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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Untitled Article
THE TENANT-RIGHT MOVEMENT . The Monaghan Demonstration , in favour of tenantright , which took place at Ballibay on Tuesday , is said to have been the most remarkable meeting , in point of numbers , in the annajs of the northern province . Unlike the previous gatherings in the south , hundreds of the better class of farmers , Protestant and Roman Catholic , were present , and arrived on the ground marching rank and file in good order , the bands of music playing alternately the spirit-stirring airs of " Garryowen " and " The Boyne Water . " At
the very lowest computation there were not less than 15 , 000 human beings assembled together on this important occasion . Several of the Catholic clergy and Presbyterian ministers of the county were also present , and united most cordially in supporting the good cause . Nor was the landlord class wholly unrepresented . A few of the most respectable and independent landowners in the county , who were wise enough to see that their prosperity must depend on that of the people , made their appearance on the platform and took an active part in the proceedings . the southand the council of
The deputation from , the League , consisting of Mr . John Francis Maguire , of the Cork Examiner , Mr . Duffy , Mr . Shea Lalor , and Mr . Delaniere , were received with a hearty and enthusiastic welcome . The chair was taken by Mr . Thomas M'Evoy Gartlan , of Carrickmacross , an extensive landowner of the county . The resolutions adopted were similar to those passed at the meetings in Wexford and Kilkenny , with an additional one , declaring that if the county members do not support the principles of the League they will be rejected at the next election . Letters were read from Mr .
Cobden , Mr . Poulett Scrope , and Mr . Sharman Crawford , * - * expressing their earnest desire for the success of the movement . " The speeches were loudly applauded by the people , and in particular every allusion to union was the signal for a spontaneous , enthusiastic , and sustained shout of approbation . Everything passed off with the utmost order and regularity ; and , if the enemies of tenant-right calculated on anything to the contrary , they were greatly mistaken . At the conclusion of the meeting the people insisted on placing the Reverend Mr . Bell in the chair and carrying him in triumph to his residence , preceded by the band , and followed by the immense concourse .
After the meeting a eoiree took place in an extensive pavilion , erected for the purpose , and tastefully decorated . The attendance was very numerous . A large number of ladies were present . The Kilkenny Journal announces that the following counties are now in the thick of their preliminary arrangements for their county meetings : the counties of Tipperary , Waterford , Louth , Cavan ; the county of Down is preparing itself ; the county of Sligo is likewise engaged .
Untitled Article
THE WO RKHOUSE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM IN IRELAND . The great practical question of how to employ able-bodied paupers in such a way as to pay for the cost of their maintenance , at least , seeins now in a fair way of being solved by the people of Ireland . By a judicious system of management , it appears that the burden of the poor rate in Cork has not only been greatly diminished , but . that the workhouse is now , to a considerable extent , self-sustaining . From an . elaborate report in the Daily News , we learn that , the organization of labour was forced upon the poor-law guardians of Cork by the intoleral > le hich the
pressure of the rates , w were swallowing up means of the industrious tradesmen . After trying every effort to reduce the expenditure , by changing the dietary , reducing officers' salaries , and all other modes in which parsimony can be exercised , they at lagt hit upon the introduction of industrial occupations . Their first attempts , which were on a small scale , were very unsuccessful . By perseverance , however , and the appointment of a wise and energetic master , they have at last succeeded in effecting a great improvement in the character of the inmates , and a considerable reduction in the rates . The following account of the present state of things by the Daily Nctos reporter , is full of interest : —
" Backed ly the warm support of the intelligent members of the Voard , the master went on extending the ysum ot in-do « . r industry . Well ventilated and commodious workshops were erected on the premises : the grounds , which previously presented a riuged ^ and djsogncabiy uneven suiface , were levelled and ttinimed in , and humlrci's of the able-bodied were set to healthy and cheerful occupation , which they gladly accepted as a relief from that sickening and oppressive idleness in which they were previously compelled to drau along the tedious hours of their wearisome existence . The prisonlike gloom and silence that , previously hung over the establishment quickly gave place to the merry hum of industrial occupation , whilst the altered appearance presented by the inmates of all classes unmibtukeubly evinces how heni iicial has been the change . 11
On entering the workhouse premises , the first branch of the in-door industiial system that presents itself is that at . which tho female puupcrs find occupation . In the spinning-room , a spacious and airy apartment , may bo 8 tri » sonir 'J 00 women ami |» iown-up girls busily engaged in workii g up flax , which article has of late come
into very general use . In an adjoining room are engaged about 100 more , carding and spinning wool , whilst in the sewing-room upwards of 150 find employment in knitting shawls and making up the female apparel worn by the inmates of the establishment . The hours of labour axe from nine in the morning to three in the afternoon , when the adult females leave off , and then follow , for a few hours each evening , the younger girls and children , who are thus at a tender age—the age moat susceptible of receiving impressions , whether for good or evil—trained
up to industrial pursuits , and instructed in occupations befitting their condition , and by the exercise of-which they have it in their power to render themselves hereafter useful ; and , it may be , happy and prosperous members of society . The average quantity of work per day performed by each adult female at a spinning-wheel , is , of wool , three-fourths of a pound , and of flax about half a pound ; thus , many thousands of pounds of excellent material are prepared for the weavers' loom , there to be rendered into substantial frieze , flannel , and ticken , the first cost of the raw material being the only expense
incurred . Then , in the men ' s department are to be found some score of looms busily engaged in working up the fabric previously prepared by the women , as well as weaving blankets , rugs , sheeting , ginghams , checks , frieze , flannel , and ticken , as previously mentioned . The result is , that in store are piled up many thousands of yards of every article suited for the apparel , as well as beading , of the inmates , and in such abundance , that any establishment of double the extent and numbers could at an
hour ' s notice be furnished with a complete stock of outfit —all produced by pauper labour , and at the bare cost of the raw material—did the commissioners sanction such a disposal of the produce . Formerly these fabrics were manufactured in England and Scotland , and purchased from houses here , where they were retailed ; so that the manufacture of them at present by the paupers cannot be said to interfere with the profits of the local trader . " Nor is that gentle craft which claims as its patron and originator ' Old Father Adam '—the tailoring—neglected . Scores of intelligent youths are trained to sit cross-legged , and « ply the ponderous bar , ' and a downright aptitude they seem to evince in mastering the
intricacies of the royal game of « goose , ' whilst the superabundant cahbage ' is worked up into a comfortable description of cap , so that the outer man of the male paupers presents a most unique and uniform appearance . Shoes and clogs are also made in-doors , as well as the tin utensils used at meal times . In the grinding of corn the erection nf a mill on the premises has saved the union over £ 300 a-year , as well as furnished the inmates with a healthful and vigorous exercise . The mill , which is about 10-horse power , is worked on the capstan principle by about 100 men , or a proportionate number of adult boys or girls . The labour is apportioned as follows : —The able-bodied males , 5 hours per day ;
the adult boys , 3 hours ; the able-bodied females , z hours ; and the adult or grown-up girls , 1 hour per day . The quantity of corn ground in the week is 120 sacks , which milled outside at Is . per sack would come to £ 6 per week , or over £ 300 per annum , which sum is now saved to the establishment , less a trifling salary paid a miller . On visiting the millhouse I found about 150 boys , apparently from the years of 12 to 15 , all working away , chorusing in a sort of quick step air , evidently composed to suit that or similar labour , and seeming to relish
thrir occupation mightily . The flour is subsequently baked into bread by pauper labour , the cost of the 41 b . loaf being less than S . | d . The following summary , extracted from thp quarterly report submitted a short time since to the board , will show at a glance the quantity and . variety of articles manufactured free of all expense , save the cost of the raw material , as also evince the beneficial result of turning to useful and active account tastes and energies suffered too long to lie dormant because possessed by the mere inmates of workhouse establishments : —
• ' 555 , 8801 b . bread ( half household , half brown ) , at an average cost of less than 3 £ d . per 41 b . ; 22401 b . ship biscuit for emigrants , 100 pair of blankets , 2675 yards of strong flannel , 439 yards of 6-4 wide ruggings , 58 yards of 6-4 wide frieze , 100 pairs of woollen stockings , 133 yards of gingham , 152 yards of calico , 82 cotton shawls , 139 woollen ditto ( knitted ) , 699 yards of linen sheeting , 1624 yards of strong sacking , 403 yards of ticken , 96 pairs men ' s shoes , 125 pairs women ' s shoes , 20 pairs boys' and girls' shoes , 100 pairs clogs , 2 O . ilb . sewing thread , lib . shoemaker ' s hemp , &c . ; 55 M . nails , 6 dozen , tin dishes , carpenter ' s work , smith ' s work , mason ' s work , &c , as required . '
* ' It will not be denied that in this report is to be found balm for the wounded pockets of the ratepayers ; and as a striking result of the adoption of the industrial system I may mention that , previous to its introduction , the cost of maintenance per week of each pauper was Is . 4 d . ; at present it comes to a decimal fraction over Is . —those who may take the trouble of calculating the amount of 4 d . per week over the year on from 4000 to 5000 inmates will arrive at the saving effected to the Cork ratepayers . »« As a consequence of this , together with the continued health of the potato crop in this part of tho country , the poor rate , which in 1817 , 1818 , and 1849 rose to 4 s . and 4 s . 6 d . in tho pound , wili not , in all probability , exceed 2 s . in the pound in the present year .
•* I should not omit to mention that the poor-law commissioners have come to regard the industrial system so favourably , that they have permitted the board to negotiate for the possession of a moderate-sized farm , whereon to develope the agricultural talent of the rural paupers ; and it may be that , by and bye , some of them will come to be tenders of prize rams nnd plethoric bullocks ; though , to realize Dr . Johnson ' s notion of the condition of such bucolics , who tend fat oxen should themselves bo fat . ' " That the Cork workhou-c may now be regarded as a model institution , the number of complimentary entries in ' the visitors' book , as well as the respectability and
rank of the parties subscribing them , attest . Amongst the latest visitors was Mr . Hay ter , M . P ., treasury secretary , who closely examined the industrial departments , accompanied by Mr . Fagan , M . P ., and expressed himself highly satisfied at the result ; a complimentary letter addressed by the honourable gentleman to the master of the house further attests the satisfaction which the visit and scrutiny afforded him .
Untitled Article
THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION . Intelligence of a startling but confused nature has been brought from the Arctic Regions—by the North Star , which arrived at Spithead on Saturday the 28 th of September , and by the Prince Albert , which reached Aberdeen on the following Tuesday . A report has gained ground of the destruction of Sir John Franklin's vessels , and the murder of all hands by the natives ; and although the different statements given by the Esquimaux are very contradictory , the fear that in the one great particular they may be too true is strengthened by the fact that remains of a vessel have been found , which in all probability was the Erebus or Terror .
The North Star was beset with ice m July last , on the east side of Melville Bay , and , during two months of extreme peril from the massive floes and bergs , drifted as far to the northward as Wolestenholme Island . The sound being free from ice at the time , sail was made for a secure bay , where the ship anchored , and was housed over for the winter . The ice soon formed a communication between the vessel and the shore , whither numbers of the crew occasionally resorted for the purpose of shooting hares , foxes , &c . Some Esquimaux visited the ship , and one man was brought on board with his feet so frozen that they dropped off . He was attended and cured by Dr . Ray , but died six weeks after , of a pulmonary disease .
On the 1 st of August the North Star was liberated from her tedious imprisonment , and she sailed from Wolestenholme Sound . But in Ross's Bay she again got into pack ice , where she remained beset for days . She then succeeded in getting through it , and reached on the 8 th of August Possession Bay , near the entrance of Lancaster Sound , where notices of the North Star ' s arrival and state were landed . Proceeding up Lancaster Sound , opposite to Prince Regent ' s Inlet , to Whaler Point , she * anchored there on the 13 th . She remained off Wheeler Point , endeavouring to get in for twentyfour hoursbut the ice was too closely packed along
, the coast , and , there being no chance of a break-up , notices were landed , and the North Star proceeded to the opposite coast to endeavour to land provisions at Port Bowen , Port Niel , or Jackson's Islet , but all these places were so completely blocked up with heavy land-floes of ice that the ehip could not get in to either place ; she , therefore , bore away for Navy Board Inlet , in lat . 73 deg . 44 min . N ., long . 80 deg . 50 min ., W ., and in a small bay named Supply Bay , in the inlet , she landed her surplus provisions — covering up the tea and other dry articles , and leaving the proper notices and directions of their whereabouts . She remained here five days , and then
went to Pond s Bay . On the 21 st of Au « ust , at he entrance of Lancaster Sound , the North Star fell in with and communicated with the Lady Franklin , Captain Penny , and her tender , the Sophia , all well . Captain Penny reported that Captain Austin ' s ships had got through the ice in Melville Bay , on the 15 th of August , and she had left them on the 17 th off Cape Dudley Digges ; that some of the vessels would proceed , if the ice would permit , through Barrow ' s Straits , to examine and explore Bankes ' s Land . On the 22 nd August the North Star spoke the Felix , Captain Sir John Ross , an abridgement of whose despatch we now submit : —
" After obtaining an Esquimaux interpreter at Holsteinborg , and calling at Whale-fish Islands , the Felix discovery yacht , with her tender the Mary , proceeded northward through the Wargatt Strait , and overtook her Majesty ' s ships under the command of Captain Austin on the 11 th of August ; and on the 12 th the senior officer and the second in command having cordially communicated with me on the best mode of performing the service on which we are mutually embarked , that arrangements were made and concluded for a simultaneous examination of every part of the eastern side of a north-west passage in which it was probable that the missintr ships could be found , documents to that effec were exchanged . subsequently assented to by Captains
Forsyth and Penny . . " On the 13 th of August natives were discovered on the ice near to Cape York , Lieutenant Cator , m the Intrepid , was detached on the part of Captain Austin , and on my part Commander Phillips , with our Esquimaux interpreter , in the whaleboat of the lelix . It was found bv Lieutenant Cator that Captain Penny had left with the natives a note for Captain Austin , but only relative to the state of the navigation ; however , when Commander
Phillips arrived , the Esquimaux , seeing one apparently of their own nation in the whaleboat , came immediately to him when a long conversation took place , the purport of which could not be made known , as the interpreter could not explain himself to any one either in the Intrepid or the whaleboat ( as he understands only the Danish besides his own language ) , until he was brought on board the Prince Albert , where his information was deemed of such importance that Captains Oramanney ,
Untitled Article
650 QCifV & ££ & £ ?? [ Saturday ,
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 5, 1850, page 650, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1855/page/2/
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