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of the causes of its failure , especially if one takes into account its favourable chances before enumerated , and the almost unparalleled efforts of Austria and its creatures in the European money market to insure a success adequate to the critical financial epoch of the empire . Circumstances and even mysteries of the Austrian money market are here cooperating , which I shall endeavour to expose by well ascertained facts and by an analysis unadorned , comprehensive , and as far as I know , not yet
undertaken in this manner . I shall , however , reserve for the future to disclose all the facts and mysteries known to me relating to this subject , and I shall have for the present accomplished my task if I shall succeed in rendering clear my conscientious conviction that the Austrian Government is already lost in the loose transactions of a bankruptcy not yet declared , but not the less real and incurable , and if my analysis will interest even those who already share my opinion of the ruined fortunes of Austria . I remain , Sir , " your obedient servant , Karl Taxjsenau . 8 , Barnard ' sinn , Holborn .
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LIBERATION OF KOSSUTH The Corporation of the City of London have done themselves the infinite honour of passing , by an immense majority , the following resolution on the motion of Mr . Charles Gilpin : — " That this Court do present an address of congratulation to Louis Kossuth , on his liberation from captivity and arrival in this country , and that the same be presented in open court . " Mr . Anderton moved the previous question , solely on the ground that in its corporate capacity the Court had no right to interfere . It was seconded by Mr . Deputy Corney , who created much laughter by saying : —
" That if anything can accelerate our downfal—( No , no )—these very acts are the ladder by which we shall descend into oblivion . ( Laughter , and cries of * Oh ! ' )" Mr . Alderman Wire and Mr . Bennoek heartily supported the original motion , and only three hands were held up for the amendment . A committee was accordingly appointed to prepare an address forthwith .
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FATHER GAVAZZI AND THE FRIENDS OF ITALY . Father Gavazzi delivered his fifth lecture , on Thursday week , at Glasgow ; his theme was , " Italy , its hope and future . " The City-hall was crowded , and the enthusiasm undiminished . In the course of his oration Gavazzi said : — " The Italian people had a right to nationality . What crime had they committed in punishment of which it should happen that Italy should never yet have formed a united nation ? They demanded not the glory of ancient Rome ; the times of conquerors ought to have ended in tomb of Napoleon . " When he demanded nationality he did not demand anything that was necessarily political . Let Italy have but its independence , and then it would arrange its own politics . Italy did not demand their sympathy in the formation of a republic or any other form of government ; she asked merely to be allowed to speak for herself . ( Applause . ) His ( Gavazzi's ) task was not a political one . His apostleship was not to reform civil laws , but religion . The province devolving upon him waB to speak the voice of all Italy ; to Mazzini—( cheers )—had fallen the work of making the laws of Italy . Mazzini had a civil part to play , lie ( Gavazzi ) had a religious part . "
We observe , with great satisfaction , that Father Gavazzi urged his hearers to connect themselves with the Glasgow brunch of the Association of the Friends of Italy , whose principal object was to disseminate information in regard to the real condition of that country . ( Loud cheers . )
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930 QTt ) t ILeabtt * [ Saturday ,
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PROTECTION AT A DISCOUNT . The gradual ebbing away of the agricultural mind from the rock of protection is but too evident . All those who in any way arts looked up to an chiefs , from Disraeli to Joseph Henley , directly or indirectly give up the expectation of ever seeing protective laws established again . There is another point in the agricultural meetings , which is encouraging . There is smother practice they are about to give upthat of excluding polities from discussion . Not only the labourers , but the fanners , have been forced to think and make a survey of their political and social position . WATUNOTON . The Agricultural Society of Watlington met on Wednesday week , to hoar from the lips of their two favourite members , Mr . Jlarcourt and Mr . Henley , what they may expect . The speeches of both these gentlemen are remarkable for indecision of tone and expression , very diflerent from the direct method employed hoiho years ago . Mr . ILurcourt vindicated his conduct in relation to the com laws . All bis wealth consisted Of landed property . He bad made " sacrifices" consistent with his duty . In three counties , " to the honour of his tenants no reduction in rent had been asked , but he did not the less on that account . " Alluding to the rule excluding political discussion , ho said : — " The rules of theue meetings have varied very much
in different places . I am told that a rule , very useful indeed , exists here , which entirely precludes any individual from speaking upon political subjects . At Aylesbury Mr . Disraeli seems to have done otherwise . ( The Vice-Chairman— " So they did at Banbury ; " and several voices , " It ' s what we want here . " ) I found myself in great difficulty at Banbury ; for when I was just mentioning the price of porn , I was interrupted by a gentleman , who told me I was talking politics . I suppose if I had merely said that the crops were exceedingly fine and productive of much grain , I should have been told I was
talking politics . ' He expressed his regret that he had not voted with Lord John Russell for a fixed duty of 8 s . He believed that that course would have prevented the rise in price in 1846 and ' 47 . " In France they had a high protective corn law , but that corn law did not protect them from distress . I passed five months entirely among French landowners during the recess of Parliament , and I learnt from them that they could not get in their rents at all . " He very strongly places before us the utter indecision of the party in favour
of landed supremacy : — " No man feels more than I do , that something : ought to be done for the agricultural community ; but it is very easy saying this . What course , with advantage , I would ask , can we pursue ? I tell you that if anything useful , reasonable , judicious , advantageous to agriculture , without being injurious to other classes and causing a bad feeling to arise , could be proposed in Parliament , there is in this room the man who would propose it I speak not of myself , but of my colleague , who is infinitely more capable than myself of introducing such a matter ; he takes a more lively interest in parliamentary details than I do . But I don ' t either hear him say , in private conversation or in public , that he sees his way clear to anything that will be useful . "
He confessed that " one of the worst votes he ever gave" was when he voted for the corn-law of 1815 ; and he stated that the agricultural distress of the succeeding year was so keen , ' that nothing which has since occurred can be compared to it" : — " After looking carefully at all matters , I must say that we must depend upon bur own arrangements—upon our capital—upon our industry . The legislature may do something for us , and in all probability will do something ere long , but still we must be dependent upon ourselves . I would say to that man who is about to embark in land , that the prices of former years are not likely to recur ; any one going to take such a step should look well at the facts before him . The people can form equally as Just a judgment upon their position as I can do . "
Mr . Harcourt's expression , that his colleague " did not see his way clear , " was fully borne out by Mr . Henley's speech . His first positive statement was , that there was no doubt " nothing would relieve the farmer but an alteration of price . " ( Loudapplause . ) Then follows the doubt and indecision : — " Whether we shall obtain that alteration , or if we obtain it , how long first , is a matter upon which there may be a great difference of opinion ; but depend upon it the only relief that can be given to the tenant farmer is an alteration in price . Whether any of that alteration of price will be obtained , is really a matter that is so problematical , that every man in this room is capable of forming an opinion upon it , as tcellus your members . "
He doubted whether a 5 s . duty would be any relief to them ; wh ether a reduction of rates would not have been met by a maintenance of high rents ; and he asserted positively that a reduction of one branch of taxation must be followed by the imposition of fresh tax in some other : — . " I believe that there has been no diminution of employment . I don ' t believe that it can be denied that rates generally have decreased . I am not one of those who attribute this to the change of the laws ; I doubt whether they have had much to do with it . I know this , that if the labour market of this country , which for the last six or seven years lias been increasing , had decreased , we should now have stood still . Emigration and the great mortality in Ireland , are questions which we must bear in consideration , as having to do with the
labour market , for in estimating these matters we cannot shut Ireland out ; for good or evil she is part of us , and if she sinks we sink , but if she swims we naturally become more buoyant . ( Applause . ) Hut in Ireland , for a length of time past , there lias been a diminution nearly equal to the increase in this country for the last ten years . And there is no doubt it muat affect our labour market , and cause a fluctuation in our labour market . We have had a great increase of labour in our manufacturing populations and by the formation of railroads , <* fec , which must not be forgotten . . Not only has death been great , but two hundred thousand have left the country within the last twelve months , chiefly from Ireland , of course . It in impossible that such a state of thingn should not at all events be an element in that
prosperous state of the labour to which we all of uh look with pleasure , and which cauHea it to be in such a diflerent condition to what it was three or four years ago . ( Loud applause . ) It is generally thought to bo the fact , 1 believe , that the agricultural districts are in a more prosperous state than they used to be . This , however , is not the case , but quite a inistiikcii notion . ( Hear , hear . ) Certainly , gentlemen , wil . li reference to the future I cannot say that our prospect is a very pleasing one . 1 see no si ^ ns whatever , so fur an my observation enables me ; to judge , that would enable those gentlemen who represent you in parliament , to be enabled , with any chance of success , to ask for a new triul and a new verdict . 1 know 1 am speaking to parties who have had an advoruc judgment given . ( Hear , hear . ) The
judgment has been given against us . I am speaking tecW cally , of course . You cannot get that judgment set asid » ~ unless you can carry facts to found a new trial upon f say , at present we have not these facts . When we ha them , we shall know how to deal with them . But it useless for gentlemen to expect their representatives t make out a case , if that case is not supported by facts our of doors . You must take facts into parliament . Nothin else is of any use there . And what is more thes rnust be of a nature to show that they are at least emana tions from a majority of the people . I speak now to you very plainly and not very encouragingly ; but it's decidedly best to be candid with you , and let you know what yo u have to lause honest conviction
expect . ( App . ) My was that however great the distress has been , that I thought it would have been more so , and am not quite certain that it will not be so yet . I thoroughly believe , that were you to search the length and breadth of the land , that you could not get up a strong case at present to go a nd ask for a reversal of the law . Depend upon it , we shall have no chance of obtaining a new trial and a new verdict in parliament , unless a careful examination of the state of the country takes place , and out of that exa minatio n cases arise which clearly demonstrate that the change of the laws has been prejudicial to the interests of the country . That I believe to be the plain truth . I should be deceiving you were I to speak otherwise . I have
stated it many times before in this room , that no man was more opposed to the repeal of the corn laws than I was . I believed then that it would throw , as I believe it has thrown , great distress upon the country . ( Applause . ) Of course , I have only given you my own opinion in this matter , and I should advise you to weigh the matter over well , and see whether you can make a case strong enough to show that a majority of the people's interests has been damaged by what has been done . I think that any gentleman who will give his calm consideration of the matter , will be of the same opinion as myself . If I cannot say at present these facts are not to be procured , it is not to say they will not at a future period . I have used every means that is in my power to enable
me to watch what is going on in the country , but I have not as yet been able to get hold of those facts which I deem necessary should be procured to benefit us ; nor do I believe at this moment that they are to be got hold of . ( A voice ' That's honest' and ' Hear . ' )" And after this rather alarming but frank avowal , Mr . Henley became oracular , as is the fashion of county members , boldly intimating that the " gama was not played out yet , " but giving no intimation as to what game .
LUDIiOW . Similar meetings have been held at Ludlow and Maidenhead . The interesting point in the Ludlow meeting was in the speech o £ the Honourable 11 . H . Clive , M . P ., who broached the subject of corn
rents : — " In his actions he had but one object—to be fair , just , and honest . ( Hear , hear . ) He could not hold up his head in that room without he entertained this motive . To make things as just as possible—if the price of wheat fell , so let the rent . ( Hear . ) He was not saying this to catch the applause of those around him , but from his honest convictions ; and he did think that corn rents would be best at the present time . Some people thought not and said fixed rents . He was trying both of these systems . If prices fall , let rents fall too . ( They have fallen long ago . ) He was quite aware of that , and quite willing to meet it . ( Hear . ) He was trying the corn rent , because he thought it was just , and because bethought it was beneficial to the tenant . ( A little irregularity ensued . ) He was expressing here the opinion which he entertained , and which he wished to carry out .
MAIDENHEAD . The meeting at Maidenhead affords several points noteworthy and amusing . Major-General Wemyus , who is Clerk Marshal to Prince Albert , and general manager of his farming operations , presided over tlie dinner of the East Berks Agricultural Association . In proposing the health of Mr . Robert Palmer and the county members he said : — " He only considered himself an itinerant member of the society ; he had no possessions in the county , nor m he ever expect to have any ; he was not even a icu * farmer ; he scarcely knew how to describe himself u'U ¦ he took upon himself the title of the ' Court Agricultural Guide . ' ( Laughter and cheers . )"
Mr . llobert Palmer only was present , Lord J > airington sent an excuse , and Mr . Pusey did not shov Here , as elsewhere , Mr . Palmer , the meeting acquiescing , departed from the beaten track and tune politics . " At recent meetings of agricultural associations > c question of protective duties had been fully discus , and people were led to believe that a return u > system under which the farming interest cn J ' B ; , ) U . large a share of prosperity was not only I < f ) j (; but by no means far distant . («*""¦) ^ remomentho he would that tno r
present , wever , say actment of protective duties on tho importa tion oi i « r ^ grain was perfectly out of the question . Moti » " , e end had been made from time to time , and Jefcattd uv ^ majorities Witli the preaent House of Co « restoration of Protection was altogether out ol ii" - I t tion Whut might be done if the country at u ¦ general election should speak out no inim << f (|)( . When that time arrived , and the general fy . li » h ( lu ; country , an expressed in tho returns . 8 ll . ? ^ "Lthut policy pursued biuce 1840 was founded in error protective duties should bo reimposcd , not lot , ' i pose of giving the Dritiuh farmer a monopoly of the ^ market , but in order to put him on aii . equal ! V * tJy foreigner—then a law to that effect would be triuiupui
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 4, 1851, page 936, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1903/page/4/
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