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Ox Monday evening we attended a highly p...
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Judgment Can Only Be Acquired By Going B...
bv force of curining instead of by arms . We get nowand then a glimmer of light as to the real Causes and objects of those bloody and devastating SSoi ^" arly times . In 876 , on the death of Lews , King of Germany , the whole country north of the Eibe " which now began to be known as Saxoma , was plundered and wasted by the Danes and Sclavonians . These appellations were , in ancient times very ill-defined . They were applied to all the people dwelling between the Elbe and the Baltic sea The Obotrites—a Sclavonic tribe—occupiec the banks of the river Trave and the country of Mecklenburg . The Wiltzi—another Sclavonic tribe —held Pomerania . These facts are worthy of note as bearing upon the origin of the English people , or
not excluded from the throne ; on hand the Salic law ruled in Holstein , we find the lands of Schleswig and Holstein , or the greater part , in the possession of the old Schauenburg family . In 1417 the King of Dernark , who had meanwhile become King of Sweden , made an attempt to get back Schleswig ^ which he declared had been usurped by the Earl of Holstein ' s son . A war ensued , and the Danes laid siege to the castle of Gat tarp , but the result was very disastrous to them , for , by a treaty concluded at " Wardingburg in 1434 , the King of Denmark pnSmised , riot only to leave Schleswig in the hands of the Holstein house , but also to surrender all lands which in times of yore appertained
to the Dukes of Schleswig ; This is one of the great points in favour of the Germans . In 1459 , the Earl of Holstein and Duke of Schleswig died without issue . But prior to this event , in 1448 , a new dynasty mounted the Danish throne , in the person of Christian , Earl of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst , nephew ^ on the maternal side , of the late Duke of Schleswig and Earl of Holstein . On the death of the Duke , Christian set up a claim to Schleswig and Holstein . He was opposed by Otto of Schauenburg , the nearest male relation . In the end , Christian was elected by the nobles of Schleswig and Holstein , while the city Of Hamburg agreed to do homage to him , and to
bear the same relation towards him as it had done to the late Duke and Earl Adolph , and further , that after his ( Christian ' s ) death they would acknowledge as Duke of Schleswig , and Earl of Holstein , that one of his sons who , with the consent of Hamburg , should be elected by the Landestunde or Assembly ofNotabled . King Christian accepted these conditions , and made a eapitulation , a . sit is termed , with the prelates , nobles , and inhabitants of the two coun tries , according to w h ich , ' * the re veren d prelates , noble knights , worthy towns and inhabitants of the land , Schleswig and Holstein , which should be for ever united , agreed to do homage to him , not as King of Denmark , but as an elected lord of the said
country . " I have not been able to get a sight of the capitulation itself , and have taken the foregoing extract from M . Dathe ' s Essai sur V Histoire de Hamhourg , published about the commencement of the last century . This is the agreement of 1460 , upon which the Germans lay the chief stress as to the inseparable union of the two countries . But now comes a point which the Germans overlook , or re gard as of no importance . In 1473 , Christian paid a visit to the court of the Emperor Frederick the Third , and , while there , obtained from the Emperor the elevation of Hoistcin into a dukedom , and thereupon declared the capitulation he had entered into , while it was an earldom , null arid void . The and Lubeck resisted and the
towns of Hamburg , former sent deputies to the imperial court to procure relief from certain onerous burdens under which they suffered by the power which the deed of investiture gave to the Duke of Holstein . I cannot say what powers these were , but I presume it took away from the country the . right of election , because , when Christian died the notables of Schleswig and Holstein were not summoned to elect his successors , John King of Denmark , and his brother Frederick , who held possession of the two duoliie ' s , as a matter of course , and governed them jointly . The chronicler Krantz says of this , in the spirit of prophecy , as it has proved : " Maximum poxturis perplexionem iuvexisse "
In 1665 , Denmark , owing to the discontent of the people at the mismanagement of the country by the nobles , who had plunged it into the depths of misery and disgrace by unsuccessful war , became an absolute monarchy ; but if the deed of investiture did not annul , the capitulation , this could not affect the duchies , more especially not Hoistcin , which would retain its ancient system of government and political independence . JYom this period till 1720 , the provinces were subjected to divisions , and changed hands entirely Boveral times , but only temporarily , the King of Denmark being always regarded as the rightful possessor . In 1720 , a , decisive settlement was come to , the result of the war between Sweden and Dqnmnrk , which whs terminated by the treaty of peace made at Friodrieksburg , through the
mediatiou of England find Franco . It was there arranged that Denmark should nc vor more vbd disturbed in the possession of the DuohI Gottorp share of the Duchy of Schloswig , In consequence of this treaty ,, Frederick the Founli , by a patent dated 22 nd August , took full possession or the Duchy of Schleswig 1 , with tho exception of the " Glucksburg land , " and summoned the inhabitants to do him homage . By this treaty it is seen how France nnd England are concorncd at present in the SchlQswlg-Holstein aOUir , They are pledged to support tho King of Denmark in liis possession of Schleswig , and if . lt bo Insisted upon that Schleawig and Holstein shall bo for over united , then , of course , in both . Here is tho rule . Tho more tho Germans strive and argue to show that ; tho two
Anglo-Saxons , as it has become tl \ e nonsensical fashion to call them . According to ancient chronicles , the Sclavonians must have held possession of a large extent of coast-land ; and a glance at the map of Germany will show that deep in modern Saxony there are many towns bearing names of Sclavonic origin . Tho conclusion I draw from this is , that the Teutonic element did not force its way from east to west , but vice versa ; this , however , requires separate treatment . , In 982 , a certain Herrmann , Ghermann , Wehrmann , Warman , or Warrior Billings , ' or BiHungs , is Duke of Saxonia . Ope cannot help thinking , of Billingsgate oh reading this name , \ and might be induced to
imagine he was a leader of some of those 'English , ¦ or , if the learned of the age will have it so , Anglo-Saxon , adventurers , who , according to Eg inhard , the son-in-law and secretary of Charlemagne —rand , therefore , an authority of inpre weight than generally belongs to ancient chroniclers- —crossed the sea from England , either from love of adventure or necessity , landed at a spot culled Hathelow , and in a short time conquered and established thenir selves as lords in the country of Thuririgia . This Duke of Saxonia , Billings , made a treaty with the Obptritei--, who left him in peaceable occupation of the country called Holstein , which he proceeded to cultivate . But , after Billings' 'death , the Obotxites
are inseparable , the greater they render the difficulty . ¦ •" . . Since this settlement , little or no alteration took place in the relations of Denmark to the Duchies , nor was Denmark ' s right to them , nor his government of them , called in question till the agitation , consequent upon the declaration of Christian the Eighth , in 1846 , began . In 1846 the King declared his intention of forming a thorough union of all his states to prevent their being divided on the . death of his son , who was childless . The intention being to abolish the Salic law , which : ruled in Holstein
and thus guarantee Holstein to the crown of Denmark . This was very ill-received by the people of Holstein , arid some parts of Schleswig , arid called forth protests from several princely houses , whose hereditary claims upon the duchies were thus jeopardised . In 1848 the King of Denmark decreed the complete separation of Holstein from Schleswig , and the incorporation of the latter with the pure Danish dominions . The cause of the Duchies , or rather of Holstein , was taken up by the popular party of Germany , which party then comprised , it may be said , the whole body of the people . The Holsteiners , spurred on and assisted by the Germans , resisted the command of their Duke , the Holstein civil
King of Denmark , and the Sehleswigwar ensued . The troops of the confederated princes were put in motion against the Danes , as the Germans thought , but in reality they were acting exactly as they would have done without any popular pressure ; for , by the 26 th Article of the Federal Compact , they were bound to support the King of Denmark , or rather Duke of Holstein , a member of the band , against his rebellious subjects . They did as little as they could against the Danes ; but , of course , the troops could not always be restrained , because they were really in earnest . In 1850 , a treaty of peace was signed by Prussia on the one side , in her own narhe ar id in the name of the Confederation , and by Denmark on the other side , as also by of the
the English ambassador as representative mediating power . By this treaty it was concluded that everything should remain as it was before the war ; arid by Article 4 it was concluded that the King- of Denmark might , according to the . federal compact , claim the intervention of the German confederation for the purpose of re-establishing his legitimate power in Holstein , In consequence of this , the Holsteiners were left to their own resources against the troops of Denmark arid the Germanic confederation . Before tliis treaty , perhajjs , was heard of by the Holstoiners , the Battle of Idstedt was fought , in which the Danes were victorious . Nevertheless , the Holsteiners showed a bold front , and were only deterred from continuing the war by the threats of Prussia and Austria , who put an army of
50 , 000 men in motion against them . Further remarks upon the question , which , as your readers well know , is still a very open one , I must defer . "What I have given will serve as a bird ' s-eye view of the whole matter , in its origin , progress , and present state .
again seized upon 'the country , devastated it , and even plundered its chief town , Hamburg . In 1065 , just a yenr before the . invasion of England by the Normans or Nardinen , as I have , found the name ^ vritten , Holstein was again -devastated , and in 1072 was obliged to acknowledge itself tributary to Cruco , chief of the Sclavonians . At last , however , according to the annals of Hilderheim , the Obotrites iriet with such a crushing defeat from an army of Saxons , at a place called Sniilow , that they -were entirely driven out of Holstein , and never got a footing there again . Magnum , the leader or Duke ¦ of the Saxons , was the last descendant of Billings , And , dying without an heir , the Kmperor of
Germany granted the dukedom , which included Hol-• stein , to Lothar of Suplinburg , who gave Holstein to Adolph of Schauenburg * Lothar , being afterwards elected Emperor , presented the dukedom to his son-in-law , Henry of Bavnria ; but the successor of Lothar , Conrad the Third , took it from him , while at the same time , Albert the Bear , of Brnndenburgh , ¦ drove Adolph oi Schauenbui'g , out of Holstein , and set Henry of Bardewick in his stead . In 1139 , Adolph recovered his earldom , which he colonised with people from other countries , and encouraged them to devote themselves to husbandry and the breeding of cattle , as likewise to fill the ponds with fish . This is so fur worthy of note as tending to
confirm Adam Bremensis , who describes those countries as lying waste arid uninhabited , except on the banks of the rivers . Jn 1179 the Duke of Saxony was attacked and defeated by tho Emperor of Germany , and deprived of all , excepting his hereditary possessions , which comprised the present Brunswick and Luneburg . The ISfirl of Holstein , who considered himself as the vassal of the Duke , resisted ; but the Emperor threatening an invasion with an overwhelming fprce , he at length submitted , and acknowledged -Hoietcin to bo a fief of the Empire . While , in 1 , 201 , Otto , son of Henry tho Lion , was contending with Philip of Swdbia for tho imperial throne , Canute the Sixth , King of Denmark , sot up a claim upon Holstein , and his brother Waldemar , who was 1
Duke of Sehleswig , invaded the country and conquered it . Here we have the first union of the two countries of ' Schleswig and Holstoin . Wflldemnr , Duke of Sohleswig by inheritance , and Earl of HoUtejh by conquest—which conquest was confirmed to him by the Emperor FredoricU the Second—in I 2 l 2 j became King of Denmark . Waldemar died in 1241 , leaving the kingdom of Denmark to liis son , Eric , and the dukedom of Sohloswig to his younger son Abel . This Abel married a daughter of Adolph of SoUauenburg , late Earl of Holstein , and had a son who afterwards became King of Denmark , thus uniting tho countries of Schleswig and Holstein more closely than before . After niuny divisions of tho territory , through conquests , 'marriages , ' & c , ftna the circumstance that in Doniuark females wore
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Ox Monday Evening We Attended A Highly P...
Ox Monday evening we attended a highly pleasing lecture at the theatre of the South Kensington Museum , on the Italian Mnjolica Wares , by Mr . T . C , Hobinson , F . S . A . We leave to others the task of arguing for or against the absolute beauty which some enthusiasts think they can perceive in the colour and sometimes grotesque designs presented by these Wares . The figures upon them , notwithstanding that t ) ie name of RaffWelle is often coupled with them , are not always well drawn : the foreground often impossible ;—tho perspective nowhere ; and the face frequently recalls the spoilt glazOs of modern Staffordshire . The perverse industry of generations of middle-ago housemaids has , however , left so few dpeoimens to our time , that though Italian manufactories are hard at work producing fiic similes— -and Staffordshire produces something
better— -some of the warrantably original objects are now valued at fifties and hundreds of pounds , and tho admiration of connoisseurs and possessors is intensifying with tho scarcity of tho property , O « i Monday night wore disposed , on a horsoahoo' taoio before tho lecturer , vases , tnzzas . bottles , and plattors . Behind him were suspended plates ot all sizos : blue , orange , and ruby in colours and over those were lurco diagrams representing tho potters marlcs . The curator enlargod upon the history and uses of pottery , and of the ware under notice , from the thirteenth century to tho days of Mmton , who revived , and , art wo think , improved it . Tho difficulties attendant upon tho inijnufaQtur © , of winch the principal is tho rapidity with which tho outlines of SfawE inust bo traced upon tho » biscuit , " wot with creamy glaze , immediate ^ before its second firing , to avoid tho running of tho colour . The lecturer mentioned that tho secret of tho ruby colour aiett
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 26, 1859, page 21, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_26021859/page/21/
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