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September 16, 1854.] THE LEADER. 873
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STATISTICS OF ERIENDLY SOCIETIES. A bepo...
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PRINCE CZARTORYSKI AND THE POLES. PiiNCB...
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A MERCANTILE VIEW OF OPERA. Tub •• Talk ...
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THE BISHOP OF OXFORD AND THANKSGIVING FO...
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THIS PRUSSIAN CIRCULAR NOTE. A new Pruss...
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THE MORMONS.—A CONGREGATION DISTURBED. A...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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September 16, 1854.] The Leader. 873
September 16 , 1854 . ] THE LEADER . 873
Statistics Of Eriendly Societies. A Bepo...
STATISTICS OF ERIENDLY SOCIETIES . A beport has been prepared by Mr . Knlaison , the actuary , under the direction of the Treasury , -which contains much -valuable information , and very elaborate tables , showing the just rates which Bhould be paid in order to receive allowances in sickness , and old age , and at death : — ' " For the ordinary purposes of his calculations , Mr . Finlaison divides the population , likely to avail themselves of these societies into those engaged in general labour , in light labour , and in heavy labour ; but he observes that nine out of every ten established friendly societies are framed upon the principle of paying to tie fund , one uniform sum—every
man alike , and that any advice for the adoption of a contrary method in the way of a graduated scale is generally received with impatience and treated with neglect . He observes that the half century of time which is comprised between the 16 th and 66 th years of age appears to be precisely the interval of life daring which man is destined to labour ; and that on the general average the sickness for the first 25 years is 182 days , and for the ensuing 25 years 362 dajs , or about one week per annum in the first case , and two weeks per annum in . the second . The majority of clubs close their doors against new members at the age of 45 , and many admirione . above 40 5 but up to these ages , as we have before stated , all who are eligible contribute the same amount . Our able actuary , howeverj ascertains that between the ages of 15 and Go a onan employed in light , labour undergoes but 467 days' sickness , while one employed in heavy labour is
visited with 581 days' sickness ; and hence he argues that where the former ' . Should pay for allowances in sickness during the working period 1 ? . per annum , the latter ought to pay It 4 s . l © $ d ., or nearly 25 per cent . more . Practically therefore where' the common rate of weekly contribution for allowances in sickness is 6 d . for the man engaged in light labour , his comrade engaged in heavy labour ought to pay ; one-fourth more , or 7 * d . This being apparent , Mr . Finlaison recommends that societies should as much as possible limit the members io persons of one or other class of occupation , or , where , that cannot be done , that the safe plan would be to , adojt for all tie rates derived from the experience , of those employed in heavy labour , ' because , ' he cautiously and -characteristically observes , ' those scales which are adapted to the greater risk will always comprehend the less ; ' So mtic ' K for sickness . The next portion of the report relates to mortality . "
Prince Czartoryski And The Poles. Piincb...
PRINCE CZARTORYSKI AND THE POLES . PiiNCB JRzARTCoitYski ,, always conspicuous for caution , and therefore so reliable a leader in a supposed hopeless cause , has written a letter to his Polish countrymen , the text of which ia , as usual , that they are to keep quiet . He says , among other things : " All the Polish nation in , the vast provinces which form our country is , above all , unanimously desirous of national independence . All Poles , whatever opinions they hold ^ agree in acknowl 6 dging th £ » t if , according to the designs of Providence , they are called upon to take a part in the contest , an energetic ana , so to say , a military Government , will be necessary as long as that contest shall last . " This sovereign and unaiiimous doclsion , the fundamental proof of otfr national vitality and the bbnd of our common union , excludes from admission any paity who would disturb our unanimity by the premature discussion of the form of government which that party would urge upon the
country for acceptance . (< Indupendenoo once conquered , th « nation nlono would have tho right to decide on the form oi her government , and wonld spontaneously feelthe propriety of taking into account tho advice of friendly Powers . " Preserve in every part of our country your now prudent uni . calm attitude ; wait for events ; it is tho advice given you by all tho sincere friends of Poland . Tho patient tranquillity wlilch at present reigns in Poland proceeds not from inanition , or from death ; it is , on tho contrary , a proof of w » sdom and prudence , the sign of llfo and of the inward strength of the nation that knows how to restrain herself , to show greater energy whon tho moment shall come to develop her might . Follow , my countrymon , that lino of conduct Iv f ^ c ' ^ PresGrvo y ? u f 1 " 0 " 1 the greatqat of misfortunes , J ^ W of intoBtina divisions , or which at least , whatever fato pod [ destines to you ,-will sholter younsninst increaecd calamities . " .
A Mercantile View Of Opera. Tub •• Talk ...
A MERCANTILE VIEW OF OPERA . Tub Talk on Change" in tho Liverpool Journal analyses the causes of the complete failure of a great Opera speculation in that rich community : "At tho Thoatre-Royal , tho Royal Italian Company iinve beon perfoTOtiinRevery night sine * Monday night ; that ff * n Om P . any _ wnl » racoa . nearly all tho groat euigera of h Jh Wj fwtpruveffiJWwcMniswJ , since Grin ' s departure , aathe pnma d « rona of granxf opera [ thnt ahe 1 ms no rivnl M « 5 « J !« a 1 ° f- VK « j 1 " * Tamborlik has competed with « 1 U « 1 ! h * . taPttnf * 1 » successor ; that tlioir comatca chora WLWKMI ? V ^& I h'el « cat places ; « nd thnt tho K « !!^ fr ? i ' ^ '? F « . tbobund tlio flnost in noffi' HfcJffttfL ^ W W * y "wodiot and Mellon 5 thnt and SSIm * ^ mF » ny , ^ as ove r bc ™ in Liverpool lioforo , mon ? I « mil 5 ? K Mll > - Oopolnnd dould have mndo arrango-S £ fc h « Z n i ? th 03 ° miuk ^ tllc Manchester manager ; that he could have put up with a . local chorus , a incro
theatre orchestra , but that last year he promised the town a splendid Italian opera , and that , at an expense of £ 1 , 500 , he kept his word ; thai such spirit , producing such an opera , claimed support ; that Liverpool , the greatest commercial town in the world , ought to have crowded the theatre ; that taste and fashion should have united to render the whole thing not only splendid , but profitable ; that the result , however , did not correspond to the expectation ; that , although all ladies are necessarily musical , their attendance was not sufficiently numerous ; that although every gentleman is , of course , a judge of singing , the gentlemen were not gallant enough to show their admiration of the ladies by their presence ; that more than one-third of those every night in the boxes were foreigners , and that Mr . Copeland has not made a fortune by the speculation ; that the price of admission , however , was hardly more than half that
proposed for admission to St . Georges Hall , and that , therefore , the opening committee should reconsider their plan , for that it is obvious either people want musical taste , or have not money to sparer " The general talk was , that there is a strange misapprehension in the public mind respecting opera ; that it never did pay in London , and never will in Liverpool ; that the reason is obvious if people only reflected ; that the rarest thing in the world is a good singer ; that vocalists come like angels ' visits , few and far between ; in a commercial sense the article is scarce , is in demand , and , therefore , commands a good price ; that mediocrity is superabundant , but that excellence , like nuggets , turns up only now and then ; that the competition for it is not local , national , but European ; that singers obtain fabulous salaries , and that managers , to meet the outlay , must charge hig h prices for admission to the opera ; that , although fashionable in every capital , it ruins every manager , for that the number of people who can
afford to pay is comparatively small ; that in London are congregated in the season all the landed and moneyed aristocracy of the country ; that theymust have their boxes , but that they alone are not sufficient to support the lyric drama ; that the middle . . classes' can afford to visit " the theatre but seldom , and that , except ; when the attraction is extraordinary , the season is a . losing one ; that in Liverpool we have , properly speaking , no aristocracy , and that , consequently , we can have nothing like an opera ; that , even for this week , at the moderate prices charged , "the siitii is a consideration even to respectable people ; that ,, for a lady and gentleman for the five nights , tickets , dress and coach-hire , the sum of 10 ? . is implied ; if an average family is added , the outlay would be 40 ? . ; that the theatre , to pay , should have yielded 2000 ? . ^—and that that sum was too niuch to expect in one week ; that .. good music is necessarily expensive , and it is because of the Cost that frequent opportunity for acquiring a scientific taste for it is partially denied to provincial towns . "
The Bishop Of Oxford And Thanksgiving Fo...
THE BISHOP OF OXFORD AND THANKSGIVING FOR THE HARVEST . A clergyman of his diocese has asked -the Bishop of Oxford to appoint a day of thanksgiving for the harvest . His reply is characteristic . He states : — "I have no authority by which I can lawfully appoint a day of thanksgiving for my diocese . Nor « an I appoint special lessons for any service I trust we may see the day when we may have such an authorised form as you now desire , and our brethren in North America possess . But , as it is , all that I can say is this—I agree entirely with you in thinking that God ' s great mercy to us as a nation in Gran ting us this abundant harvest ought to be acknowledged y us with general thanksgiving , and I advise you and the other parish priests of my diocese to move your people to the glad fulfilment of this duty . Further , I would suggest the following mode of accomplishing it : —That notice be given that on Sunday , the , a sermon will bo preached upon tho subject , the Holy Eucharist specially administered , and the thanksgiving offerings , both of communicants and others , gathered . These alma ought to be given for aomo non-local object ; and I would leave their special assignment to the previous agreement of tho clergyman and churchwardens of tho parish . Many objects might bo named , general and diocesan , to which they might bo given—c . < f . the church's missionary operations among our own colonists , or the heathen ; our own Church-bnilding Society 5 tho Ouddcadon Theolof ical Institution , & o . To this Sunday ' s observance might e added , whore it was felt to bo desirable , an afternoon service in church on a subsequent week day , with such provision for innocent rejoicings among the population of the parish as might cheer » nd gladden tho labouring man ' s heart , and over which the church might Bproai her sanctifying influence . " I take this opportunity of saying that I trust you are now uaing tho appointed prayer for times of any common aicltneafi . " I am over , my dear Sir , very truly yours , 14 S . OXON . "
This Prussian Circular Note. A New Pruss...
THIS PRUSSIAN CIRCULAR NOTE . A new Prussian circular note to tho Gorman Powers liaa just been published , and apeak a out rather more than the Government of Berlin has btseu accustomed to do of late . Tho ciroular refers to that of August ft , and mentions that tho Eastern question had been submitted to tho discussion of tho Diet a Httlo boforo ( ho adjournment of its sittings , mid that no resolution Imd bcon oomo to on that question boonuso tho representative's of tho different states had not yut received tlio necessary instructions , and because after tho ro-oponing of tho aittinga tho united committees will have again to examine tho matter . Tlio Prussian Government thinks fit to give explanations « s to the principles which it hnsi Adopted in th « matter , after having rocoived a oopy of tho despatch of Count do Nossolroao to l ' rinco QovtsohnkolF of August 2 G wilh n lottcr of introd notion in reply to tlio l'rusutinn noto of August 11 $ . It oxih-chhos ita great rogrot that Kuasiu has rejeotou tho four conditions ,
the acceptance of which could have put an end to the war . However , it finds , after an impartial examination , in the reply of Russia , two points which appear to it very important in a political and military point of view for Prussia and Austria , as well as for all the other German states : —1 st , the reiterated assurance of the complete evacuation of the Principalities ; and 2 ndly , the promise of Russia to remain henceforward on the defensive . It comes to the conclusion —1 st , that Austria has nothing to fear from any attack on the part of Russia ; and 2 ndly , that Russia lias abandoned the theory according to which she pretended to a right to occupy the Principalities as a pledge , whilst , at present she represents their prolonged occupations as a military postion , which she renounces for strategetical reasons . As to the question of knowing whether , in admitting the evacuation of the Principalities , the mere refusal of Russia to accede to the four conditions , authorises , in the point of view of right , the German States to declare war on her . the Prussian
Government thinks it necessary to reply negatively , and cannot admit , after the evacuation of the Principalities , a casus belli , and particularly as at the commencement the Western Powers themselves did not regard the occupation of the Principalities as immediately implying a cams belli . la consequence , Prussia , is of opinion that , by the late concessions of Bussia , full satisfaction has been given to the additional article of the convention of' April-20 th , and she does not admit any formal obligation on the German States , in consequence of that ; treaty , to proceed to military measures . As to the question of knowing whether independently of the cases forseen in the : additional article , German interests , really menaced , require a particular protection , Prussia believes that according to Art . 2 of the convention that ques ^ tion ought to be decided at a common deliberation of all the contracting parties . In addition ; the circular discusses the
question of ascertaining if the four conditions are so completely in conformity with German interests that the Geriqan States are obliged to make them , also the indispensable basis of future negotiations . Prussia , although she lias supported these conditions at St . Petersburg , in the hope of contributing to the le-establishment of peace , does not consider them as indispensable in the point or yiew of German interests . She finds great difficulties in realising the project of a common protectorate over the Principalities , and believes that that protectorate might even lead to a state of things but little in conformity- with German interests . Although the occupation of the Principalities b y Austrian troops offers a guarantee , yet seeing that the Turks have likewise entered them , and that perhaps also the Anglo-French troops will enter ,- and that these various elements will be established there for some time , Prussia , independently . of the military complications which these circumstances may lead to , beholds in them a state of things but little favourable to German interests .
She cannot , therefore , recommend to her German allies to accede to the four conditions in a manner which mighthave for consequence that they should take on themselves charges and obligations which are not commanded by the spirit and object of the convention . The King will maintain , it without variation as a guarantee of an independent developmen t of the German power ; but , on lhat account , he considers it his duty to remove from it all that does not emanate from . German interests , well understood . He hopes that the Emperor of Austria will appreciate , in following the inspirations of his mind and of his heart , that manner of seeing the matter , and that ho will adhere to it as a German prince . He hopes , besides , thnt the Emperor of Austria ; admitting that his states are now guaranteed against every attack on the part of Russia , will abstain on her sido from every aggr ossive act against Russia , and will avoid all the cornplicati ons which would not be necessitated by the protection of Ge rman interests , and to which , consequently Art . 2 of tho co riven tion would not bo applicable .
The Mormons.—A Congregation Disturbed. A...
THE MORMONS . —A CONGREGATION DISTURBED . At tho Middlesex Sessions , a case was tried which resulted in an exposition of tho doctrines of Mormonisin as held i a this country . Andrew Hepburn , 39 , described as well educated , was indicted for a misdemeaaour , in having wilfully and maliciously disturbed a certain number of persons , who had assembled for the purpose of religious worship in a place duly registered according to tho statute . The evidence and common ta of counsel are curious : Jamos Marsdeu Btated : I am u preacher and teacher of tho Church of Joaus Christ of Latter Day Sninta . There ia a Book of Mormon . Wo have ft licensed room , 41 , Globoroad , Stopnoy . It is licensed in tho name of Mr . Harrison . 1 know tho defendant ; ho is a lecturer . There was public worship in the church on tho 25 th of August . Tho service consisted of prayers and a sermon . Wo believe in tho sacrcdnese of tho Scriptures and tho divinity of Christ , but wo draw certain inferences v , hicli aro drawn by no other sect . While I was prenohing on tho 2 flth of Augunt the dofondnnt entered , and in a , loud voice suid , " What ia tlio text ? " Hu was requested to be quiet by Mr . Harrison , 11 n elder , but lio would not , and ogiiin called out , " What is tlio passngo p What is tho Scripture ? " Tliodofondaut w < m standing , lio camo in nlone , and had a book in his hand . When tho polioo interposed , and wero about to remove him , BotrerHl pcrsoim interfered in his behalf . I nskod tho doiicon to call tlio police , as I could nbt proceed with tho discourse Wo pay two guineas a quwrter for tho uso of tho room . Mr . Parry ( rending from tlio Book of Mormon ) ; "Wo boliovo that governments wore instituted of <» od for tho bonolit of man , « md that lio holds mou accountable for their acta in relation to tliom , oithor in malting laws or administering thorn for the good and wifely of aocioty . 2 . Wo boliovo tlmfc no Government can oxfat in pence , except auoh laws aro framed mid hold inviolitto aa will acouru to onoh individual tho froo oxercino ofconnclenco , tho right and control of property , and tho jirotootion oflifo . " ( To tho witnons . )—Aro tlu ' . iu two oardiuul pointa of your religion ivn to government .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 16, 1854, page 9, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_16091854/page/9/
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