , 000 , 000 . . Since then the number is supposed to have doubled , and if the wool crop at that period estimated at 4 lbs . per fleece was 128 , 000 , 000 lbs ., we may well conclude from the great extension of the woollen , manufactures , and from the improvement in the cultivation of wool since , that the produce now is not less than 260 , 000 , 000 lbs . per annum .- It is , however , quite certain that since tlie duty was reduced , and afterwards abolished , that the increase of woollen manufactures , including worsted and mixed fabrics , has been much increased , and the growth of wool has been also greatly increased . " The value of the woollens and worsteds exported was-
—In 18-20 - • £ -M 8- ' , W 7 ; in it * . > i ; -ss average l-J . nij- . ' . ro-t Or in thirty years the exports have increased three-fold . Though imported wool is largely used in our manufactures the chief part-of the-wool employed continues to be of native growth . Prior to 1824 not one pound of home-grown wool could be exported except . smuggled ; . but in 1857 , the latest year of which we have the detailed statement of our trade , the export of English wool was 15 , 144 , 322 lbs ., of the value of . £ 1 , 009 , 499 . Supposing our growth to be now 200 , 000 , 000 lbs ., we export nearly the sixteenth part , and the agricultural interest is benefitted by tlie competition of foreigners . with our own manufacturers-to obtain some of their wool .
! N 6 w we come to the quantity of foreign and colonial wool imported into this country . Total 'Wool . Imported : — ' lbs . In 18 : > 0 with a 6 d . duty .. <> , 7 si > , 0 !> 0 In lfcWO ) flllf . vid n ,, rt Id ( 3- - \ -U 0 , 0 i ) 0 In 1840 J tluty id- antl U 1 - ••••¦•* 4 i ) , 4 . » VJrH In 1 S 50 free 7 »> , ?< W , < H 7 In 185 S free li ! i , r : iS , 723 So that we now import almost half as much as we grow . To show that the last year is , 'not exceptional , we will mention that the average quantity imported . 'in . the three years , 1856—1858 , is 124 , 233 , 338 lbs . Thus , since this trade was set
free , the import of wool has . increased nearly fourteen-fbld , and the whole of that import gives in proportion employment and remuneration to several classes of our people . It must not be inferred that our manufactures have increased in exactly the same proportion , for a very considerable quantity of this wool is re-exported ; but n good deal of tlie import to re-export is due to the article being perfectly free of duty . Of the imports the quantity exported , taking as the specimen the average of the last three years , was 29 , 847 , 194 lbs ., which left for ouruse 94 , 386 , 144 lbs . To give a complete history of this great branch of the national business is by no means our
intention : we wish only to point out its progress since it escaped the control of duties and prohibitions , and ior this purpose these facts may suflice . Combining imports with exports—both of the raw material and the manufacture—it seems not too much to say that since the trade was set tolerably fr < io in 1824 it has increased fully fourfold . In flip interval population may have increased (> 0 per cent . —certainl y it has not doubled . We may consider , there / ore , all the di / li-ruix-i . ' -between the actual increase of the population and tlu 1 actual increase Of the manufacture and trudeof wool as tho consequence of the abolition of the restrictions and of the duties on this part of the rational industry . The inherent principle of population which has been thought so powerful as to override all other circumstancesand bebtlie increase of people u
, , y perpetual source of social degradation , '* certainly powerful enough—though . thu extreme representation is now known to be untrue—to have at least increased the manufacture as fust as the population . It has , however , increased much faster , and wo may conclude- that the slow progress prior to the repeal of the laws was dun to tho old restrictions . Tlie legislation as to wool , like the legislation as to corn , greatly impeded the national nrowfh ami the national prosperity . Unhappily , the legislaliiiv is ever ready »<• n-pi-al such rr ' ors and the people ever rendy to encourage it in doing this kind ol" mischief ; and , therefore , wu tdmll whenever we havu nn opportunity , cull utlenlioii to examples , like those ol' wool and corn ,
of its wrong doing . Wo musl , however , remark Unit of Into , tljiu supply ol' wool imported from the diilurent , countries ol' iiuropo has fallen ofl " , and the supply from
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 10, 1859, page 21, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_10091859/page/21/
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