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December 17, 1853.] THE LEADER. 1205 ¦¦¦...
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NEW BURIAL-GROUNDS' REGULATIONS BY LORD ...
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"POOR BKETHKEJN" and ltlCH GOVERNORS. Th...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Mr. Meciirs Balance ; And How H& Got It....
my stock , I also double the quantity of my manure , and thus affect importantly the cereal crops . If I double my green and root crops , I diminish their cost one-half . This i * actually the fact , and therein is my present and most agreeable position . Everyv practical farmer knows' that . the Josing part of his farm is the . root crop ( I mean in the Midland , Southern , and Eastern counties , where we hare hot summers and little rain ) . That root crop costs him more than the animals repay , and leaves a heavy charge on the ensuing grain crops . Irrigation changes all this , and permits each crop to be responsible for its own annual charge , thus rendering them all remunerative . lam forcibly and frequently reminded of" the truth of this statement by a fire-acre pasture opposite rar residence . Vainly
did I try , by solid manures , to render this rile plastic clay into a useful pasture . It was like birdlime in winter and cast-iron in summer—poor , indigenous , and drab-coloured grasses choked and eradicated the finer kinds I had sown- — and the animals wandered about , hollow and dissatisfied . In the space of eighteen months irrigation has changed all this— -new , fine and fattening grasses have clothed the field with perpetual verdure—it keeps three times as many animals , and the close and shaven pasture indicates their affection for it—butter , milk , and cream alike testify by their richness to the fertility of irrigation , whilst the animals are improved in their condition . Professor Way , in his recent valuable analysis of grasses , jn the Royal Agricultural Society ' s Journal , has revealed the astounding truth , that
irrigated grasses contain 25 per cent , more meat-making matter than those not irrigated We all know that grasses are voracious drinkers—they cannot stand drowning on undrained land in stagnant water , from which their roots soon extract all the oxygen ; but see how prim and green they look beside any trickling rivulet . I venture , therefore , to predict , that the people of this country will soon connect ample water-supply , cleanliness , and health , with the idea of ample and cheap physical supplies —( hear , hear)—they will identify the well-washed contents of their closets with rounds of beet , saddles of mutton , big loaves , and rich milk . ( Great laughter . ) The ladies , whom I am top happy to eee here tonight , knowing their great and proper influence , will recognise in every slop that leaves the house a rich , cheaper ,
and more abundant supply of that element , milk —( laughter ) —which is to develop in their offspring by bone and muscle , beauty and power , in * ntal and physical . . . . It is of n « use to send a stream of sewerage to a farmer who allows his own manure to run down the ditches , and sends to Peru to bring it back again-in the shape of bird ' s dung at 10 / . per toil . No , landlords and tenants , too , must be taught , or brought to believe , that food and liquefied manure are one and the same thing , merely altered in form . Then you may make a tmall well by the side of each present sewer , and witli your steam force-pump take all that comes down that source , and distribute it through subterranean arterial pipes on the whole country ; not a drop need run past your pump to taint your streams . There is no more difficulty in it than in the water supply ; but you must work a change in the minds of the agriculturists , or they
will hardly take it as a gift , much less pay you for it . . The effects of liquefied manure are so striking in improving our crops , that the cause is wortli tracing . We know that there is nothing of which a farmer is so much afraid as the Subsoil six or seven inches below the surface ; if ho brings this at once to the surface , he will grow nothing for some time . This proves clearly that that dreaded subsoil lias never received , or been improved by the solid manure ploughed in to the surface soil ; but by applying the solid manure in a liquefied form , it sinks deeply into tlie subsoil , saturating every granule , and l . y a thousand affectionate affinities improves its chemical condition , rendering its particles available and agreeable to the fibres of plants ; change of air and change of water areas necessary to roots of Yilsmtu tin \ i \ livitur nniinnl *? - nil t"tii « lft ^ ( VHi'tfil hv Arniimtrpi
and irrigation . It is n <* uncommon thing for us to saturate the soil to the depth of five feet in the very strongest clays , making the drains run with the precious fluid , diminished , of course , in strength an > i value . The » pecific gravity and temperature of liquefied manure aro much higher than those of ordinary water , thereby warming the cold and inanimate subsoil—we know the eflect of bottom heat in our gardens . It is a significant fact that the liquid excrement of animals in dry wcathur destroys vegetation—dilute it well , aa in our tiuwcra , then it tuimulatca and fertilises . . . . Experience lias taught our fanners , that the ammoniacal poi tron of our manures in the most costly , and yet the most diflicult to ictain ; owing to its extreme volatility , admixture with water is the only profitable
way to prove tit its eacapo into thu atmosphere , therefore the wusitii : ^ away of tho freah made immure into a copious tank for irrigation , is in every way a great economy and advantugc . . . . Aa this ia a general discourse , I will not overlay it with tedious statistics of cost , but will state generally that to irrigate n farm of 200 acres you would rvquiro : —l ' our-hoi . so steam power , worked ac bixty f <> seventy pounds per inch . Fifteen yards per acres ot three-inch iron pipe . A circular tank ubout thirty let t in diamet er , and twenty feet deep . Two hundred yards of P hich guttu percha hose , with corrugated joints to render " flexible , ( jutta pcrcha jut . A pair of force pumps , capable of discharging 100 gallons per niinnto . ( Aline are of « vc-inch diameter , ami twenty-inch Htroke , making thirty "trolci ! H per minute ; but I would recommend ' larger barrel ;* ,
a "u « slower action , to j rcvent wear and tear . ) At present Jhiccb all this can bo accomplished for about (>/ . per <\ w , ho Unit iho tenant paying ninn Hli ) llings , pt . r acre to liia landlord * ° f such an iinuroveincnt , would bo a great gainer . . . . VVliilo touching on irrigation , it may he ui-ef ' ul to consider "rttjuuge , with winch it luw a t : lo .-o connexion . Of comae , without drainage u . iturid or artilieiul irrigation would bo / Uunoiis . A Hinart discussion ha * recently been carried on , wiit'tlior drains hhould cro . su thu slopo angularly or follow "'« natural full in equi-diatnnt line * . Tlicre can bo no Ul't , an to tho mscewMity for tupping Hand or peat potw , or . j'r natural and iivi ) m-eiver . i oi water , when fiuniuinded tin , 1 U ; ioua clll J' ^ I'p and down draiim will gem-rally do utJ ) nut whero th « y do not lateral branches may be added .
Although close and shallow drains may make the land appear somewhat more dry during winter , the crops on the deeply drained land shown superiority in the summer . As so dense a fluid as liquefied manure will filter deeply ( five feet ) through the heaviest clays , and flow from the . pipes in streams , I hope we shall never agaiu hear the too common assertion that' water won ' t go through our soils . ' I place before you the model of a steam cultivator , which , I think , is about to introduce a new economy in British agriculture , I have become , as it were , a parent to it against my inclina tion . Mr . Uomaine , the intelligent inventor , was consigned to me by the agricultural department of ^ the Canadian Government , who had a high opinion of it . After trying in vain to interest some of our implement makers in this
invention , I found that it would be lost to agriculture unless I advanced the necessary funds for its manufacture ^ and for the securing of the various patents . On public grounds I did this , and happy I am to say that its success promises all that the inventor anticipated . If , with the assistance of a pair of horses and 5 s . worth of coke , we can effectually comminute and cultivate ten acres per day , we may bid farewell to the whole tribe of tormentors , scarifiers , grubbers , harrows , broadshares , and clod-crushers , that consume , through our horses , so much of the food of this country . ( Cheers . ) If it does not supersede the plough , it will limit its operations . When once the steam cultivator is shown to answer , no doubt many others will appear ; and I venture to predict that , within seven years , steam will become the grand motive cultivating power . " .
Another subject touched oil was tlic transfer of land : —• "I purchased the other day three acres of land that intersected my fields , and was highly amused at the production of as many parchments and documents , as , when spread out , would cover the great charity dinner-table at the London Tavern . ( Laughter . ) After travelling back seventy-five years to trace the enclosure or kidnapping of this piece from a heath , it traced the depth of the parties , their wills , their successors' wills , three or four mortgages several times transferred , and a mass of writing out of" which any clever lawyer could , I should think , extract fifty objections . A pp ly the same principle to our funded , and every other description of property , and we should come to a dead fix , like the Irish encumbered estates . Like those , the very absurdity of t / ie evil will , I fancy , some day work its cure . It certainly keeps down the price of land , ' by greatly diminishing the competition for it . " ( Cheers . ) |
Several other members added facts in corroboration of Mr . Mechi ' s views as to the use of manure and machinery , and the meeting ended . It is an event in the history of agriculture . [[ For the sake of our agricultural readers , we subjoin the balance-sheet . Dit . —To valuation , Oct . 31 , 1852—Horses , 861 . ; pigs , 117 / . 2 s . 6 d . ; sheep , 203 J . 6 s . ; cattle and cows , ' 6471 . ; implements , 390 / . 12 s . ; tillages , hay , & c , £ 207 . 10 s . ; rent of chapel land , 45 £ ; tithes , rates , 68 / . ; labour , including eng ineer , bailiff , & c , 407 / . ; guano , bones , and superphosphate lime , 98 / . ; seed corn and seeds , 45 / . ; live stock bought , 1280 / . ; corn and cake bought for feeding purposes , horses '
keep , & c , G 48 / . ; coals for engine , tradesmen's bills , & c , 130 / . ; my improved rent , 3 ( 5 s . per acre , 2-101 . ; profit , 343 / . lGs . 3 d .: total , 4975 / . 6 s . 9 d . Cu . —By valuation , Oct . 31 , 1853 : —Horses , 74 / . ; pigs , & c , 255 / . 6 * . ; sheep , 448 / . ; cattle and cows , 23 i >/ . lO . s . ; implements , 390 / . 12 s . ; tillages , hay , & c , 4717 . 18 s . < Jd . ; wheat , 3 % quarters per acre—50 acres , G 30 / . ; barley , 5 quarters per acie—11 acres , 114 / . ; bean . i , 5 quarters per acre—13 acres , 145 / . ; oats , 10 / . ; produce of cows and poultry , 50 / . ; hay sold , 551 . ; horse work , labour , hay , manure , & c , for private establishment , GO / . ; live stock and wool sold , 2002 / . ; three stocks of old straw , 30 / .: total , 4975 / . Gs . i ) d .
Live Stock Account . —Cr . : lo valuation , 1852 , 753 / . 8 s . Cd . ; corn , cake , and feeding stuffs bought , G 48 / . ; live stock bought , 1280 / . ; profit , or rather price paid for produce of farm , 337 / . 7 s . GM . —3018 / . His . Dr . : By valuation , 1853 , 101 G / . lGs . ; live stock and wool sold , 2002 / . — 3018 / . lGs . T
December 17, 1853.] The Leader. 1205 ¦¦¦...
December 17 , 1853 . ] THE LEADER . 1205 ¦¦¦———^^^^^^^ dBB ^ B ^ B ^^^^^ BRl ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ K ^^^^^ B ^^^ B ^^ K ^^^^ n ^^^^ B ^ m ^^^^^^^ m ^ m ^ B ^ mmm ^^^^^^^ m ^^ t ^^^^^^^ m ^^^^—^^^^^—^^^ m— - ^— . . -... . . — . ^ — . — .. ¦ — ¦
New Burial-Grounds' Regulations By Lord ...
NEW BURIAL-GROUNDS' REGULATIONS BY LORD PALMERSTON . T iik following are the regulations which have been issued by Lord 1 ' alnierston for observance in the new burial-grounds about to be established , and which will also be enforced in all new burial-grounds established under the Metropolitan Burials Act : — u 1 . . No interment . shall take place within ten yarda of any part of the boundary of the cemetery , and the space of ground intervening bit ween tho boundary and thu teij-yard limit above described shall bo planted with shruby ^ evergreens , and trees , in ouch manner as , while it will promote tho absorption of any deleterious enmmitiuiia , blmll not interfere with a free circulation of air . " 2 . Tho area of the cemetery shall bo muler-diained to such depth and in Much effectual manner a . s shall be . suuicu-nt to prevent the accumulation of water in any vault or grave therein . . . . " 3 . There shall bo a sufficiency of roada and pathways within the-burial-ground to afford every aeci K * to the teveral graves ' without walking over other graves ; and such roads and pathways wliall he constructed of hard materials , and be properly guttered and drained in tmcli manner an to carry away surface- water . " " 4 . Tho whole area of thu cemetery , which may from time to tinio bo used lor intennent . H , rihidl bo divided into grave Hpiu-en * in biie . h manner that tho position of every grave npaco inny be readily distiuguitdiud . ' A plan of the cemetery nlu « ll bo provided , an which every grave space aliall bt ; marked . " ( i . A register of graves shall also he provided , in which hIiiiII bo registered every grave spaci * , together with the mime , the ag « , and tho da to of . interment of every occupant of aucli itruvc .
" 7 . Every grave space in the cemetery 6 hall be designated by letters or numerals , or by some other convenient mark , which shall correspond to similar marks designating such grave space in the plan of the cemetery and in the register of graves . . . ¦ " 8 . The grave space allotted to each person of the age of 16 and upwards shall be at the least 9 feet 6 inches long and 4 feet 6 inches wide . " 9 . The grave space allotted to each young person from 7 to 16 years of age shall be at the least 7 feet 6 inches long and 3 feet C inches wide . " 10 . For children under 7 years of age the grave space shall be at the least 5 feet 9 inches long by 2 feet 9 inches wide .
" 11 . Each grave shall be dug as near as may be in the middle of the grave space . " 12 . With the exception of purchased vaults and graves , interments shall take place in every alternate grave space until the whole area ot the cemetery devoted to interments shall have been buried in ; and thereafter the alternate grave spaces , which have thus in the first instance been left vacant , are to be buried in till they shall all have been used . " 13 . No more than one body shall be buried in any grave * except in purchased vaults and graves , under conditions hereafter stated . " 14 . The depths of graves , excepting purchased Vaults and graves , shall be as follows : —For persons of 16 years of age and upwards the depth shall not exceed G'feet , and in no case shall the coffin have a covering of earth of less depth han Sfeet , measured from the upper surface of the coffin to the ievel of the ground . For persons between 7 and 16 years of age the depth shall not exceed 4 feet 6 inches ; and
the covering of earth over the coffin shall in no case be less than 3 feet , measured from the upper surface of the coffin to the level of the ground . For children under 7 years of age tiie depth shall be 3 feet 9 inches , as near as may be . " 15 . No grave in . which a burial Las taken place , excepting purchased vaults and graves , shall be re-opened for another burial until after the lapse of the following periods of time , that is to say : —No-grave iu which a person of 16 years of age and upwards has been buried shall he re-opened for another burial until after the lap . ~ e of 24 3 'ftirsfrom-the tiine when such person was buried . A ' o grave iu which any young person between thenges of 7 and 16 years iias been buried . snail be re-opened fur a second burial until after t / ie lapse of 15 years from the time when such young person washuritd . No grave in which a child under 7 years of age has been buried shall be re-opened for burial within a shorter period than 10 years from the time when such child
was buried . ¦ " 16 . Purchased vaults and graves are excepted from the preceding regulations ; but when more than one body is to be buried in such graves and vaults each body must be enclosed in an air-tight leaden coffin , and no coltin is to be deposited in any such vault or grave nearer the surface than 4 feet 6 inches , measuring from the upper surface of the coffin to the level of the ground . " 17 . Whenever a burial has taken place ( except in a
private vault ) the grave shall be forthwith filled up with earth , and the surface shall bo immediately covered , either with a suitable . stone , if such shall have been provided , " or witli fresh turf , or the surface shall be tuitably planted ; but in no case shall the bare earth be left exposed . " 18 . Care shall be take : i that the gravo spaces , monuments , walks , buildings , & c , and the whole surface of the cemetery be kept in a proper state of neutness . " 1 ' alsiuuston . "
"Poor Bkethkejn" And Ltlch Governors. Th...
"POOR BKETHKEJN" and ltlCH GOVERNORS . The charities of England are about to bo looked into ; and the darkness which has covered the administration of many a noble bequest it is hoped will be removed . Among others , perhaps , the Charity Commissioners will tell us how it is that , while the revenues of the Charterhouse have increased nearly six-fold , the pensions of the poor brethren remain what they were in the days of James I ., when that magnificent old citizen , Thomas Sutton , founded the institution ? Those revenues now amount to 30 , 0001 . a year ; but the pensions continue to be 251 . On receiving his appointment , a poor brother has to find
his own furniture for die apartment provided for him , with the exception of the following , wliich are supplied for liia use by the governors : —A poker and iron shovel , an iron lender , a |> air of bellows , a deal table , and a wooden chair . At the expiration of four years sheets and pillow-cases are supplied for the use of a poor brother by tho authorities . Tho brethren dine together every day in the hall . They are also supplied with the following for their own apartments ( the dinner , at three o'clock , being the
only meal taken collectively ) : —Coals and candles , and bread and butter . The candles aro given out at the rate of half a pound per week to each brother , being just double the quantity which was formerly allowed . The only article * of clothing furnished by the governors is a cloth cloak , which i » supplied onco in every two years . There are eighty old pensioners and forty scholars iu the Charterhouse . Tho pensioners have tried to get their pittance increased , and twice they have put , in an appeal to the governors Tho latest plaint , . sent in last week , wo
subjoin : "TO THU AIO . 1 T 11 KV 1 CUISNI > , MOST NO 1 U .. IC , AND itlOIIT JION . TII 1 C OOVIClCNOltn OK THIC OlIAKTICIlUOl / HIC . " The poor brothers , incinhcrH of thin foundation , desire again to make a retipeoifiil , and , a . s they hope it will be thought , a reasonable appeal to tho governors , truuteea 61 tho revenues of the Chartorhoufce , for an increaao of the pcimion of 2 f >/ . now annually allotted them , that sum being found wholly iiusullieieiit to provide such duily needful com-
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 17, 1853, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_17121853/page/5/
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