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^gjECEMBER 31, 1853] THE LEADER, 1255
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The ecclesiastical war still rages in Ba...
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The Ministerial candidate, . M* Boncompa...
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A Eupsian courier is stated to have arri...
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A series of duels has taken place at Mad...
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Tho Portuguese Cortes assembled at Lisbo...
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Tho Duke and Duchoss of Montpensier arri...
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A letter from Vionna, of tho 21st, says:...
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In order to meet the- immense elmrgoa im...
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MB.JF. O. WARD ON THE PBEVENTIBUJITY OF ...
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WILLIAM CHAMBERS ON THE UNITED STATICS. ...
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THE HEALTH OF THE COUNTRY. We have befor...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Tho Caion , An Express Steamer, Of Tho F...
' " The " most important news from Germany is the death of ¦ General ' Radowitz , at Berlin , at noon on Christmas-day . His death 'was teaujpili- General Badowitz , many years the favourite adviser of the present King of Prussia , and sometime his reeognised adviser , was bom Feb . 6 , 1797 . His family vras originally Hungarian . His-mother was . a Protestant , # nd : his father a Catholic . He entered the army in the serviceof Westphalia , ; then . the kingdom of Joseph'Bonaparte , and at the battle of Leipsic commanded ar battery of artillery , and was severely wounded . Ou the dissolution , of the Westphalian kingduui ,, he ^ entered the service of the Elector of Hesse-Cassel , and falling into disgrace with that prince through , a palace intrigue , He retired to Prussia , and became
the confidential intimate off the Prussian . Royal family , and fose to- high rank in the Prussian army . In 1828 he be-• came" major , and in 1830 chief of the artillery generalstaff . In 1821 he had first become acquainted with the present King , then ^ Grown Prince * to : whom his tendency to religious tnyaticism rendered him peculiarly congenial . In 1836 he was named Minister Plenipotentiary of Prussia to the Germanic Diet . In 1840 ,. on the : jarospect . of a war with Fra nce , he was recalled to Berha "; nd sent to Vienna to stir up the Austrian Government to the defence" of 'G ermany . The war never came , but General Rado-¦ witz enacted a series of valuable reforms in the Federal armv . In 1847 , ho was actively elaborating a new scheme
of German federation under Prussian headship . In April , 1848 , he retired from the Prussian service , and was elected to the . National Assembly by a town in Westphalia . He spoke often and effectually in the Assembly . In 1849 , when Prussia was- almost at war with Austria , Radowitz was , for ashort time , Prune Minister of Prussia ; but the _ King gave "way , and dismissed his favourite servant , who , it may be remembered , paid a visit shortly after to our Court . Since tfien he has lived apart from public life , engaged in writing -works on Church and State , and to the last devoted to the idea of German unity , to be brought about by the voluntary union of governments and peoples . General Radowitz was suadouhtedlv a man of care capacity and of enthusiastic aspirations " ; and his . death will be felt by Prussia as a national loss .
^Gjecember 31, 1853] The Leader, 1255
^ gjECEMBER 31 , 1853 ] THE LEADER , 1255
The Ecclesiastical War Still Rages In Ba...
The ecclesiastical war still rages in Baden . The Jesuits tare'been ordered to quit Friburg within a week , and the » clergy have been cautioned against using-seditious language in the pulpit .
The Ministerial Candidate, . M* Boncompa...
The Ministerial candidate , . M * Boncompagni , has been elected President of tlie Chamber of Deputies in Piedmont , t > y ? a majority of 74 out of 107 votes . .
A Eupsian Courier Is Stated To Have Arri...
A Eupsian courier is stated to have arrived at Stockholm '• oh thierlith inst ^ , commanding Sweden to close her ports to English and French vessels and subjects . The Swedes are to a man against . Russia ; the Royal" Family doubtful . Sweden and Denmark are both taking measures of defence .
A Series Of Duels Has Taken Place At Mad...
A series of duels has taken place at Madrid . First , M . -SouUI , son of the American Ambassador , challenged the Due d'Alba ( brother' -in-law of the Empress of the French ) , foe an observation overheard at a ball on the subject of , Madame Soule ' s dress ;" secondly . M . Soule the elder challenged the Marquis de Turgot , the interlocutor of the Due d'Alba ; and a third duel is reported to havo taken place between the French and American Consuls at Santauder . The Due d'Alba disarmed M . Sould the younger and spared his life . M . Sould the elder wounded the Marquis de Turgot in the knee . The ball has since been extracted , and the French Ambassador is recovering . These encounters have caused great sensation in Madrid and Paris . Lord Howdeu was ona of the seconds of the Marquis de Turgot .
Tho Portuguese Cortes Assembled At Lisbo...
Tho Portuguese Cortes assembled at Lisbon on the 19 th inst . to record the King Regent ' s reiteration of his oath . Tho youn » King was also present . Tho King Regent in his speecTi promised strict fidelity to tho constitution on his own purr , and on behalf of his son , the King . The British squadron was in tho Tagus under Admiral Corry , but expected to leave on a cruise . The Duke of Wellington , steam lino-ot-battlo-ship , was crowded with visitors daily .
Tho Duke And Duchoss Of Montpensier Arri...
Tho Duke and Duchoss of Montpensier arrived at Madrid on the 20 th inst . The Government had decreed the Budget ( for 1854 , subject ) to tho revision of tlie Cortos at fitting season . From Rome we Jearn that tho Congregation of the Index had condemned , among other-works , Eugene Pelletiui ' s Profession do Foi du XIX . Siecle .
A Letter From Vionna, Of Tho 21st, Says:...
A letter from Vionna , of tho 21 st , says : — " A Russian councillor , M . Duez , hus arrived hero witli presents from tho Emperor Nicholas for tho Emperor Francis Joseph , Amongst thorn is » . magnificent camp tent and the necessary furniture . " An Imperial decjeo , dated Saturday last , enacts that tho -Universal Exhibition of Agriculture ^ Manufactures , and tho Fine Arts , which ia to commence at Paris on tho 1 st of May , 1855 , shall bo under tli » direction and Burvoillanoo of a ¦ commission , which slwll bo presided over by tho Princo Napoleon : and a Hocond decreo appoints Lord Cowley a inumbor of tho commission , as M . Drouyn do l'iluys was of tho commission of thu National Exhibition in llydorpark .
In Order To Meet The- Immense Elmrgoa Im...
In order to meet the- immense elmrgoa imposed on the municipality of Paria by tbo price of { lour nnd tho forced chcapiiosH of bread , a Caiasa tie Service de la Boulanyerie ban boon established by tho Government , to act tla an intermediary between tho bakers and tho city . This fund is to pay evory fortnight to tlio bakers of I * aria tho difference LutwcujL . tho prico of 80 c .,, tho proaont rato of tho loaf of two liUogruinmoH , and tho prico established by tho market lists . At a later period , when abundance shall huvo returned , tho Cttisse will l > o reimbursed for ita advances , by levying on tho public , by tho intermediary of tho baiters , n slight difference between tho Belling price and tho cost prico . How this pro * -ctouB imperial Htop gap will answer remains to bo noon . It roadd liko ruin .
Mb.Jf. O. Ward On The Pbeventibujity Of ...
MB . JF . O . WARD ON THE PBEVENTIBUJITY OF EPIDEMIC CATTLE DISEASE . "We have been favoured with an extract from a private letter , written lately from Hasselt , in Belgium , by Mr . F . O . Ward ; whose observations we gladly publish , as tending to throw new and valuable light on the obscure and much vexed question respecting the cause of epidemic pleuro-pneumonia in cattle , and respecting the efficacy of the new method of inoculation , now generally relied on in Belgium and Holland , as a preservative against its ravages .
. This question is one of the deepest interest to the British public , seeing that this terrible malady sweeps away many thousands of cattle which would else be available for the supply of our marketswhile those which escape reach our shores , not only enhanced in price , but probably also deteriorated in quality , by the epidemic influence . Mr . Ward . Writes as follows :- — * * " First , however , you will want to know why I am here . I was asked to accompany two members of a Government Commision , to aid in investigating a terrible epidemic malady ( called pleuro-pneumonia ) , which decimates the cattle-at Hasselt , and elsewhere in Belgium and Holland ,
the especial object of the commission being to appreciate the alleged preservative virtue of a method of inoculation proposed and practised by Dr . Willems ( of Hasselt ) , who squeezes the virus out of the lungs of the animals which die , and introduces it with a lancet into the tails of the living . The tail swells , pustules form and discharge , the animal suffers a general fever , recovers , and is thenceforth ( so the inventor alleges ) proof against the epidemic . Many thousands' , of beasts have been thus inoculated , and a vehement controversy rages as to the value of the discovery . I went round the stables at Hasselt , and visited Dr . Willems , the inventor , himself . Without deciding whether or ' not the inoculation defends the cattle from the affection , I saw enough
to convince me that ia thus , as in other cases , preservative and curative methods may be wholly supeiseded by the application of our sanitary rule of prevention . . " The-first thing 1 saw on entering one of the infected establishments ( I should have mentioned that they are all distilleries , where the cattle are kept to utilise the residuum of the stills ) , was a man filling a water-cart with a dirty , yellowlooking liquid , which he pumped up seemingly from some under-ground reservoir , and which , emitted a violent stench . This I learnt was the ' purin , ' i . e ., the stable excrement ,
especially the more nui < i , which is collected-m large tanks , and sold as manure to the farmers . On entering the stables I found them low , dark , ill-ventilated ; the litter befouled with dung ; and the odour of cow-breath , mingled with all the other perfumes , quite overpowering . 1 inquired in what part of the stables the disease had first broken out , and was shown a corner which , on further questioning , proved to bo jast ' iabove the great urine tank , which extends ( underneath the poor animals' stalls ) ten or twelve yards in length , and five or six yards in width and depth ! with untrapped holes to receive tho stable washings , and ( of course ) to emit the gaseous effluvium .
" The second stable was shown me in triumph to contradict my view . * Here , ' they said , ' the malady has never appeared , yet this ahed ia darker , and has fewer doors and windows than the other . ' 'Where is the urine tank ? ' I asked . ' Outsider was the reply . —[ The writer here gives a sketch of the two cattle sheds , showing the position of the urine tanks , and the greater prevalence of the disease in their neighbourhood . 3 " On further inquiry , I made out that the malady rages chiefly in winter , when tho stubles are crowded with cattle , when the doors and windows are hej > t shut to maintain the heat , and when the urine ( for whicu tliei-e is then less sale ) accumulates in the tanks beneath . To add to all these causes
of disease , ; the aliment in some of the establishirients is slightly alcoholic , so that the beasts are in a constant state of somi . intoxication . They give tliemas much as they can cram ( to each a hectolitre ,= about 22 gallons , per diom ) , and allow them no exercise , in o .-der to shorten as much as possible tho fattening tune ( whiuli costs from GO centimes to 1 franc per beast per day ) . This last fault they push so far a » ( in some instanced ) to l > o annoyed if you make a beast , which may happen to bo lying down , ' get up lest the movement should exorcise tho animal , ana pro tanto retard the enaraissement !
"I have offered to plan a model-stable ; and , on condition of my rules being observed , to forfeit a guinea per beast for every beast attacked in that stable . One of tho richest distiller * in Hasielt is coming to confer with mo on this subject at Brussels , and I hopo to introduce a reform ia which wo English nro also greatly interested , seeing that we receive these animuls in exchange for our razors and calicoes , and have to eat their jfosh . To what extent auch flesh ia harmful ia not yet certainly known , but instinct anticipates science in preference of meat untainted b y disease . One point of great importance I made out , that tho inoculated beasts , whether or not they are preserved from tho epidemia pleura-pneumonia , are nit always preserved from dreadful abscesses , which in suvcrnl cases have formed within them under tho diaphragm , near tho liver ; and which . somutimfti yield ( as M . Mh . iih , a veterinary HurV goon of Ilnsaolt , assured mo ) u pail and a half of purulent matter , tho stench of which is frightful ! " * *
William Chambers On The United Statics. ...
WILLIAM CHAMBERS ON THE UNITED STATICS . Mu . MVhaaam Chamhwks , of Edinburgh , has recently beou on a visit to tho United States . He has concluded his tour of investigation . Aa tho following farewell letter to tho New York Tribune is nlilco honourable to him and to tho people and institutions of tho country which forma ita ( subject , our rcudurs will bq glad to possess it ;—
" Sir , —I beg , through the medium of / your columns , to saya few words of farewell before departing for England , which I do to-morrow in the steamship Ewrojia . "I have been able , during the last three-months , to realise tlie long-cherished wish ot visiting America : Necessarily brief as haa been my sojourn , and recalled home sooner than I anticipated , my excursion through the British American , provinces and the United States , has imparted indelible impressions on my mind . Greatly satisfied with all that has fallen under my observation , and deeply grateful for many personal attentions , I cannot depart from your shores , without tendering my sincere thanks to all for the unmerited kindness that has been extended toward me , as well as for the opportunities frankly and hospitably afforded for my researches into the social and other circumstances of the
country . " Heave the United States with much regret . I carry with me the conviction that a great and splendid future is before them . Contrary to the opinion of most travellers from England , I see here a young but rapidly growing nation offering an example to the oldest communities in Europe . It is . far from my wish to flatter ; but what do I not' feel vast delight in seeing ? I am overcome with the stupendous proportions and capacity of the country—its far-stretching fields for human subsistence and happiness ; of the American people , so little understood , and often misrepresented , I candidly own that their remarkable love of order , their energy and perseverance , their love of independence , the self-respect of even the humblest classes among them , their striking
sobriety , their admirable educational systems , their many excellent libraries and universal fondness for reading , their press free from fiscal exactions , their flourishing religious institutions . untampered by civil polity , their economically and spiritedly got up railways , now pushed half way to the Pacific , the neatness of their dwellings , their wonderfuland to an Englishman , alarming—progress in the mechanical arts , the marvellous growth of their cities , and I will add their civility to strangers—I say all this gives me unqualified pleasure v and wuen'I contrast their cities , free of pauperism and vice in its most loathsome forms , with what meets the eye in London , Edinburgh , Glasgow , and other large cities in Britain , I feel that travellers From the old country
have really little reason to speak disdainfully of America , or to exaggerate faults which at most are only partial and of no sort of account . " Such being my impressions , It will be my duty to represent , in my own poor way at home , things as they deserve to be spoken of . if or shall I fail to speak of the advantages to be derived by an emigration of the labouring classes generally to this country—fleeing , as they will do , from a perishing and unimprovable condition to a state of comfort and boundless prospects of well-doing . " Trusting that you will impute these unstudied thoughts to a sentiment of grateful emotion , I am your obedient servant , " William Chajjibebs . " Astor-house , New York , Dec . 13 , 1853 . "
The Health Of The Country. We Have Befor...
THE HEALTH OF THE COUNTRY . We have before us a report just issued by the General Board of Health on the cholera : — " Though since the last announcement there has been a general subsidence of cholera , as was the case at this period of the year in 1848 , yet there has been no day in which cases of the disease have not occurred in different parts of the country , but in England it has rarely assumed an epidemic character . Its progress appears to have been particularly checked , during the recent cold and frosty weather , in those districts which are in a marshy condition , and the surface and malarious evaporation of which is usually in proportion to tho elevation of tho temperature .
" On the other hand , in Scotland the disease has been all along steadily persistent , and in several places has assumed an epidemic character . Scarcely is the severe visitation of Dundee terminated , when another significant warning , a decided outbreak , has taken place at Glasgow . There were recorded , from the 17 th to the 25 th inst ., 17 deaths from this disease . On tho 2 ( ith there occurred suddenly oG attacks in tho city parish alone , and 10 deaths in the barony parish . This was followed tho next day , the 27 th , by 28 attacks and 9 deaths in tho city parish , and 13 attacks and 5 deaths in the barony parish . Dr . Gavin , tho medical
inspector , is on tho spot , and , with tho co-operation of tho local authorities , is actively engaged in organising preventive measures . During tho epidemic of 1818 and 1849 Glasgow suffered moro severely than almost any other largo city in Great Britain . It is remarkable that in Scotland tho di . sea . so hus proceeded unchecked by the cold of winter . In 1848 tho po » til « ncov was at its height in Glasgow on the first ( lay of tho year of 181 !) , while tho ground was covered with snow and a severe frost prevailed ; and at tho samo time it raged with great violcncu at Coutbridgo and several other towns .
" fciinco tJio commencement of tho epidemic thero havo occurred in Dundee < JJ 5 deaths ; in Lid" and Uenvio 20 deaths ; in Leith i ) ; in Kilburnic , 15 deaths and 100 attacks of diarrhoea ; in Dairy , 14 attacks of cholera and 9 deaths ; inArliroath , 20 deaths ; in Ueith , 7 ; and in Kilwiiuuiig , ( i (> cases of ohoteraie disease , 13 cases of developed cholera , and 10 deiitha . " Attention is drawn to the state of llcdruth , Cornwall , where a Hovere outbreak has occurred ; and still continues . Since tho end of September there have
been 41 deaths in a population of 11 , 000 . Ihe town ia in a filthy state . At Liverpool , wo learn that no fewer than 100 deaths have occurred since tho beginning of October . Hero also the disease makes its appearance in the filthiest localities . It is strungo that in tho rich town of Liverpool thero should be scarcely any of tho most necessary conveniences of eiviliHod life . Merthyr Tydvil is also in a liko diagraceful condition . In the week that ended on Saturday , 1390 deaths
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 31, 1853, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_31121853/page/7/
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