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No. 442, September 11, 1858.] ' T H E X ...
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11 bay. Gas will be expensive there, bec...
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%&ttxaniiti attfr Coninurriril.
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TRADE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND CHINA. There i...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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What India May Come To. It Is Surprising...
where a good theory in the mouths of an educated governing class becomes oppressive practice hi the relations between the corrupt subordinates and the ignorant subjects , of whom the bulk of the population consists . With the present constitution of the India Board , however , it is impossible for the , contrast between these countries to continue . We can no longer allow Col . S l ices to prove to us , by - statistical deductions , that Madras is the bestgoverned country in the world / and to have , every officer of the Government snubbed who proposes an improvement , or recommends a reproductive outlay . The India Board -will , perforce , carry out the system of progress already inaugurated in India . The triad presidential system will be broken up , India will be formed into more governments and smaller governments , just as Behar is now being transferred from the . sub-presidency I of Bengal , more English assistants will be allowed to Government officials , the native force will be reduced , the English force increased , . and the arsenals and chief stations be placed in the hills , English capital and English energy will be encouraged , and the Government of India will assume new vigour and new vitality , without any compromise of principle , by simple persistance in the course of progress , and by the slow and sure . suppression of all the old defects . I
No. 442, September 11, 1858.] ' T H E X ...
No . 442 , September 11 , 1858 . ] ' T H E X E A D E R . qa . k
11 Bay. Gas Will Be Expensive There, Bec...
11 bay . Gas will be expensive there , because coal is dear , L 1 but gas is one of the best engines Of night police . If I every large city in South America can afford gas , surely I it is time the cities of India were lighted , and at present I the partial lighting of Calcutta is all that has been I accomplished . A great part of the continent of our I colonies , and many of the cities of South America have been lighted by English enterprise , but it seems strange I that India has not . This has arisen from two chief I causes , first , the want of a local care of limited liability and joint-stock organisation , and secondly the want of municipal institutions . These are being remedied in India , and consequently gas is one of the improvements of which we shall have to record the progress . Gas I engineering is now a great and productive branch of I national industry . . I The new civil station at Allahabad is making pro-I gress . Among the new buildings are to be two . l churches . At Bhaugulpore in Bengal , a new Government school I is to be erected . Besides the Government grant for the school , it is proposed that a library shall be provided in the same building , to which the Library Committee contribute 250 / ., and Baboo Mohendro Narain Sing of Giddore , 100 / . I The Simla people propose to establish a proprietary I grammar school on the home plan , so as to extend the I provision for the education of English children on the I hills . This will be a powerful rival to Cheltenham College and the other grammar schools in England , to Which so many children of residents in India are sent . I The Scinde clergy have taken a deep interest in this < xt is to that while
way conveyance is to place within the means of the labouring classes access to better markets for labour , and to achieve two great political objects—the improvement of the ph ysical condition of the masses , and a greater dissemination of the population , so as effectually to lessen the inBuence of the local population for mischief , wniie the means for advancemen t are extended . The attention of the Supreme Government has been called to the alleged injurious effects of irrigation on the cotton crops in Bengal , and Lord Canning has issued a circular demanding information . There is a good prospect that Calcutta will soon be liberated from the importation of Chinese tea , as the production from the hills extends . Already in the up country local teas from Assam , Darjeeling , and the Dhera Dhoon , supply the consumption ; It is because [ they find a good local market that the export is limited ; when a new cultivation is introduced it is only when the local demand is supplied that export on a considerable scale can take place . There is , however , still among some in India a lingering fancy for Chinese tea . Mr . J . J . Mackenzie and Mr . H . E . Braddon have resigned their seats in the direction of the Bank of Bengal . In their places have been elected Mr . Wm . Maitland , of Messrs . Mackilless , Stewart , and Co ., and Mr . Jas . Scott Elliot , of Messrs . Gisborne and Co . —as of old all in the Scotch line . ¦ Another joint-stock company under the Limitad Liability Act has been started in Calcutta . This is an Apothecaries Company to sell drugs at one half the Calcutta prices . The capital is to be 1000 ? . j in 500 shares of 21 . each .
NOTES ON INDIAN PRO GUESS . The railway sj ^ stem in India mixes up sections of the population more than it dees in England , for here firstclass passengers are only divisible into Whigs and xories thira the
unaercsiKing . mucn De regretted so I many good boarding and day schools are provided for the better class of English children in the hills , no adequate provision is made for carrying out the views of the Lawrences , General Tremenheere , and Dr . Mac- ' namara , and that the Lawrence schools at Knssnwlip
, ana m me secona ana -cJass carriages influence of race or of creed is very little felt , although various sections of society may be mixed up ; but in India we shall in time have one place , where caste must give way , and English , Hindoos , Mahometans , and Parsees come in contact . Not so long ago a number of English merchants were coming into Calcutta from their residences at one of the stations on the Raneeguuge line , and in the same carriage was a fat , sleek Marwaree Mahajun of the Burra Bazaar . The topic of conversation was the dreaded commercial crisis in Calcutta , but in a jokeful tone . " Wellj baboo , how many kotee 3 do you think will shut up ? " The Mahajun complacently smiled , and appeared to enjoy some inward joke . " Why , sir , " said he , "I don't think you put the question properly : you ought to have asked , how many kotees will remain standing ; not how many of them will shut up , '" I a suggestion not very complimentary to tlio English I mercantile firms in Calcutta , with whose affairs the J is to interest
and , Mount Aboo constitute the only schools for thousands of children how dying in the plains . The boarding schools for boys and girls in the hills constitute one resource for extending English settlement , as each school consumes hill produce and brings an income to the town , besides inducing the residence I of the parents to be near the children during furlough . I A slight incident in connexion with female education J is of interest , because female education in India is one great means for the improvement of the population . In the Government Bethune Female School , ornamental needlework , as tapestry , is taught . The committee of | native gentlemen have now suggested and Obtained permission to make the art of cutting out and sewing native apparel a part , of the teaching . This is , in fact , the adoption of a system of improvement which is now working in English schools ; and , in fact , the progress of education in England is intimatelj' connected with tho advancement in India . As we showed last week from Dosabhoy Framjee ' s work , even Berlin -wool , erabroidery and other female accomplishments are
introuuzette beginning itself . The anecdote is trivial , but it shows on a small scale what has now begun on a largo scale , and the effect which the railway system will have in India—as it has had in India—in not merely taking persons from place to place , but bringing their minds in contact . The Great Indian Peninsular Hallway between Kixindalla and Poona is now working well . English stationmasters are to be generally employed . The East Indian lfailway section in the up country from Futtehporo to Cawnpore was to be opened on tho 1 st of August . This will bo a material aid to communication with tho north-west . The Public Works Pepartmont has been placed under a now code of regulations , which it is to bo hoped will do good . The best code of regulations will , however , be established by Lord Stanley providing more civil engineers , clerks of tho works , find superintendents , more local
j duced among the Parsee women , and the latest English music . Much of this polish is superficial , but much is I solid . We may , it is true , have Turkish bands playing opera morceaux , and tho bands of mutinous regiments playing " God save the Queen" by note , but useful practices that are taken to the homestead contribute to the welfare of the masses . Among the projects o f the now-born zeal of Iudia is one which has been countenanced by the Bengal Government for raising a regiment of Eurasians for tho Bengal establishment . Strangely enough , this is to be j recruited in tho Madras Presidency , and , it is to bo presumed , among the so-called Portuguese , one of tho most degraded Creole races . The regimont , under any circumstancos , must be expocted to be a failure , while it is I exceedingly impolitic to recruit among and dissipate the Eurasian population , when it is most . desirable that it should bo incronsed . In one point of view , perhaps , tho
municipal anu uoarus , ana a laryo supply of fiuuls for public works . Tho electric telegraph was opened to Hyderabad , in ' Scinde ; on tho 21 st of June ; and it ' now communicates with Kotrco , between which plaoos a message lately took half a day , which can now bo innnagod and tho reply obtained in half an hour . Iu Ceylon tho tolegraph has been oponod between Colombo , Gallo , and Kandy . By tho ond of October tho telegraph will roach Muuaar , and tho cable for connecting Ceylon , by tho Madras linos , with thoso of India , » a deposited at tho l ' omaboh Straits , and will bo carried across m soon ns tho sonson . pormitB . < v » ., i ° f th 0 plan la to nlako Gall ° Port of call bo con n ? f ° I ? aeoa , " rndlrtn tlwl 0 < «'"» will now TOins , Oiueu" « , Bombay , and Kurrnohoo . — Hb 77 hrwT , ? ^ . aSr ;^ **& s & rsss
preservation of tho Eurasian population may bo of less importance , for it is a mixed and inferior race , and what id wanted is tp plant in , Ijidia an . English .. popujattpn , of white race . The Eurasian regiment will have one success , at all events , that of exciting tho ridicule of tho Madras and Bombay men . Strungoly enough , tho labour question is one of tho difficulties of many parts of Ijidio . While Madras id sending out Coolio immigrants to Ceylon , Mauritius , the West Indios , and Tonasaerim , there aro still many districts short of labour , and with tho least pressure on the labour market wages immediately rise at a groat rate . Such is tho caso in Aasain , Dacca , and generally throughout Eastern Bengal . For tho short supply there aro various causes : in somo places scanty population , in others lnssy population , in other * minuto divisions of oas ^ o , i ^ y Ajgajn , ^ k lljiig pp-fi fl p ^ j ^ | ] Qp )(^ B ^ ) t , flflj ^ y . ^ ft ^ fi tj ^^ past , th ' oy aro greatly suffering , and tho Director * , of the Assam Company aro sonding to all quartgra of Assam Booking labourers , particularly in Kochar . This wiU oauao a prossuro la thoso districts again . Tho rlao in wages of qourao operates to a considerable oxtqnt iu moving tho . population j but one chief difficulty in India ia undoubtedly tho want , not of cheap looomotion , but of quick locomotion . To convoy labour from Western Bongftl to Eastorn liongal , for instance , can bo ohoaply dono by the rivora ; but it la tho work of montha , during which tho labourer cannot earn a pio . To extend rail-
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Trade Between England And China. There I...
TRADE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND CHINA . There is no episode in the history " of our trade more curious and instructive than that with China . It was begun by adventurers , and they gradually opened the supposed hermetical ly closed empire to the . acquaintance and commerce ofEurope . So far as England wab concerned , this trade remained a monopoly in the hands of the East India Company till 1 S 34 , secured to it by the act of our own Legislature . The Americans , however , and several European nations shared largely in the traffic , ' and the monopoly , though maintained in favour of the Company as against the rest of the community , was practically abrogated as against the rest of the world . Government or diplomacy seems to have been of no avail in oneninrr this imnnrtnnt . tmrio ivr ^ «¦ . „• ., mfm 1 \
i' JJ J— — ™ -wm ^ w V * . O **« . ^ a J . ^ J ' ' * {* - II . of-war ever appeared in the waters of Canton till 1743 , when the Centurion , under Commodore Anson , went thither with her prize to refit and prepare for the home voyage . Many years elapsed before another man-of-war appeared in the same neighbourhood , and neither by fleets nor embassies ¦ was China brought into communication with the est of mankind . It was the result of trade ; and pi-ior to 1 S 34 , when our legi & huive restrictions on tho enterprise of our own people were abolished , this communication had become very extensive . China had then a large trade with tho islands of the Indian Ocean ; and the following are specimens of her trade with the rest of the world . Tho total annual avorage invoice value of the imnnrt nnfl nvnnrf t-t-mla r \ f ?!•«» T ^«/ .
„ India Company with China in tho years 1820-1828 waa £ 2 , 859 , 912 The average yearly value of the imports and ...... .., „ exports of the Americans from and to Canton between 1822 and 1828 waa ... 3 , 145 , 749 The value of tho opium-trade in tho year 1828-29 waa 2 , 500 , 000 Mr . M'Culloch , from whoso dictionary we borrow these figures , says : — " Exclusive of the Portuguese , Spanish , French , Swedish , and Dutch trade , nnd of tho trade with the Philippine and Eastern islands , & c , the trade of Canton with tho Enst Iudia Company , tl * j country trade with Indin , and tho Amorican trado , amoimted to 12 , 4 OO , O 00 A " "Wo are not sure , " ho adds , "that Canton should » iiot » be ^ reekoned » deoid & dl 3 M > he » fiys 1 f- ^) laoeH ' ox '' ti ' nde' ' ¦¦ ' ¦ in tho East . " It should bo notioed , too , that the average valuo of tho Company ' s trade wns iu 1 SH-1 . 810 , 3 , 020 , 782 / ., or 800 , 000 / . wore llinn in IS 88 . Thus , somewhat contrary to tho popular orood , China has long beon oponod to trado , < uid has in fnot ' carried on a oonsiaeroblo intoroourso with tho rest of tho world , inoluding Europe and America . Now lot us seo what ensued subsoquont to 1834 . Tho doolarod voluo of oxiwts from England to China has boon as foUowa : —
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 11, 1858, page 25, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_11091858/page/25/
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