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THE LEADER. [No. 343, Saturday, 100 4i ,...
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THE GREAT WEST. The States and Territori...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Retrospects Of Hungary. La Llongrh*, Son...
u i f T ?^ T ~ conti ^ uot . s to the domain of Mohammedanism , and at the doors of Russ , ^ ^ , Uwl the Austrian Empire . . forming part of that "" J ^ th ° ir forces upon the young republic of When ^ . ^ S ^ S clSrvSi well of Europe , the . true Hungary , which by its ac ^ , rhap S , however , it was not until ¦ S ^ SSSdbeSS ted by the cannon of Sinope that Englishmen a cknow- the West had been n tha £ the Hungarians had given them in 1849 their PfStSSSt yoTurb 11 * and cberctng Russia . ° Their historical services b 'f elSr 4 membered . It was remembered how , during five centuries , they , rrHo ? atii of mtions , held the bridge between the East and West , against barbarism and " heKoran , how thef kept the Turk out of the centre of r ^ rnianv how exhausted by long efforts , they succumbed at Mohacs , and Selded t oconqaSt in the fo * nu of political protection . Nor was it forgotten that while Hungry in 1848 laid prostrate the imperial sovereignty of Austria Great Britain might have engaged , without fear , the entire forces of ^ SSsian Em ^ , andlet a seal x ^ on the liberties of Europe Such an occasion is rare in history . There was no adventure to begin ; there was only a victory to complete . Though by a fatal act of mercy Louis lvossuth had spared the Austrian dynasty when he might have destroyed it-though he had veilded to the superannuated emperor as his ancestors had yielded to Maria Theresa—though he had for one hour been a Mirabeau , when he should have been a Cromwell , there was yet time , had" the armies of the -Czar Nicholas been prohibited from entering Hungary , to accomplish the great work and to establish a basis of political liberty in the east of Europe That is the real guarantee which must constitute the security of the future A free state is wanted- ^ the parallel , not of Belgium , but of England—upon the Slavonian border . , ¦ . . v w . In 1848 , the patriotic writers of Hungary endeavoured to persuade the nations of the West that the abolition by Austria of their ancient laws was an example set to the violation of all compacts and treaties whatever . ^ At Posovy , at Buda-Pesth , at Debreczen , and at Szeged , successive Diets had ratified the constitution of Hungary ; successive emperors had sworn to it yet a great party in England—the party which ultimately prevailed—de clared the Hungarians to be in illegal revolt ; and rejoiced in the success the imperial arms . There was an attempt to describe the war of mdepen dence as a movement of two or three hundred thousand privileged nobles against the single ruler , of whose supremacy ' -they were jealous , and whos protection of popular rights was the principal source of their displeasure The commentary upon this misrepresentation was convincing enough . Not Magyars only , but other races were kindled by the oratory of Kossuth and the prowess of Klapka , Guyon , and Bern . In spite of malicious proclama tions , which urged the Servian , the Rouman , and the Croat , the Iransy vanian Saxon and the Wallach against the Magyar , the Magyar published his invitation to fraternity , and throughout the Hungarian territory a mam festo was circulated , declaring the Servians and Wallachs the brothers the Magyar . ' ¦ ., , M . Charles Louis Chassin , basing upon a cursory retrospect an appeal to rational opinion of the West , develops , in a series of lucid summaries , propositions , which he submits to the student of history : First , that Hungarians are , nationally and by tradition , addicted to religions liberty secondly , that the genius of their political institutions has always been essen tially liberal ; thirdly , that they have never shrunk from any necessary sacri fice in order to advance the common cause of civil and religious freedom Europe . Their long struggle against the temporal preponderance of Catho licism , their opposition to the theocratical pretensions of Rome , the pendence preserved in all ages by the Hungarian Church , the sympath inspired in the people by the labours of Luther and Calvin , the Constitution of St . Etienne , the desperate conflict carried on against the succession Austrian despots , the perpetual assertion of a separate and ^ self-governed nationality , suffice as proofs in support of these ideas , even if the Turkish ¦ wars had been unrecorded . M . Chassin does well to pass from the general to the personal , and present a biography of Jean de liunyad as a sequel his broad retrospects of Hungarian history . With the history most W readers may now be supposed familiar ; but the biography will be new interest to many . By the majority of chroniclers liunyad has been lected . His name has been associated , dimly , with the annals of Varna Belgrade , but as the representative of a brilliant epoch , a Christian of the fifteenth century , the embodiment of a grand national spirit , it been left for M . Chassin to delineate him , which he docs , in an essay ¦ what melodramatic in tone , yet critical , and based apparently on authentic records . ' To his Hungarian contemporaries Jean de liunyad seemed scarcely than a prophet . Simple almost to austerity in his manner of living , he assumed personally the splendours of a sovereign , and rode at the head his army , in a magnificent costume , embroidered and edged with fur , diamond clasps to his mantle , decorations of gold and silver on his harness , and upon his own brow something which was not far from " the likeness of a kingly crown . " Yet he was in demeanour invariabl modest , liberal , unbending ; he despised no one , abstained from hatred his enemies , and infused something of nobility even into the fanaticism his age . M . Chassin ' s volume would be worth reading if only it conveys an impression of the life and character of this remarkable man
The Leader. [No. 343, Saturday, 100 4i ,...
THE LEADER . [ No . 343 , Saturday , 100 4 i , ¦ ' ¦ ' ¦¦ - . ¦ . ¦ . ¦ ¦''¦¦¦ ¦¦•• - ¦• - ¦• • " ' , ¦— ¦
The Great West. The States And Territori...
THE GREAT WEST . The States and Territories of the Great West . By Jacob Ferris . Triibncr . We have no right to criticize the manners of Kansas and the other far western states of America , in comparison with the manners of Middlesex and Surrey . Their parallel exists nowhere in the British dominions . The settlerB at those distant stations , who fight , and burn villages , and tolerate no regular laws , arc the Bashi-Bazouks of the Transatlantic race , as different from the poliahed communities along the eastern sea-bourd , as the rat-eating aborigines of Africa are from the Arabs of Egypt or Morocco . It must be remembered that , fifty years ago , the territories of the Great West were as uncultivated as . the central solitudes of Australia . Beyond the limits even of tho boldest borderer ' s adventure there extended an nplbncr ' w far lesex The Lerate s dif- is the rocco . Great eyond n np
paieni wild Amer : a few trees , slopes blishe pood , lines sylva yrere joic . n ware had j West rivetc of co ovei . 11 Alou prea ? it is swar , lowr . Ivan . imm * - ^ syst < I tne .. sane ; renc - tnei oi ope - » ori ^ li e Iton . *> u jeni nor - otj l- jea <™ c - ™ . oi ^ , I tw tlie « - « three sn < the ™< ; - ™ - ™ in aI 1 - ve intle- P y Ul m of | a pai-ently . measureless region of lakes , rivtrs , and forests , the paradise of the wild hunter , the alsatia of the escaped criminal , the land of promise for American emigrants , speculators , and poets . At the close of the revolution , a few explorers penetrated the outskirts of this wilderness , notched the trees , broke up the ground , planted corn , and built their homesteads on the slopes of the great valleys . Gradually a system of intercourse was established between the eastern states , and this unbounded surface of water , wood and pasture . Roadways and waggon-tracks struck off from the main lines of communication in New York , Kew England , Virginia , and Pennsylvania . No jealousies stunted the hospitality of the first settlers . They I were anxious to encourage immigration . They welcomed with sincere re- ! ioicin ^ s the team that had struagled through the sands between the Dela- : ware ° and the Hudson , that had toiled over the Pennsylvanian ranges , -that had panted up the valley of the Mohawk , bearing a new family for the : West in the old-fashioned Jersey waggon , broad-wheeled , ribbed , barred , riveted and Marin * with red paint . As time went on , and other facilities of conveyance were adopted , the West was largely peopled by the periodical overflow of the states along the Atlantic border . ^ _ . _ The Great West is the uncultivated part of America . Prom the Rocky Mountains eastwards extends a sloping highland , five hundred miles in breadth , to the banks of the Mississippi . It is covered with great forests , : it is intersected with great rivers , it contains vast undulating prairies , and -swarms with savage tribes , but here have beeiv established the States of Iowa Missouri , Arkansas , ami the settlements of Mmesota , Nebraska , and ' Kansas , the youngest member of the Union . These are mere dots ; on . the i immense surface ; of wood and grass-W ; but below them , and linked with the original states , are Illinois , Indiana , and Ohio . _ v A The West contains a multitude of running waters- three distinct river s systems rising within it and pouring towards all points of the compass . In t tlie remote interior , sixty longitudinal degrees distant from Washington a i sandy plain about six miles in width alone divides the head of the St . Lawrence from the channel of the Mississippi . Arid in the een ^ e of Mmesota i- there are two streams -flowing- within three miles of each other through , , f open prairie , the one running southwards to the Gulf of Mexico , the other I " . r ^ h ^ tSoSS ^ scr ^ io , of Uie several states and settlements already t formed from this mass of territory , Mr . Ferris commences with Ohio , the ^ Buc ^ e sfcvte , incorporated with ' the Union in 1803 . Ohio produces a ^ tenth of the whole grain crops of the United States , rean . a tenth ofjh e 1 horses , clips a fifth of the wool , and ranks next to New 1 ork xn the mmiber n of its milch cows and other cattle . Indiana one year , and Michigan two l " vears youn ^ r , have progressed with similar rapidity . IUmoi ? , Wisconsin ^ anTlowa ar 6 rir , in- to great power in the councils of the Union ; but it is f \ S ^ SSoSTtS feperior country , and Kansas , that the . - ^ Q ^ d = HS 3 = s ^ ifliiE = £ shores of Lake Superior lies a territory sufficient to drain ofiyior centuries , T the emUrhdon ofEurope : fertile , rich in minerals , abounding m natural ' £ ili £ for ? n ? er ^ a » d in aspect exceedingly mmm ^ m ^ s
in Qf of to t 0 estern OI in b , neg- -w and vi chief t < < has « some- " t less ¦ yet ^ of ; with horse ' s being y of of because . 5 wmmmmmmi and west of the ^ lissouri-the feeble remnant of a nation that ,: hfty 5 « » n t ° ^ E ti s ^ z ^ - ^^^ s ^^ f ^~ Bd > me . m'srated south , near the Ottoes and Omahas , and exist in a most wretched con ; tic ^ Tho Arnpahoes roam over tho western part of Kansas They profess to 1 tafrtaidjr , to the whites ; but the safer policy is to give them a wide lierth . The Che c , n lcss in alliance wiih the Arapahoe ,, professing fr endslnp , but trcac crous o pro ' yet These tribes have control of tho Grand Praino , and they are * " ^ ° '' fZwn to 1 ) C td of ln Europo would be called « the balance of poucr " 1 ^ hese ^ tribes rch ^ t with very numerous—for it is quite common to stumble upon three or loin tuou ¦ rse ' s tliem , collected in a singlo huuting-camp . . . , . sultry . . oing Tho climate of Kansas resemble * that of Virginia , thougl less ailt ^ ably There is a breeze from the mountains even in the yroxn ^ cst d * ^ . v eg 3 d of tion is early and abundant . The slaveholders and the i bolition » te " ^ fl in of aware , indeed , that whatever party predominates m K ™^ ^ JJ " V muse- in the future , the resources of a wealthy and powerful , community . UU F " rnere 7 an b 7 no cloubt that KausaB , , vith It . fertile soil , » nd £ tal cHma ^ * . strong political n . oLivcs just now operating to encourage soUlomcnJ , « ill hj ec y up with inhabitants coming from all ports of the Union . None ncccI lu . dual 1 of in their expectations . The state of the controversy . P f "f , " ^ S polUicB slavery in the territory is . veil know .,. Those who would proftr a home « hero 1 ftrc undisturbed by any strong element of ngitntion had better go into northern territory . Q . ... virtuc of a Kansas and Nebraska were annexed to the United States by vii i at treaty with France concluded in Paris in 1803 'lhey formed a pm to . „ . vast tract of country known as the Louisiana iWinsc ; ami ^\ \ thnt habitants , in 1818 , petitioned Congress for admission into tlie un , struggle commenced of which we arc witnessing $ hc latest- ' 9 ^ l ninric 8 Readers who consult Mr . Ferris ' s volume will find its historical sum less satisfactory thnn its geographical dcscrii ) tions .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 18, 1856, page 20, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_18101856/page/20/
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