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August 26, 1854.] THE LEADER. 797
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THE EASTERN QUESTION. The Earl of Claren...
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GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH. The Board findi...
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" 1$ ranch ollico for tho Tow or llninlc...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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August 26, 1854.] The Leader. 797
August 26 , 1854 . ] THE LEADER . 797
The Eastern Question. The Earl Of Claren...
THE EASTERN QUESTION . The Earl of Clarendon to the Earl of Westmoreland . Foreign Office , July 22 , 1854 . MY Lord , —I have to acknowledge the receipt , this day , of your lordship ' s telegraphic despatch , by which her Majesty ' s Government learn that Prussia has declined to attend the Conference which Count Buol proposed to summon for the purpose of communicating the answer to the demands addressed by Austria to the Cabinet of St . Petersburg , and that it will in consequence be transmitted by Count Buol to Count Colloredo for the information of her Majesty's Government .
Her Majesty ' s Government , however , being already m possession of this answer , and having taken it into mature consideration , I shall no longer delay communicating to your lordship the Views which they entertain with respect to it . It is unnecessary to dwell at any length upon the arguments by which Count Nesselrode endeavours to throw unon the Western Powers the responsibility of the war which Russia alone has provoked . Count Nesselrode objects to the form of the summons addressed to Kussia by England and France , and maintains that this summons , rendered imperative by the acts of Russia , was the true cause of war ; but ho takes no account ; 6 f the long series of negotiations during the past year , nor bf the repeated warnings which were given to Russia by France and' England ; and he , chooses to ' - -forget that it was the invasion of the Trincipalitfes by Russian trobps / which first disturbed the peace of " Europe , and which lias rendered abortive , every effort for its restoration : The despatch of CbuntfBuol to Count Esterhazyj to which Count
Nesselrode s despatch is ' ah answer , points out clearly upon whom the responsibility falls of the present state of things ; and in the Protocol of the 9 th of April the Four Powers haye solemnly recorded their opinion that the summons addressed to . Russia b y England and France was founded in justice ; ' / ; '" -. , ¦ ' ' ¦''' : . ' . ' ¦ * ¦ ' '¦' ¦ ' ¦¦ ' ' '•/' ¦ ¦' ¦ ¦ " j- v - : : : ^ ¦'¦ ¦ The opinion of Euappe has been pronounced in favour ' of the course pursued by England and France , and it is heed less , therefore , that ; they should defend themselves against the accusations of . Russia . I proceed to examine the other points contained in the , Russian answer . In the-first place , if the demands of Austria , supported by Prussia , are considteredin a purely German sense , it is impossible that the answerofthe Russian Cabinet canJ lie considered satisfactory hy thet ^ o German Powers . The -main points put forward in Count Buors despatch to Count Ester-hazy were : — ii The necessity ot a speedy evacuation 6 t' the Danubian Principalities . 2 . The iinpossjbilities of making this evacuation , required b y the essential interests of Gerniaiiyj dependent upon conditions which it'was out of the power of Austria to insure .
But \ Russia fixes no lunit whatever to the occupation of the Principalities ; aiid she looks upon an armistice as a previous condition , sins qua non , « f the withdrawal of her armies beyond the Pruth . The injuiy , then , \ vhicb , in tlie opinion of Austria and Prussia , the Russian occupation inflicts upon the Germanic Confederation continues unabated ; nay , more , it is aggravated by the refusal of Kussia to attend to the just demands of the two German Powers . pount Nesselrode professes , it is true , to adhere to the principles laid down in the Protocol of the 9 th of April ; but this declaration is worth little as long aa the Russian troops remain on Turkish soil . ¦
In fact , the evacuation of the Principalities is essential to the integrity of the Ottoman empire ,, and their occupation is in itself a flagrant breach of tho public law of Europe . The crisis winch disturbs the peace of the world had its origin in tlio passage of the Pruth ; and it is impossible to admit the pretensions of Russia to make th « reparation which she owes lor an act universally condemned , dependent upon the exigencies of a position which slio has voluntarily created for herself . Nor can England and Franco consent to an armistice upon the ynguo assurances given by Count Nesselrodo , of tho pacific disposition of tho Russian Government . After making fsuch great efforts and sacrifices , and engaged as they arc in a cause so just , the allied Powers will not stop in their course without tho certainty that they will not again be called upon , after a short interval , -to re-commence tho war .
Tho particular conditions of peaco must depend upon too many contingencies for it to bo possible to l » y them down definitively at tho present moment- Her Majesty ' s Government have , however ^ no hesitation in stating tho guarantees which , in their opinion , and in that of tho French Government , are essential to secure tho tranquillity of Europe from future disturbances . These gunrnntees are naturally suggested l » y tho dangers to guurd against which they are required , Thns Russia has taken advantage of tho exclusive right which she had acquired by treaty , to watch ovor tho rolations of Wallachia and . Moldavia with tho suzorain Power , to enter those provinces ns if they wore part of her own territory . Again , tho privileged frontier of Russia in tho Black Sea has enabled her to establish in those waters a naval power
which , in tho absence of any cowntor-balaneing force , ia a standing menace to tlio Ottoman omnire . The uncontrolled possession by Russia of tho principal moutli of tho Danube lias created obstacles to the navigation of that groat river which seriously affect tho gonoral commerce of Europe . Finally , tho stipulations of tlio treaty of KutHchukluinardji , relative to tho protection of tho Christians , have become , by a wrongful interpretation , tho principal cause of tho present struggle Upon all theao points tho status quo unto helium , must undergo important modifioatiouB . Her Majoaty ' a Government cannot doubt that tho Austrian Upvovninont wil admit that those , views arc in accordance with no prmcipkfl laid down in tho Protocol of April 9 ; nnd thntxt would bo diffloult to restrict within moro moderate bounds tho Inquiry which , by that protocol , tho FourPowora ongngo thornHolvea to mako fn common , n » to tho moans best calculated to maintain tho Ottoman ampiro , by attaching it
to the general balance of Enrope . But it is remarkable that to this passage in the Protocol of the 9 ih of April—the only passage of capital importance , implying , as it does , the necessity of a European revision of the ancient relations of Russia with Turkey—Count Nesselrode carefully avoids making the slightest allusion . In fact , the profession of tlie Russian Cabinet , that it adheres to the principles laid down b y the Conference at Vienna , contains nothing which is of a satisfactory nature . Her Majesty ' s Government are at a loss to understand the meaning of Count Nesselrede's declaration , that the integrity of the Ottoman Empire will not be menaced by Russia , so long as that integrity is respected by the Powers wlio now _ occupy the territory and waters of the Sultan . What comparison can be drawn between the invaders and
the defender of the Turkisli territory ? Wliat analogy can exist between the presence of the allied troops at the invitation of the Porte , under the authority of a diplomatic convention , and the forcible invasion of the Ottoman territory by the Russian armies ? It is unnecessary to pay anything further as to the conditions which are attached by Russia to the evacuation of the Principalities ; and I now come to that paragraph in Count Nesselrode's despatch which relates to the situation of tlie Christian subjects of the Sultan . It amounts to nothing less than this , that the Russian Cabinet . includes ^ among the ancient privileges which are to be preserved to the / Greek Clmrch , the entire rights which flow from the Protectorate , - civil as well as religious , ^^ cla imed by Russia ; but it cannot for a moment be supposed that the system established by sueht a Protectorate , even if it were based upon a European guarantee , could be compatible with
the : independence and sovereign rights of the Porte . .:. Her Majesty ' s Governfneiit is veryfar from saying , that Europe can be indifferent to tlie amelioration of the condition of the Christians in Turkey s ori the contrary , they think that Europe ought to take an active interest in the welfare of tlie Rayah population , and ougbb t ; o come to an tinderstandibg as to the best -mode Of < takuig advantage of the generous intentions of the Sultan towards his Christian subjects ; but at the same time they are firmly convinced that the refortns which are needed in the : governrne : ; t of the various Christian coiriinuni ' . ies in the Ottoman empire . can only be effectually and beneficially carried out by the Porte , ; taking the Initiative with regard to them , and that if such reforms are to be prbriioted by any foreign influence ,, if can only be by means of friendly council and advice , . and not by an interferenee grounded upon tretfty ^ engagements into which no State could enter , without abdicating ¦ its independence .
In fine , it appears to her Majesty ' s Government that the respective situations of the different Powers : ire in no way wliatever changed ; they ars only more clearly : marked ' out by . the answer of tlie Russian Cabinet , England arid France must therefore continue in the attitude of belligerents . on the other hand , as the Pi-incipaHties have not been evacuated . Austria and Prussia will , no doubt , consider that the obligations of the treaty of the 20 th April , strengthened , so far as Austria , is concerned , by her separate engagement with the Porte , subsist in all their force , and that now the time has arrived for their fulfilment . I have thus fully : explained to you the views of her Majest 3 ' ' s GoverninciVt , which are entirely shared by the Government of the Emperor of the French , with wholh her Majesty's Government liave been in communication upon the subject ; and I have to instruct your lordship to deliver a copy of this despatch to . Count Buol . I am , & c , Clarendok .
Vienna , Aug . 8 . The undersigned , Minister of Foreign Affairs of his Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty , hastens to acknowledge the receipt of the note which his Excellency the Eurl of Westmoreland , & c , did him tlio honour to address to him on the 8 th of this month , and to declare ia his turn that it appears from the confidential conversations held between tlie courts of Vienna , of Paris , and of London , in conformity with the passage of tho protocol of the 9 th of April last , by wliich Austria ,. France , a . nd Great Britain have engnged themselves , together with Prusiia , to seek the means of again connecting tho existence of the Ottoman empire with tho general equilibrium of Europe , that tho three Powers
are equally at opinion that the relations of tho Sublime Porto with the Imperial , Court of Russia cannot bo reestablished on solid and durable bases—1 . If the protectorate hitherto exercised by tho Imperial Court of Russia over tho Principalities of Wallachia , Moldrtvin , and Serviu , be not discontinued for tlio future , anil if the privileges ncconled by the Sultans to these provinces , dependencies of their empire , bo not placed under tho collective guarantee of the Powers , in virtuo of an arrangement to bo concluded with the Sublime Porto , nnd the stipulations of which should at tho snme time regulate all questions of detail .
2 . If-the navigation of tho Danube at its mouth bo not freed from all obstacle , and submitted to the application of tho principles established by tho acts of tho Congress of Vienna . 8 . If tho troaty of July 13 , 18-11 , bo not revised in concert by all the high contracting partioa in tlio interest of tho btiliinco of power iu Europo-4 . If Russia do not give up her claim to exerciso nn ofilciiil protectorate over tho subjects of tha Sublime Porte , to wliatever rite they may belong ; nnd if Austria . Groat lJritaiii , France , Prussia , and llubuiu , do not lend their mutual UMsiatanco to obtain nn urn initiative from tho Ottoman Govarnmont Hiq confirmation and tho observance of tho religious privileges of tho different Christian communities , and to turn to account , in tho common interest of thoir co-roligionbts , tlio generous intentions munifo & tcd by hit ) Mujcaty tho jSulUut . at tho eamo time avoiding any aggression on hia dignity and tlio indopondonco of his Crown . Tho umloraignod is , moreover , authorised to declare tliat hla Government takoa cogniaanco of tho determination of Enghuul and of Franco not to enter into nny arrangement with tho Imperial Court of Russia which may not iiniily on
the part of the said Court a full and entire adhesion to the four principles here above enumerated , and that it accepts for itself the engagement not to treat except on these bases , always reserving to itself a free deliberation on the conditions which it may bring forward for the re-establishment of peace if it should happen itself to be forced to take part in the war . The undersigned , & c . Buoi *
General Board Of Health. The Board Findi...
GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH . The Board finding that there is a very general "want of information as to the proper way of proceeding for the removal of nuisances under the acts relating to that subject , and being unable front the pressure of correspondence on the office at the present time to give this information in every case , in reply to the many applications daily made to them * have issued the following plain directions on the subject far general circulation , as well as the short reconiinendations to boards of guardians -which follow * and which are a summary of the more detailed directions contained in . the Minute of Information as to preventive measures issued by the late Board in . June last .
" GENERAL HOARD OF HEALTH . " jREMOV . il , OF aViSAJSC ^ S . . " The intimate connexion between filthy foul smells ^ and disease being Assumed to be generally admitted , and many applications being daily made to this board either to remove nuisances , or to ' give information : ho / Wv the removal of nuisances can be effected , the following plain directions for that purpose , willy the board believe , le found useful at this moment . ¦ ¦ ., ' . ¦'¦¦ .. " . ' ,- ; ' ¦ . ¦¦• . ¦' . •'¦¦¦ ¦ ¦ . ' ; ¦' -. ¦ ; , : ' , , , / -,- ^ ' ¦ ¦"¦¦¦ ¦ i ^ " The nuisances which " may be dealt with under- The Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Act , 1848 , 11 th and 12 th Victoria , chap . 123 , and the regulations and directions of the General Board of Health ,. issued in piirsuance of that act , broadly - classed ; ate < of two kinds ; v-
" 1 . JNuisances removeable by cleansing , such as filthy house walls , overcharged cesspools , unscavengedstreets , foul dustbtns , manUi e heapes , . " . ashpits * dirty pigstyes , & .. •; - ¦ ' ¦ ' 2 . Nuisances requiring the construction of works , for their removal , ; such as . liouses unwholesome : for ^ ant ' •*> £ . drains , accumulation of liquid refuse requiring drains to carry them off , & c . ' ¦ / ¦ : . - ' ¦' .. - ¦ , ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ •;¦ '¦ ¦' . ' . ¦ . \ V "' , ¦ . ' - , '' " Consider to which of these classes the nuisance you complain of belongs . , " HOAVTO GET RID OF NUISAKCES KEMOTABLE BY ' ; . . ¦ ¦ ¦¦¦ ' , - . CXEAKSDJG . ¦ ¦' . ' . ¦ '¦ - . .. ; '¦ ¦ . ¦ . ¦ ' "If to the first class j address a sliort inteliigibk complaint of the nuisance , in writing ,-. to the Board of Guardians . " The board's regulations . / prescribe no particular forja for this complaint , but ' it should be precise in describing- the place , or giving th address of the premises where the nuisance is . " It is . tlie duty of the guardians , -under the regulations and directions which have been issued to them , to make inquiry intothe complaint , and if they find that . it is well founded j to call upon the persons having power by law to remove it , to do so . " These persons may be surveyors , paving , lighting and cleansing cbnimissioners , owners or occupiers , according as the nuisance is caused , by the neglect of the public authorities oi - private individuals . " If these persons neglect or omit to remove the nuisance " The guardians have power , and , it is their duty to remove it , instead of theso persona ; and' they are empowered to proceed against the defaulters ( if culpable ) for a penalty under tho « ct , up to 5 £ " HOW TO GET KID OF NUISANCES REMOVABLE BV CONSTRUCTING WORKS . " To do tins requires a . loss summary and simple process , " The proper mode of proceeding in tliis case is not , as in the former , under the regulations and directions of the General Board of Health , but undor the 1 st section of the Nuisances Removal Act , addressed to the guardians , la tho form given by this act . " A complaint must be signed by two householders , or the nuisanco must bo certified to the guardians by the medical or relieving officer of the union , or , if it exists in or about a common lodging-house , by a polico constable , or inspector of common lodging-houses . " On this the guardians are bound , after examination , into tho case , or without exiirnination . on tho written certificate
ot two legally qualified medical practitioners , to complain before a rnngiatrato , who can summon the owner , or occupier of the premises where tho nuisanco exists , before two ma-, tices ( or in . London boforo any polico magistrate ) , ana on hearing of the Buininow an order may bo made for tho removal or abatement of tho eauso of complaint . " If this order bo not obeyed , it la tho duty of tho guardians to carry tho order into effect , and tho costs fall on tho person on whom the order was madq . " Thocomplaint , in this chss of cnse 3 however , may bo addressed , not only to tho guardians , but to a town council , paving , lighting , cleansing , or polico conimisaionerfl , or commissioners of sewers .
"As nothing in the Nuisances Removal Act is to intorfuro with tho jurisdiclkvn of tho Commissioners of Sowers ( sec . 5 ) , when tho ordov is ono that involves an authority from thorn , it ahouM jrequiro tho execution of tho work conformably to the roguLitfoim of tlioao commissioners , who have declared thomaolvoa ready to co-oporato with the guardians to tho utmost in carrying out tho provisions of " They will furnish Information , at thoir district oflico » , ns to tlio atato of tho noworngo of i « irticular localities .
" 1$ Ranch Ollico For Tho Tow Or Llninlc...
" 1 $ ranch ollico for tho Tow or llninlctn and Poplar districts nn « l Fiimbury division , 10 . flrout Alio-strcot , Goodman ' H flcl < ls . Ollioo hours , J ) o ' clock « . m . to < t p . m . " Principal oillco of tho commission , and branch office for the Holbora division , mid eastern nnd western divisions of
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 26, 1854, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_26081854/page/5/
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