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1028 THE LEADER [Xo. 494. Sept. 10, 1850...
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THE RELIGIOUS " REVIVALS " IN IRELAND. T...
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MR. NEWTON'S DISCOVERIES IN ASIA MINOR. ...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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The National Debt. A I'Aimcn Of 104 Pago...
all such persons as shall bring their money into the public bank of your Exchequer ; as the rivers do . naturally empty themselves into the sea , so we hope the veins of gold and silver in this nation will plentifully run into this ocean ,-for the maintenance of jour Majesty ' s just sovereignty on the seas . " This system was extended in 1667 , by the 19 th and 20 th of Charles II ., cap . 4 , for assigning orders In the Exchequer without revocation , which recites : — " Whereas it hath been found by experience upon the late Act for l , 250 , 000 Z ., made at Oxford , and other Acts of Parliament since that time ,, that the power of assigning of orders in the Exchequer upon those Acts , without revocation , hath been of . great use and advantage to the persons concerned in them ,
and to the trade of this kingdom , and given great credit to his Majesty ' s Exchequer ; " and enacts that all orders registered in the Exchequer may be assigned , and the assignor may not revoke his assignment . Large advances were now made by the goldsmiths , since caffed " bankers , " who made 8 to 10 per cent , out of money which their customers had placed m their hands without interest , or which they had borrowed at the legal rate of 6 per cent . But these ¦ " visionary profits" were cut off hi 1672 by the suspension of all payments upon all assignations in the Exchequer for one year . The result was a general crash in Lombard-street , and a severe financial " crisis ; " it is estimated that the bankers and others
tvere thus defrauded of 1 , 323 , 526 / . The King , by letters patent , charged his hereditary revenue with the interest of that sum at 6 per cent ., which was punctually paid till a year before his death ( 1685 ) . The payment then stopped , and the creditors of Go ^ yernment , unable to move the Legislature , went to Jaw . In 1697 judgment was obtained against the Crpiyn ; this decision was set aside by Lord Chancellor Somers , but ultimately affirmed on appeal by the House of Lords . An Act of Parliament , however , was passed in 1699 , by which a different arrangement was made , and here we stumble on the origin of the Farmers' Funded Debt . In 1688 , the year of the glorious Revolution , the whole amount
of debt did not exceed 84 , 888 / ., exclusive of arrears due to the army and navy , amounting to 300 , O 0 OZ . The ordinary revenue was l , 580 , 000 Z ., and the average annual expenditure in the reign of James IL 1 , 700 , OOOZ . In 1695 Long Annuities originated , and in 1 C 94 the Bank of England was incorporated , and the foundation laid of our present national debt . Exchequer-bills were first issued in 1696 , during a period of great financial distress , about a year before . the conclusion of the celebrated Peace pf Ryswick , at which point the last , volume of Lord Macaulay ' s History leaves off . And soon the molehill rose into the high mountain , beneath which the nation groans like the fabled giant entombed beneath Etna .
1028 The Leader [Xo. 494. Sept. 10, 1850...
1028 THE LEADER [ Xo . 494 . Sept . 10 , 1850 .
The Religious " Revivals " In Ireland. T...
THE RELIGIOUS " REVIVALS " IN IRELAND . TTiiom the columns of a contemporary much read and ndmired by the " Evangelical" part of the Church of England we quote the following sensible remarks : — *> " As we write , some hundreds of girls and even young men in Belfast and elsewhere in the north of Ireland are actually being trained to fall into hysterical fits , and to believe that their insane mpaninge are manifestation ' s of the Holy Spirit . To those who understand what hysteria really is as physiologists describe it , this must appear a very gross blasphemy . That the delusion largely exists is now unfortunately a matter of public notoriety , and
it behoves every moral man and woman , fathers , mothers , husbands , arid brothers , to unite in condemning its digraceful practice . Hysteria , in effect , is essentially the very opposite to anything purely spiritual . This , its medicaLand true aspect , is the only correct one . Thero can bo no religion in nny such gross movement . The ganglionic nerves , that is , tho nerves of the stomach , play the principal part in tho affection . How , thon . can there bo anything divine in such merely sensuous indications ? They are gross enough in a private house , under tho eye of parents and an able physician , but what shall we say oT thorn when made the substance of public devotion in an established place houses ot
of worship ? Tho Prcsbytorian meeting- Belfast are at present n ) l hot-beds of this impious mania . Humble girls , working at the mills , and young men equally Ignorant and laborious , are studiously taught that the offensive disease known ns hysteria , is a sure indication of tho motions of the Divine Spirit . If any of our readers are desirous <> f obtaining a clear insight into what wo must call tho profane practices In tho mootjing-housos in the north of Ireland , they will find tho whole very succinctly and ably oxplnlnodin a pamphlet just issued , entitled * The work ujid tho Counterwork , ' by tho ven . Edward A . fctopfprd , archdeacon of Mcath . Jho cflects may bo truly stated , in theatrical lansuago , as startling . I was present , ' observes tho
reverend gentleman , among other instances , ' in a Presbyterian meeting-house , at a prayer , offered with the inostfrenzied excitement and gesticulations , that God would then and there descend and strike all the unconverted to the- earth . That prayer was accompanied throughout by a storm of cries , and groans , and exclamations , and amens , all having the true hysteric sound . This was the most frightful scene I have witnessed in my life ; the moment of the awful command to the Almighty to come down and strike , it was perfectly terrific . No such scene would be permitted in any Bedlam upon earth . Presence at such a prayer could be redeemed from guilt only by the purpose of warning . I have many
terrible recollections of life , but this prayer is the most frightful of them alL I have been used to be calm in the presence of hysteria ; I was calm then ; but the physical effect upon myself was as if I had been drinking plain brandy . Is this the worship of the Church of Scotland ? ' "Were this a solitary instance it would be bad enough , but the disorder is almost epidemic in the north of Ireland . Young men are sent out to propagate it , and young men are employed to treat the female patients when the fit comes on them . The moral effects may be imagined . We are indulging in no exaggeration here . We are reciting some few of the facts simply as detailed by Archdeacon Stopford . "
Mr. Newton's Discoveries In Asia Minor. ...
MR . NEWTON'S DISCOVERIES IN ASIA MINOR . Ant one who has entered during this year the court of the British Museum must have been surprised to see its noble portico deformed by a long " lean-to . " If he has been allowed to look through the dirty glass walls of this excrescence he has discovered that it contains a range of Greek sculpture , some as colossal as the most gigantic of the remains of Nineveh , and some as grand as those of the Parthenon . They are the produce of 385 cases , brought by her Majesty ' s ships Supply . ari"d Gorgon from Budrum , Cnidus , Branchidae , Calymnos , and Rhodes , containing the sculpture , the architecture , the pottery , and the miscellaneous antiquities discovered and disinterred by Mr . C . T Newton in the three years of his memorable expedition .
Of sculpture and architecture the portions most noble in style and in execution and the most historically interesting are those supplied from the Mausoleum . The colossal statue of Mausolus , which crowned it , is most happily put together out of sixty-three fragments , and but little injured . The portions of two of the horses of the car on which he stood , and four slabs of the frieze , in high relief , which run round the external portico , are in very fine condition . An angle capitol ^ several steps from the pyramid which supported the car , and mouldings from other parts of the ruins , probably afford the means of restoring the plan of the building , and innumerable fragments of figures and friezes show the nature of its decorations . Inferior only to the treasures from Budrum are those from Cnidus .
The most remarkable are a lion , ten feet long and six feet high , cut from a single block of white marble , which once crowned tho pyramidal roof of a Doric tomb on the promontory near Cnidus . The Temenos of Demeter , Persephone , a , nd Pluto , has given up to us several statues of ^ he two former divinities , several marble pigs dedicated to Persephone , and many fragments in fine Parian marble of the best period of Greek sculpture . A statue of Demetor has reached us , found in its original . niche in a tomb erected by the people of Cnidus to their eminent citizen , Lykoothios , a name which owes its preservation to their gratitude . A lion and a sphynx and ten seated statues , taken
from tho sacred way leading to tho Temple of Apollo at Branchidoo , are the most interesting products of the excavations near Miletus . They arc all remarkable for their archaic , almost Egyptian forms , and two of them contain inscriptions in very . ancient Greek characters . They may . belong to a dato between n . o . 5 C 0 and » . c . 620 , and in that case are among our earliest specimens of Greek sculpture . The inscriptions which Mr . Newton has preserved for us form a long and interesting series , exhibiting tho chief varieties of Greek paluuography , through a range ' of time of not lose than 800 years , from n . o . 220 , or onrllor , to a . i > . 300 , or later .
The most remarkablo of those inscriptions are : ¦—1 . Tho base from Branohidro , dedicated by tho sons of Anaximander , with tho name of an artist Tevpsiclos , tho maker of tho object dodioatod . 2 . The votlvo inscription on tho lion of Branchidio , in which a tenth is dedicated to tho Apollo of that tomplo by a number of persons probably citizens of Miletus . « . 3 . Tho votive inscription to Apollo , by Chares , rulor of Toiahlosa , on tho chair of his statue In tho sacred way—Branchldw .
From Cnidus are a number of inscriptions fro m the Temenos of Demeter and Persephone , containing dedications to these deities , to Pluto Epimachos to Hermes , as conductor of the dead , and to the Dioscuri Oneof these is in hexameter verse . ThescMnseri ptions " were placed on the bases of statues of the deities worshipped in the Temenos . From the Temple of the Muses are two inscriptions—one containing a dedication of Apollo Pythias the other to the Muses ; from the Eastern Cemetery is an inscription in elegiac verse relating to a palaistra , in which where statutes of Pan and Hermes . Other inscriptions from Cnidus are valuable , as mentioning the senate and chief magistrates of the city , or as giving the name of new artists . Of sepulchral inscriptions of the Roman period there are numerous examples ; one of these is an epitaph in elgiac verse of some length .
Among the inscriptions collected at IJudrum is one which relates to a stoa , built at Ilalicarnassus by Ptolemy Philadelphus . Another of the Ptolemies , the eighth of the dynasty , is mentioned in an inscription found near Branchida ; , which records the bringing of an ivory door from Egypt as an offering to the Temple of Apollo . ' From Rhodes is a long inscription containing a decree by the people of Lindus , and by another city or tribe previously unknown . From Calymnos is a long decree relating to the building of a proscenium , and part of a decree of proxenia . Most of these inscriptions are in very fine condition . Of Fictile Vases , the following interesting examples belong to the last cargo of the Supply . ( 1 . ) Rhodes . —A large collection of vases of . archaic period recently discovered near the presumed site of the ancient Camirus .
These vases are chiefly of the style known as Phoenician , in which friezes , monsters , animals , and floral decorations , painted in crimson and black on a cream-coloured ground , form the subjects of the picture . The collection now brought from Rhodes e xhibits great varieties of form , among which the most remarkable are large platters , of a kind" which have not been found elsewhere . The vigour of the drawing and ther brilliancy in these rendar
and freshness of the colouring vases them most valuable specimens of archaic art . They have , moreover , a peculiar interest from the circumstance that they were discovered near the presumed site of the ancient Camirus and in the same tombs with other antiquities , some of which were certainly imported from Egypt , while others are probably specimens of Phcenecian art , executed in that earlier period before the Greeks had driven out the traders of Sidon and Tyre from their station in the Eastern Mediterranean . form
The antiquities found in these tombs a remarkable illustration of those found at Pallidrarn , near Vulci in Etruria , some years ago . From the island of Telos are three large vabcs ot the latest period of Greek fictile art , and v ery similar to a class found in Southern Italy . From Halicarnassus are two vases with red figures , discovered by Mr . Newton in tombs in the Eastern Cemetery . ' . In these tombs wore several unedited silver coins , placed in the mouth of the dead to pay the passngo over the Styx . . . When the vases here described aro combined with those previously obtained by Mr . Newton in the islands of Cos , Calymnos , and Rhodes , they win form a series of examples of fictile art from tno Turkish side of tho Archipelago moro complete than is at present to bo found in nny European
museum . - i i c At Cnidus no large vases have boon founii , mu a great variety of lamps of a black ware , r esembling Woiigewood ware , were obtained from the I cmenos of Domoter . Of Terracottas , tho most interesting n ™ . "„ small and beautifully modelled figures and hciius from the site of tho Mausoloum , and from t » o Temenos of Demetor and Persephone , at Cmdiu . Some of those from tho Mausoleum may P '"'' . havo served as models for tho sculptora omploycu on that edifice , but tho groat majority are ceruumy votive offerings . .. _ i—i . i « mr small romarkftblo for
A collection of figures , more numbers than execution , was found in tho vnu i » of a building of tho Roman period at Budrum , unn sonic interesting specimens of groups enu > o « eu on cups and lamps in an excavation at Cnulus . Among tlio coarser pottery may bo montloiw a largo collection of handles , of diotce , also spool nons of drain pipes , roof tllos , and artificial orniunoiu a from tho site of tho Mausoleum and from Oiuau * . Of miscellaneous antiquities tho most remartcuuiu aro tho following t—* .. _ tfft 9 1 . Tho alabaster vaso with tho name ot 2 k . orx «» in hieroglyphic and cuneiform churaotora , dlscovoreu
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 10, 1859, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_10091859/page/8/
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