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'" Well done !' whispered Lord Morland . * ^ j «< I can't bear his bawling ! You have such a nice voice / returned Laura ; and Rawing- her harp towards her , she began to play the refrain of one of the Nixen ongs , singing There is no rest in the waters below , Ships over me sail , boats dyer me rcw !" the most wailing , plaintive tone imaginable * "' Don't don't y I ' m wretched ! ' said , her cousin , staying the hamstrings' with shand . " Laura stopped her song , and went on playing the accompaniment j mailing ittle mocking gestures at him , as if she were singing the remainder in dumb show . ( Cis comes home to-morrow , ' she said , as she let go the harp , and tried to push it farther away with her tiny foot ;> and then I suppose you will be happy : it ' s evident that I don't know how to please you . But there is aunt Morland making the move , so I will humbly take nay leave of your honour ; ' and sweeping her long crape skirts after her , she fluttered away , leaving him in an attitude of the deepest dejection .
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THE STUDENT'S COMPANION . A New Universal , Etymological , Technological , and Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Languages embracing all the terms used in Arts , Science , an&lMcrature . By John Craig ; Esq ., Lecturer on Geology in Anderson ' s University , Glasgow . 2 vols . 6 ¦ * ' George Routledge and Co . Technical terms are indispensable . Their presence * however , often rebuts the reader , and perplexes Mm , by concealing from his view 1 ; 1 m > whole meaning of a passage . If he had a dictionary by his side which would clear up all obscurities by explaining the significance of every technical term , he could read with profit many works otherwise closed bopks to him . But a good technological dictionary did not exist in our language ¦
TllUX CUU 1 U WtJ . UlSUUVCl Vll \ 7 ' ¦ JL . 'J . CLUJOX l / L VICIXUCUX y _ u » J . a . w **** £ , y * -.. v--.- « -. w-.-w _ was performing a most important office in devoting himself to the compilation of these two gigantic volumes ; arid the result of his labour is a work which no student , who can afford two guineas , should be without : certainly no Library or Institute can dispense with it . _ Not only the meaning of all the terms used in Science and Art , as well as the words found in all dictionaries , but with them the etymology and pronunciation of each word , hasMr . Graig carefully indicated ; but as one example is worth a column of description , we will open , literally at random , and quote the first half-dozen words .: —* ¦ Sphinctee , sfingk'tur , s . ( sphincho , I close , Gr . ) In Anatomy , a general name for any muscle whose function consists in closing the natural orifice which it surrounds . Sphinx , sfingks , s . ( Greek and Latin . ) In Antiquity , a fabled monster , half woman
and half lion , said by the Greek poets to have infested the city of Thebes , devouring its inhabitants , till such time as a riddle it had proposed to them should be ( solved . Tn Entomology , the Hawk-moths , a genus of Lepidopterous insects : Type of the tribe Sphingides . Spheagid , sfraj ' id , s . A kind of ocherous earth , which falls to pieces in water with the emission of many bubbles : it is also called earth of Lemnos . Sphbagistje , sfra-jis'te , s . ( sphragis , a seal , Gr . ) An order of Egyptian priests , whose office was to stamp the sacred seal on the bullock previous to sacrifice . Sphyejena , sfi-re ' , s . { sptyraina , the Greek name of the hammer-fish . ) A genus of h ' shes : Family , Percicte . Sphye ^ nodtts , sfi-re ' no-dus , s . ( sphyra , a hammer , and odous , a tooth , Gr . ) A genus of fossil fishes from the London clay . Spiai-, spi ' al , s . A spy ; a scout . —Obsolete .
The privy spials placed in all his way . —Spencer , Spioa , spi'ka , 8 . ( spica , an ear of corn , Lat . from the similarity of the leaves to an ear of wheat . ) A genus of plants : Order , Lamiacese . In Surgery , a bandage , so called from its turns being thought to resemble the rows of an ear of corn . In Astromony , Spica virginis , a bright fixed star of the first magnitude , in the ear of corn in the constellation Virgo . Spicate , spi'kate , a . Eared like corn ; having spikes . We have examined these two volumes , containing each upwards of a
thousand pages , double-columned , and the result has been very highly to increase our value of a book which , from the first , we were disposed to value , because it answered to a real want . We discovered a few omissions in anatomical and pathological terms—calvaria for example , is given , but its anatomical meaning ( the upper part of the cranium ) is unnoticed ; then again , such words as ancemic , hypereemic , &c . are wanting . But in almost eveiy case when we looked for a word we found it , and the omissions we tako to be very few , and can scarcely detract from the usefulness of a work which should lie on the table of every student .
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We should do our utmost to encourage the Beautiful , for the Useful encourages itself . —Goethb .
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COITE'S POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY . * By GK H . Lewes . Part V . — Classification of the Sciences . Hitherto I have adhered very little to Comte ' s own exposition of his system . By a more popular and discursive exposition , I have endeavoured to familiarize the reader with the point of view from which to study the Positive Philosophy ; but in treating of the luminous conception of a new and final classification of the sciences , I will do so as much as possible in Comte ' s own words . Those who have never examined the subject of classification will fail to appreciate the gigantic force of philosophic thought
implied in this scheme . The arrangement seems so natural , so obvious that an acute thinker reviewingCdmte > jinJilacfcwood ' s Magazine expressed * what I believe to be a very general impression , in saying it was just the sort of classification that wpuld naturally arise in any reflective mm on a review of the subject . Had this critic bnly" > enTemibered the ; ? J >» tive attempts made by Bacon , I ) 'Alembert > Stewarts Ampere , and others , he would never have suffered that phrase to escape him * ' r Without , however , criticising the attempts of .: preyidus ; ' ; thi , nkers , 4 et |' . u 8 examine the principle laid down in the Positive Philosophy , The problem before us is this : How to arrange the sciences that the classification may itself be the expression of the most general fact apparent owaprqfpmd vn ^ vestigdtion of the objects / whichthis classification includes . The solution of the problem lies in this : the dependence of the sciences can only result from that of the corresponding phenomena .
Science is a knowledge of the laws of nature , This knowledge is the only rational basis of man ' s action on nature . By it , he foresees what will be the result of the working of any phenoineria left to : their dwn spontaneous activity , and by what modifications lie may produce a different result more advantageous to himself . Science gives ; the ? powerto foresee , and foreseeing leads to action . Hence the relation ^ Science ' to Art . Science leading in this way td the tTsefuti arid ^ ere having ; been so much cause in modern times for appreciating the practical ends it serves , its cultivation has become too much . associated with ideas of mere profit and utility . Cdmte here , as elsewhere , warns us iagainst Idsing sight of its higher function- —that of satisfying a fundamental want ( tf our iiaisure . As intelligent beings we have an insatiable craving to . know the laws of nature . For this purpose , when in want of positive conceptions , we resort to the
theological or metaphysicalconceptions . The laws of phenomena ( theoretical science ) , and the application of those laws to practical purposes , forming two distinct branches of speculation , the latter subject , as may he inferred , does not fall within the scope of Comte ' s system . ; He makes another elimination . Natural sciences are of two kindsthe one abstract , the other cbricrete ^ sjfecujf , de ^ criptiye > The first are the fundamental sciencesj the latter are secondary . The wpr | irig of stract laws in particular instances gives rise to the concrete laws . General physiology is abstract ;¦ ¦ zoology and botariy are concrete . So with chemistry and mineralogy Y in chemistry we consider all possible combinations of matter ; in mineralogy we coisiaer only the combinations which we find actually existing in the minerals . It is Abstract Physics only that fall within M . Comte ' s classification .
To enter now directly uporirthe great question before us , we must at the outset recal to mind'that , in order to obtain a natural and positive classification of the fundamental sciences , we have to seek for the principle in a comparison of the different orders of p henomena whose laws it is their object to discover . What we wishffc jiettfrmine . , the actual dependence of the various sciences among themselye | . Now this dependence can only result from that of the corresponding phenomena . Considering all observable phenomena under this pojpt of view , we shall see that it is possible to classify them in a small number of natural
categories , disposed in such a way tbatihe rational study of each category may start from a knowledge of the principal laws of the preceding category , and become , in its turn , a foundation for the study of the next one . This order is determined by the . degree of simplicity , or , what comes to the same thing , by the degree of generality of the phenomena . From this difference in simplicity or generality , $ ere result the successive dependence of the phenomena , and , as a consequence , the greater or less facility with which
they may be studied . , In fact it is , a priori ^ clear , that the siniplest phenomena , those which are least complicated with others , are necessarily the most general also ; because that which occurs in the greatest number of cases is , from that very fact , tp the greatest possible degree unconnected with , and independent of , the circumstances peculiar to each separate case . We must therefore commence with the study of the most general or most simple phenomena , and then proceed in succession to the most complicated , if we would conceive natural philosophy in a truly methodical way ; for since this order ^ ol generality or simplicity necessarily determines the rational connexion ot tne different fundamental sciences by the successive dependence of their pheit also fixes their comparative degrees of difficulty .
nomena , ^ Our first survey of the ensemble of natural phenomena leads us at tn outset to divide them , agreeably to the principle which we have just established , into two great classes—the first comprehending nil the phenomen of inorganic bodies , the second all those of organized bodies , The latter are evidently more complex and more special than the forme , they depend on the preceding phenomena , which , on the contrary , do not - pend on them ; hence the necessity of studying physiological p henomena any after those of inorganic matter . In whatever way wo explain the difreren _ observe in vl B
of these two modes of existence , it is certain that we « bodies all the phenomena , both mechanical and chemical , which have p _^ in inorganic bodies , and besides these , an entirely special order ot V ^ mena — vital phenomena — those peculiar to organization . Urg ^ and inorganized matter may , or may not , be of the same nature ; tno p tive philosophy eschews -such inquiries ; -it ' is enough that there is ft gnised diflerence between them such as to require them to "J . " ^ aeparately , and that , on any hypothecs as to the nature of this tow *
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* For f ; ho Oomto suhsoription I have to aoknowledgo tho following additional sums : £ 5 from Mr . Arthur Trovelyanj fivo Bhillinga from J . W . S . ; and six nhillinga from ilamoH X * arkor , of Ponzanco . Tho lofctors that accompany th « HO subspriptions are not tho loimfc grfttilyiog reward of my endoavouirs to make known the thoughta of a groat thinker .
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Leader (1850-1860), May 1, 1852, page 420, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1933/page/16/
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