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pied the city was shaken off , and the temporal sovereignty or the apostolic see restored , by the aid , advice , and aims of noble nations and princes . " The English are going over to Rome , and the Irish are coming over to Protestantism—very slowly . The Dublin Evening Herald announces four conversions , and adds it is remarkable that one of these converts is a Mr . John Daniel , who had been a student in the Roman Catholic College of Carlow and Belfast ; and another , a Mr . Michael George Conway , a law student of Trinity College , Dublin . Daniel O'Connell had a very high opinion of Mr . Conway .
The demonstration against the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill , at Conciliation-hall , Burgh-quay , came off on Tuesday . Mr . John Reynolds presided over the vast assembly , and gave it a tone of deadly hostility to the Government . The speeches were all of that colour , with the exception of Mr . Henry Grattan ' s , ¦ who declared himself against any interference with the religion of any man whatsoever . A strong petition , an address , and sundry resolutions were carried . The subscriptions towards a " Catholic University , " in Ireland , amount to £ 1427 Os . 6 d .
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ELECTION AFFAIRS . Boston has declared for Protection . Mr . Alderman Wire , whose canvas so far as his radicalism was concerned , he pronounced as perfectly successful , at the same time admitted that M 9 free trade opinions would lose him his election . So entirely was he of this opinion that he at one time retired from the contest , and was at last nominated almost against his will . He was thus placed between two stools—the Whigstool , which would not deign to seat a Radical , and the free trade stool , which was not strong enough to sustain , him , alone . The friends of the late Captain Pelham were neutral , and Mr . Freshfield has at length obtained the doubtful honour of a seat in the British Parliament by a majority of 117 . The numbers were Freshfield , 368 ; Wire 251 . The Daily News states that " much rioting took place at the declaration of the poll , and the proceedings proved that the strongest feeling exists among the labouring classes in this great agricultural district against protection . " The election terminated on Tuesday , with a " cheap bread" and ' large loaf" riot . Beer was brought into the market-place to lure away the people from the Assembly-rooms , but they stove in the barrels . Two Free Traders rescued Mr . Freshfield . The Riot Act was read at half-past six ; an express was sent at half-past eight to Nottingham , seventy miles
distant , for the military ; and when Captain Sibthorp ' s troop arrived the town was perfectly quiet . Sixteen ringleaders have been arrested , but no serious charge preferred . The Longford election proved a very hollow affair , and the result is likely to prove no small embarrasment to the Irish Tenant League , who put up no candidate , not even to make a nomination speech . Mr . More O'Ferrall , Whig , ex-governor of Malta , and persecutor of the Italian refugees , was returned by a majority of 938 to 80 over his opponent Mr . Sleator . The Tablet and the Nation , as the consistent organs of the Tenant League , are vehement in their denunciations of the policy adopted by the " Liberal Club , " of Longford .
Serjeant Murphy has been returned for Cork -without opposition . Lord Suirdale went to Cork to " spy into the nakedness of the land , " but he came away convinced that he had no chance of captivating the Cork electors . The constituency of Rochdule have invited Mr . Edward Miull to meet them , and explain his political views . The Conservative and Whig interests are ¦ very weak in Rochdale , where the members of the Cooperative Store have considerable influence , and Mr . Miall , a consistent Radical , is likely to be elected . The Salisbury Herald states that Mr . Sidney Herbert has retained agents , and made preparations for contesting South Wilts in the event of a dissolution of Parliament . But there is a rumour afloat thiitho will stand for Dublin .
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LABOUR AND PAUPERISM . Emigration and eviction , the flight of comparatively Hubstantiul yeoman , and the expulsion of starving paupers , etill proceed ut a fearful rate , especially eviction , in the West of Ireland . Lust week the Jjimcrick journals told ua of the numerous evictions in the Kiliniillock union . This week the Galway nupeiH relate how the work » peed « in Connemuru . The Galway Vindicator says that at Ciifdea HenaioiiH on the 18 th ,
" There were li )/ i ejectments entered—l . 'J at the suit of the trustees of A . II . Lynch , one of Mathew 8 . Coneys , and 181 were brought by the Law Life Insurance Company ; and of lH . 'f entrieH of civil bills , 87 were ul the Huit of the iiiHurnncK company . With the exception of three or four , the ejectmentH were all undefended —they were dispoKrd of at tlie rate of one each minute ; ho Hint , taking an average ; of five aouln to ea « h family ejected , we will have . ' {()() |> er hour , and , in the entire , ' . H ) C > human beings cunt upon poor Iiouhc relief . "
The total evictions in Conneuiarn , during the last , twelvemonth , arc estimated at 4000 ! This region haa been ( subjected to the juriwdiction of the Encumbered Esttvtea Act . It i « dreadful work . The
Vindicator gives a vivid account of what the peasantry of Connemara have endured : — " These hardy mountaineers , whose lives , and the lives of their fathers and great grandfathers , hare been spent in reclaiming the barren hills where their hard lot had been cast , were the victims of a series of oppressions , unparalleled in the annals of Irish misrule . They were thickly planted over the rocky surface of Connemara for political purposes . In the days of the 40 s . freeholder , they were driven to the hustings like a flock of sheep , to register not alone one vote , but in many instances three and four votes each ; and it was no uncommon thing to see those unfortunate serfs evicted from their holdings when an election had terminated , not that they refused to vote according to the wish of their landlords , but because they did not go far enough in the sin of perjury
and the diabolical crime of impersonation . When they ceased to possess any political importance , they were cast away like broken tools . It was no uncommon thing , in the wilds of Connemara , to see the peasantry , after an election , coming before the Catholic Archbishop , when holding a visitation of his diocese , to proclaim openly the crime of impersonation which their landlords compelled them to commit , and implore forgiveness for such . Of this fact we have in the town of Galway at the present moment more than one living witness ; so that , while everything was done , with few exceptions , to demoralize the peasantry of Connemara , and plant in their souls the germs of that slavery -which is so destructive ^ to the growth of industry , enterprize , or manly exertion , no compassion for their wants was ever evinced—no allowance for their poverty and inability to meet the rackrenting demands of their landlords was ever made .
The unwearied efforts of the Reverend S . G . Osborne to awaken public attention to the horrors transacted in the workhouses in the West of Ireland have called forth a report from Mr . Lucas , poor-law inspector , relating to the Kilrush Union , in which he endeavours to show that the guardians have , upon the whole , done their duty as well as could reasonably be expected . He admits , indeed , that , in January , 814 persons were admitted during the first fortnight , although there was not accommodation for much more than the half of that number . At that time the total number in the workhouse was 4997 . The commissioners then interfered , calling the attention of the board to the excess of inmates , and stating that , unless additional accommodation was provided ,
they must grant outdoor relief . Upon receiving this order the guardians tried to obtain certain premises for pauper accommodation , but were unsuccessful , so that their only alternative was to grant outdoor relief . No sooner had they begun to do so , says Mr . Lucas , than the news spread among the population , and " several hundred persons applied weekly for relief who had previously existed on their own resources , or had refused to accept workhouse relief . " He goes on to say that every kind of imposition was practised on the guardians , which they resisted , no doubt , but he " is not aware that any indiscriminate or wanton refusal of relief has been carried out . " This is rather a mild mode of replying to Mr . Osborne ' s explicit statements of shameful neglect , indecent hurry , and noisy strife . "
With regard to the dietary , Mr . Lucas does not venture to affirm that it is good or wholesome . In reply to Mr . Oaborne ' s statement , that the bread has frequently been unfit for human food , he merely says that he has heard no complaints on the subject . We learn , however , that it ha 9 hitherto been composed of equal portions of rye and barleymeal , a most improper diet for persons subject to diarrhoea and dysentery . No wonder that the medical officer should have recommended that " whole flour be rubstituted
for the barleymeal now given in the bread until there m an improvement in the sanitary state of the house . " Another of his recommendations , however , we can hardly understand , if the object be to improve the health of an over-crowded , sickly population , dying in hundreds of diarrhoea and dysentery . " I would also recommend , " he says , " a mixture of oaten meal with the Indian meal in tlie stirabout for all classes . " We cannot be surprised to find Mr . Lucas stating that " the mortality in the workhouses , notwithstanding the various changes in the dietary , continues , I regret to nay , very high , there having been fiftveight deaths for the week ending the 12 th instant ?'
A large portion of the diet is stirabout mid " artificial milk , composed of one gallon , of new milk , one gallon of water , half a pound of ground rice , and half a pound of first flour . " Thoaoup , of which the able-bodied labourers receive two pints for dinner , " is made of oatmeal , in the proportion of eight ounces of oatmeal to one gallon of wuter , well sea-Honed with unions or leeks , pepper and salt , and thickened with turnips and parsnips . " Such a dietary as thia was never heard of before in uny workhouse in Christendom . It aecms to have been
expreHHly devised lor the reduction of the uurplus population under the guiuc of charity . In Limerick , Clare , and some portions of Kerry , the rates have not been < liinininhed since the famine . In the union of Newcastle they have risen , for the next half year , from uh high au 10 « . to 13 » . " 6 d . in the pound , a rate ho impossible to collect that the guardiaiiH have fixed a aoale of rating varying from 2 h . ( id . to f ) H . in tlie pound for the hull' your . A grant out of the rate in aid i » about to be Holicited . In aome of the electoral divisions the rutes aro said to exceed the vulue of the annual fee ; and these will ,
therefore , be for some time disabled from paying either rates or rent . It must be remarked that these are exceptional cases . On the whole Ireland seem * improving . The colliers at Radstock coalworks , about four miles from Bath , to the number of between 800 and 1000 , have struck for higher wages , alleging that their present remuneration will not allow them to subsist even upon dry bread . They had a meeting
this week at Kingswood-field , when some money which had been collected in their behalf was divided amongst them . Their behaviour was perfectly peaceable and orderly , but they continue firm in their determination not to resume work at present prices . One man , with his wife and five children , it was stated , had only earned for many weeks 5 s . 9 d . aweek , and many others were in a like condition . When will the working men learn how to apply the true substitute for strikes—intelligent cooperation ?
The Manchester Courier says , " The prolonged struggle between Sir E . Armitage and Sons and their workpeople is now at an end . Already a large number of the turnouts have resumed work , and we trust that , ere another week , the whole will be in contented employment . "
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A SCENE ON THE SACRAMENTO : TRANSATLANTIC CRIME . " The wild justice of revenge" in a semi-legal condition flourishes in California . An Englishman named Frederick J . Roe , about twenty years old , with a handsome but care worn face , picked a quarrel , on the 26 th of February , with a blacksmith named Myers , who was looking on while Roe and others were gambling , and shot him dead with a pistol . The people were so enraged that they insisted on his immediate trial , organized a jury , and appointed a chairman . But this procedure was too slow for the crowd , who clamoured for summary punishment , which they proceeded to obtain . A local paper thus vividly describes the scene , which description will be acceptable as a specimen of Califomian journalism : —
" One gentleman said , « Fellow-citiaens , the man who has "been shot has a wife and family . The deed was deliberate , cold-blooded—the prisoner should be hung . Let those who are in favour of hanging him say Ay . ( The very air was rent with the loud [ ' Ay . ' ) Again the crowd grew tired of waiting , and a Mr . Rightmire and two others were deputed to wait on the jury , when answer was made that they would give a verdict in fifteen minutes . ' "Voices : How ? " Mr . Rightmire : On the right side . " Voices : Which is that ?
" To hang him—to hang up the murderer . " Mr . Clymer believed the jury would find a verdict of guilty , and advised them to prepare for the denouement , while Dr . Taylor called on them to arm themselves and deluge the streets of Sacramento with blood if the officers dared to interfere between the people and the murderer . Deputy Sheriff Harris and Judge Sackett exhorted to an obedience to the laws , and called on citizens to aid them in protecting the prisoner , while Dr . Taylor called on those who wanted to see justice administered to fall in . He would lead them . A large portion of the crowd responded by following the Doctor to J-street . The crowd
were urged to moderation by several speakers , and kept together until six o ' clock , when , becoming impatient , another committee was appointed to wait on the jury , who reported that they thought there was too much indecision , but recommended patience and moderation to the crowd , that they should ' first be sure they were right , then go ahead . ' Dr . Taylor still urged immediate action , and was loudly cheered , and the crowd shouted , ' Let ' s take him out , ' Ac . Mr . Queen pacified them for a time , and until eight o ' clock , when it was announced that the jury had found the prisoner guilty , they were kept moderate by reports from the jury and speeches from various individuals .
" Arrmi tub Tiual . —Directly it was known that the committee had agreed upon a report the excitement among the crowd became uncontrollable , and , when Mr . P . B . Cornwall had finished the report from the front of the Orleans House , it waa immediately put to the vote that Hoe be hanged , and carried unanimously . Mr . Rightmire said the verdict had been rendered . He considered it the duty of all good citizens to see that it was carried out : he waa ready , for hu part . The prisoner ough t now to be hanged , him . ( Voci / eroiu applause . ) The crowd , by acclamation , then voted that Mr . Rightmire should act as ruaruhal , and see that the verdict was carried out .
" hronMiNO tub Gaol . —Having been repulsed in the MrHt attempt to force the door of the gaol , the crowd pulled up an awning-post close by , and with this battering-ram attacked the door , which very Boon yielded . Deputy Sheriff Harris with his posse held the crowd at bay for some time , but wan forced out of the way and the masB pouref in . Frederick J . ltoe was in the inner cell , chained to a post . After a long ; delay the chain was severed , and he waa then seized and hurried up the stairs and along th « street to the place of execution .
" Tiiii Hanging . —It was half-pant nine o'clock at night u » d quite dark when the crowd with the doomed iiiun reached the place of execution . A HcnfT > luiiiK erected under one of the trees w « h occupied by the prisoner , Mr . Ilightmire , a clergyman ( tlie Reverend Mr . Hri « KB ) , who hud been invited , and several others . A rope was provided , and the prisoner furnished with a KJMa of water . He « tated through the Jiev . Mr . JJiiggs that he had don * tho deed in a moment of pauion , and hud nothing to Buy for himself . A rope was thrown over
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384 « f > * 9 , * ft * ft * [ Sa * um > ay ,
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Leader (1850-1860), April 26, 1851, page 384, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1880/page/4/
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