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and l iberated from all control except t hat of a court of law . Signed by order of the Committee , and on their behalf , T- Milnek Gibson , President , 49 , Wilton-crescent . Francis Place , Treasurer , 21 , Brompton-square . J . Alfred Novello , Sub-Treasurer , 69 , Deanstreet , Soho . Richard Moore , Chairman , 25 , Hart-street , Bloomsbury . C . Dobson Collet , Secretary , 15 , Essex-street , Strand .
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LIFE ASSURANCE . At the fourth , annual meeting of the Professional Life Assurance Company , held on Wednesday , a very satisfactory report was read , showing that the business transacted during the past year had nearly equalled the amount of all the preceding years together . The total income of the company at the present time , derived from premiums , after deducting assurances lapsed by death , amounts to upwards of £ 11 , 450 , the total number of policies issued is 1155 , and the total sum assured , £ 345 , 513 . Local boards of management have been formed at Manchester and Birmingham , and in some of the colonies . A dividend at the rate of five per cent , for the past year on the paid up capital was agreed to , and an increase of salary was awarded to the directors of the company .
Mr . Bayhs , the actuary of the association , made some interesting statements on the prospects of the company , and its peculiar claims to the support of professional men . Let those who exercised their brains for an inadequate remuneration , who sat up from night till morn , worried with all the distress of literary labour , think of the advantages provided for their wives and families , and also for themselves under any of the adverse contingencies of life ; and where would they find an institution more suited to their necessities than the Professional Life Assurance Company . He then adverted to the impolicy of the old companies , in hoarding up vast accumulations of money , from , which the assured could derive no benefit : —
" One of the old assurance offices had an accumulated capital of £ 9 , 000 , 000 of money , which had been laid np for ten years , but not a halfpenny of this could be employed for the benefit of the members during their lifetime . Now supposing this company had ^ 9 , 000 , 000 of money , and they were sure to have it some day—( cheers ) the youngest man present might live to see the time , because , according to the principles of the society ' , they must of necessity make that sum . ( Hear , hear . ) What a considerable amount in the shape of interest would they have to divide among the members ? ( Hear . ) Supposing , however , at a more moderate calculation ,
they obtained only £ 900 , 000 , that , at three per cent ., would produce £ 27 , 000 a-year—a sum sufficient to keep nearly every one connected with the institution from want . ( Hear . ) There were a great many parties connected with the old office to which he had alluded , who , by their subscriptions had contributed to its greatness and renown , but who , though in circumstances of poverty and distress , could not in their lifetime look forward for assistance to that enormous accumulation of nine millions of money . [ Hear . ) They would therefore see that it was not always tlic best office which had the largest amount of funds at its disposal . "
A vote of thanks to Mr . liayhs having been proposed , a shareholder asked if it were true that Mr . Baylis had aided in the formation of a similar company to the Professional Life Assurance Company , and was now attached to it as consulting actuary ? Such a connection , he thought , would be injurious to their interests . Mr . liaylis said it was perfectly true that he had been connected with the establishment of the Trafalgar Life Assurance Society , and that he had been appointed consulting actuary to it ; but it was not , therefore , to be inferred that he would netrlect his duties to the Professional . Some actuaries
were connected with twenty different companies . So great a belief had ho in the inestimable advantages of life assurance , that he hoped the Trafalgar would not be the last modern oilico with which bis name would he associated . After a short conversation , in which the chairman and other gentlemen expressed their opinion that , so far from the extension of their principles , through the means of the Trafalgar oilice , being injurious to this company , it was advantageous ; and that it would not be fair to limit Mr . Huylia in the exercise of hia profession more than other actuaries were limited . A vote of thanks wan unanimously passed to Mr . Baylis .
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OMNI It US lMI'ROVKMKNTS . We are glad to see that the magistrates have made up their inindH to put down the eroHH-seat nuisance M oinnibiiseHj The t fleet of it is , in most instances , to make five portions exceedingly uncoinforable . Mrs . Winder , of Kdinoiiton , was summoned before tho bench at ( jiuildhall , on Saturday , on a charge ? <> 1 using an omnibus to carry eleven persons , although constructed to carry ten only , allowing each permm the room directed by Act of Parliament . The complaint was made by Alderman Wilw > n who bad experienced great , inconvenience from the crowded Htttlo of the vehicle . Tho objection witH founded upon there being across scut for three persons , which l > rr Minted any of them from having room for their Iclm .
" Alderman Finnis said it was positively indece nt to place a respectable female in such a seat where her knees must always rest on or under those of the person who might happen to be by her side . " The coachbuilder alleged that it was all owing to the cheap fares , and if the public would not pay sufficient they must expect to be crowded . 41 Alderman Wilson stated it was a well-known fact that the omnibus proprietors had greatly increased their
earnings since the commencement of low fares , and some of them had amassed large fortunes . He considered it a disgrace to this country that the present system of inconvenience was allowed to go on with regard to the public carriages . We were far behind the French in this respect , for in Paris a person could stand upright and pass down the omnibus without touching any one . He would take care , however , that all the great companies should be summoned and compelled to construct their omnibuses according to the Act of Parliament .
" The coachbuilder said that he had constructed this and a number of other vehicles of the same sort to carry eleven passengers , but they should all be altered in accordance with the magistrate ' s decision , and the top seat for the eleventh passenger abolished . " As the defendant was a widow and pleaded guilty the magistrate fined her onlv Is . and costs .
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THE POLISH AND HUNGARIAN REFUGEES IN LIVERPOOL . A committee has been organized in Liverpool to collect subscriptions for the immediate support of the refugees ; the ultimate object , however , being , as soon as proper arrangements can be made , to draft them off in lots of ten or twenty to the various towns throughout England and Scotland , where suitable employment can be gained for them . Bradford has consented to take four or five , and arrangements for public meetings are being made in various other towns . On Wednesday night , a meeting of the gentlemen engaged in organizing an amateur dramatic performance for their benefit , was held at the Brunswick Hotel , Liverpool . There was a very large and respectable attendance . Mr . Charles Leach was called to the chair ; and , in a few preliminary observations , he called upon the secretary to read the report , of which the following is a brief abstract . Since their last public meeting the committee had seen Mr . Copeland , with whom they had concluded an arrangement for taking the theatre for the proposed performance . They had received many offers of assistance from numerous professional and amateur ladies and gentlemen ; and , after some consideration , they had resolved that the performance should take place at the Theatre Royal , on the 2 nd of April . The entertainments will commence with a prologue , written
expressly for the occasion by a resident gentleman , to be spoken by Mr . Barry Sullivan . This will be followed by Colman ' s comedy of John Bull , in which the male characters will be entirely played by amateurs . The whole of the refugees will afterwards give some musical performances . To this will succeed the musical play of The Waterman , in which several distinguished amateurs will appear . Already upwards of £ 60 has been received for tickets , and there is every prospect of the house being filled to overflowing . Amongst the refugees there is a gentleman who was connected with the Polish stage , and is also a capital opera dancer . lie will assist in the performance .
An appeal is being made to the various associations of operatives , and there is little doubt but that it will be responded to in that charitable spirit of liberality for which the working classes of lingland stand so distinguished . We hereby give the specification of those refugees in Liverpool who are already masters of the following trades : — Joiners , 5 ; sugar-refiners , 5 ; tailors , 11 ; brewers , ' 2 : locksmiths , ;}; chemists , 2 ; gardener , 1 ;
compositor ? , . 'J ; lithographers , . ' 5 ; saloon painter , i ; cutler , 1 ; bricklayer , 1 ; iron-manufacturers , B ; soapmaker , 1 ; bookbinder , 1 ; confection era , 4 ; stonemason , 1 ; butchers , 2 ; dyer , 1 ; calico-printer , 1 ; architectural draughtsman , 1 ; musicians forming a band , F >; pianists , 2 ; opeia dancer , 1 ; sculptor , 1 ; M . 1 ) ., 1 . Upon the suggestion of the refugees themselves , their committee has published in the Liverpool papers the fallowing caution : —¦
" The public will do well to he on their guard against a set of follows who are soliciting assistance ; by representing themselves an refugees . The refugees decline to receive any contributions of any kind , except through their committee . " The following declaration ban been went to us by M . Nzeredy , one of the ten Hungarians who wan mentioned by M . Diossy as willing to proceed to America ; though he never dreamt of so doing , as his declaration will show . M . S / . ercdy is preparing for publication a history of the relations betwixt , the Austrian ( Government and Hungary :-
—"{ Since the refugees , forming the porHeout . od remnants of tho participators in the Hungarian caime , have arrived at . Liverpool , ninny voices hivve been ruined against them iil the Knglish prettH , by parties from whom they ( the exiles ) Nought neither advice nor help . The exiles did not come here to be a burden to any one ; they came hero , because they hoped to easier find—than they could in ' 1 in key--a field for earning a livelihood by their own exertiono . The Immigration Company fancied it had found u prize in . them ; hence , its nuiat active members did not not neglect to allure thorn by the
most brilliant promises , thus seeking to sever them far away from their fatherland . They did all they could to persuade them that there was no prospect for their finding employment in this country ; and it was especially M . Diossy ( my countryman ) who most busied himself in this respect ; he pictured to us the condition of England in the most gloomy colours , saying that every year enormous numbers of people die of starvation , and that thousands of families live upon nothing but the sale of gathered horse-dung . * I , myself , said he , ' obtained my present employment with the greatest difficulty , and only after having made a written declaration that / repented of ever having participated in the cause of Hungary , and that I did so only upon
Kossuth s inducement Wishing you to escape the horrors of starvation , I cannot , as an honest man , give you better advice than , to emigrate to America . ' Upon my observing that ' I though it advisable , for the interests of our country , to keep every one of our countrymen in Europe , and not thus to send them away so far , ' he replied : A few men more or less can make no difference to our country . ' Possibly it may be so in the eyes of men who have either renounced the hope of a better future for their fatherland , and therefore have no love for it , or who have nothing to lose in Hungary ; but it would be far better even for such men to cultivate the luxurious plains of Hungary than the American steppes ; and thus by seeking a new fatherland be lost to the old
one . " As to gaining a livelihood in America , I , myself , am competent to judge of its possibility . Those , only , who either are tradesmen , or are provided with sufficient pecuniary means can live there ; but what have those to expect who possess neither of those two advantages , and who are only educated for literary pursuits . " It is true , as M . Pulszky states in No . 52 of the Leader , that Kossuth , in the first instance , proposed to our brethren to emigrate to America , but after mature consideration he altered his mind , and began to
endeavour to establish for them a more proximative colony in Asia . In his letter addressed , in December last , to the Hungarian exiles , when they , with the Poles , were removed by the Turkish authorities from Shumla to Constantinople , he actually dissuaded them from emigrating to the United States , observing that all those who had resolved to do so were for ever lost to their native country , and repeatedly advised them either to remain in Turkey or in any of the European countries . The same patriotic reasons , uninfluenced by Kossuth , led me to look upon emigration as unadvisable . The Poles are precisely of the same opinion .
" It was the fate of the Polish-Hungarian exile , however , to find upon their landing in Liverpool some sympathizing souls , who nobly took it upon themselves to find out means for their further sustenance . " Mr . Pulzsky is displeased at the said exiles calling themselves ' Polish Htcngarian Refugees , ' but I , for my part , desire that that denomination should be preserved as long as there is one Hungarian amongst them . Everyone ' s feeling of national honour reject foreign denomination ; but the Poles are not in need of appearing under the ' name of Hungarians , ' for it is well known that their
own Polish name never redounds but to their honour . Should they nevertheless choose to designate themselves 4 Hungarian refugees 1 they would be by no means in th 0 wrong , for they took an active part in the Hungarian struggle , and many of their brethren bled and perished for our Hungarian fatherland . I admit that under the Hungarian name , and at the expense of its honour , many base deeds are perpetrated by individuals belonging to various nationalities , but such deeds are practised only by those men who never participated in the defence of the Hungarian cause ; such can never be the case with those exiles now on the tapis .
" As to the principles of nationality , I do not bind myself to any individuality , for I respect the men of whatever nation they he only as long as they preserve tho principles for which we have shed our blood . " For thereat my humble opinion is that every one •( the above-mentioned exiles must know what his duty relative to his own country—though he sojourn in a foreign one—is , viz ., that he ought to have its name indelibly engraven in his memory , and to religiously put aside everything that could contaminate its sucreducsa . " Liverpool , March 24 , 1851 . " " J . Szhukdy .
The following letter , in reference to certain statements made by M . Pulzaky has been received from Captain M . Domagalski : — " M . l'UANCIH PULK 7 . 11 Y . " 10 , Mcltou-stroct , KuHton-Hqiiare . " Sir , —Will you kindly permit me to answer , in as few words as possible , M . Puhszky ' s letter inserted iu your last week's number . " That M . 1 ' ulnzky , in his character of charge " d ' aifaires of Kossuth , should positively know that Mr . DioMsy was really Kosauth'ti aeoiotiiry , cannot be doubted ; it in , however , not a matter of course that everybody should know with t . lio same certainty that lie was so . Whether M . 1 ' ulnzky , to whom I was introduced by a letter given me to him by his friend M . Drierzkownki , is justified iu dubiously calling me ' a certain Captain Domagalski ' J leave your readers to decide .
" Had M . DioHHy limited his » er . suunioiiH to the ten Hungarians who were amongst tho W-i exiles arrived at Liverpool on the-llh ins-taut , 1 should not have troubled you oven with my firitt letter , which appeared in your ' film number ; for that would have been but minding hiu own bnsinesH , untl quite in accordance with KoHuuth'n wish concerning but his own countrymen , expressed in his loiter of August Z . 'lnl , 1 H / 50 , of which M . l ' ulszky , for more insiiiuation ' n mike , published an extract in the I hull / News , precisely upon the arrival of the 2 G 2 refugees , though only ten of them were Hungarians , whilst 2-f 7 were . 1 ' oIch , whom M . 1 ' ulszky , iu the heading to I he juHt-inenti ( jned extract , nevertheless chose to deaignute us ' Hungarian Refugees . ' Hut M . Dioasy , in
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March 29 , 1851 . ] © £$ & * & $ *?» 291
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Leader (1850-1860), March 29, 1851, page 291, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1876/page/7/
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