On this page
-
Text (3)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
shoulder two inches wide , and fitted in a strong wooden handle . "With this terrible instrument concealed undor his buttoned surtout , ho walked on the bastion twelve days , seeking an opportunity to attack the Emperor . The judicial report details with the utmost minuteness his going out on the day of the attempt " without having dined , " " unbuttoning his surtout , from which ho drew the murderous implement there concealed , " and " with the brandished weapon in his right hand , dealing his Majesty with all his strength a blow so violent , that the blade of the knife was bent backward to the extent of an inch . "
He was m the act of dealing the Emperor new blows , intending to deify his Majesty , when ho was seized by Colonel O'Donnell , and by HerrEttenreicb , a retired porkbutcher , who has since received tho order of Francis Joseph , and tho thanks of tho Imperial family at the Emperor ' s bedside . Lebenyi was executed on the 26 th . " The condemned man , " writes the correspondent of the Times , " who was taken to the place of execution in a Sight open waggon , was seated with his back to the torses . The veliicle , which also contained the confessor , tho Provost , and a guard , was surrounded by a detachment of mounted gendarmes and followed by a squadron of cavalry . Every one felt that the poor wretch was about to meet the fate ho merited , but in consequence of the singular arrangements of the authorities every ono heartily
pitied him . As he sat wrapped in a cloak , with uncovered head , composed though deadly pale , fhe snow fell heavily on his long hair , which was tossed about in wild confusion by the violent and piercingl y cold wind . On his arrival at the gallows-tree , the lengthy document containing the sentence was read aloud to him , from beginning to end , by the Provost , who had the greatest difficulty in keeping tho paper from being torn to pieces by the wind . The miserable man met his fate with calm courage . " " Positive information" had been given to this correspondent that Xebenyi died a contrite man ! Beyond this " positive information , " the nature of which we do not learn , but the sources of which we are permitted to suppose , there is no evidence to prove that Lebenyi died otherwise than resolutely prepared to meet his fate .
Hungary is described by the correspondent of the Times at Vienna to be in a state of complete disaffection , and rips for universal insurrection . An extensive conspiracy has been discovered within tho very fortress of Comorn ; the principal cities are placarded with revolutionary emblems and proclamations , and are occupied b y troops , and artillery with swords drawn , and matches lighted in the public squares , as if war actually prevailed . Tho Voce della Liberia , of the 26 th ult ., contains the following letter from Mazzini , referring more particularly to the late insurrection : —
" The recent attempt at Milan , which , although put down at its outset by incidents beyond all human calculation , and although remaining isolated by tho effect of a prudenco caring little for blame or approbation , must , however , havo awakened the Italian pride in every noblo mind , and proved to tho most wavering the real tendencies of our people . That attempt , misrepresented by fatal prejudices and cowardl y terror , has called forth an almost universal expression of blame . I comprehend all the responsibility connected with the last proclamation of the National Committee , drawn up by me , and signed by a single one of my colleagues , and I do not decline it . I will state in writing , as soon as the circumstances in which I am placed will permit , tho motives for which I assumo that responsibility with readiness and pride . Since lukewarm friends and irrcconcileable enemies rcquiro it , I will epeak of myself .
" I ask , not tho men whoso whole doctrine is the Vbs victis !—not the newspaper writers (( jazzctticri ) who for 300 f . a-month sell their conscience and their yicu to an aristocracy already dead before coming into existence —• not the guilty men who knowingly or inadvertently disinherit Italy of the power of initiative , rendered more remarkfibln by the heroic martyrdoms and tho heroic daring of tho lust four years—I ask all Italians who really love their country , and who comprehend its destinies , and struggle por . severingly to accomplish them—I n . sk them , for a few days' respite boforo judging me . My mind at present in ombittered , not with remorse , but with uflliction . The i ' nith which four-and ,-t \ venly years back animated me with a smile of enthusiasm , and which in tho
eternal polar star of tho soul , burns now more brightly than ever before my eyes . Let the young men of the present day not deny it , for it will not be denied by a people wlncli , superior to the means comprehended by a class Avhich desired to guide it , attacks in tho common inertia with the only Avenpons that Austria cannot take nway from the citizen the cannons and tho citadel of JMilnn . 'Jobhimi' Mazzini . " February 213 . " The Milan ( itazctto of the 2 . ' ! rd publishes a circular addressed , on the Ji ) th , by tho Archbishop to tho parish priests of bis diocesn , ordering them to expose the Ifoly SaeniTiient during three hours on tlireo consccMilivo day . s , in order to obtain from the Almighty tho recovery of tho Emperor .
Seven of the gates of the city have now been opened , through which persons provided with regular passports are permitted cfjreMU and ingress . Tho l ' avlamqnlo of Turin of the 2 f > th ult .., miyn : — " Vy o liavo heard thin evening that fresh measures bad been adopted by Mm Austrian authorities ut Milan against the properly of the Lombard emigrants of nil classeM , ' including oven tlio . 'io who have obtained permission to emigrate and those who luivo been regularly mil wrulized citizens of other Slates . The Hlupor which that intelligence , has cruised will find il . s natural explanation in wi egregious n violation of nil ( lie principles of equity and international lawn . Itut tho very enormity of Hie fuel renders iim iiicrodulotiM , arid induces us to regard it xv \ the ellect of some minun ( lertunding . " Tim \'( H \ ulclIi < Vt-r ' da of the 2 (! lli says : - " Yo »(« rdny we received tho eonlinnulioriof the painful announwiinent that a decree of tho Austrian Government placed undor
Untitled Article
sequestration the entire property of the refugees of the Lombardy-Venetian provinces Avho afe not naturalized abroad until they shall have proved that they were not parties to the movement of tho 6 th of February . A Council of Ministers was held , after which a courier was despatched in all haste to London . " A report that tho English Ambassador had been insulted and the Embassy attacked by a mob at Vienna is not confirmed , but it is stated that considerable irritation among the upper and middle classes at Vienna , caused by the violent attacks of the Government organs upon England , had rendered it necessary to appoint a police guard to protect the British Embassy . This hostility to England is sedulously fomented by the Austrian Government , and is alien to the Austrian people . Surely Lord Westmoreland needs no protection at Vienna . Where can he be more at home ?
The ultimatum presented by Count Leiningen , and accepted by the Turkish Government , appeal's to bo not that one , on receipt of which the Porte appealed to France and England , but a former one , more moderate in its demand . With regard to Montenegro , the status quo ante , not the recognition of independence , is said to be required . The Porto has already conceded protection to the Christians in Bosnia . With regard to Austrian subjects serving in the Turkish army , their dismissal and relegation to the interior of Asia , can only apply to refugees , not to " renegades . "
Untitled Article
MAZZINI AND KOSSUTH : THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE PROCLAMATION . We need not comment here on the following letter , which speaks for itself . It was published in the Daily News of Wednesday , and we have the best authority for knowing it to be genuine : — " Sir , —I have no opportunity , from the plaeo Avhero I am , of reading papers or receiving correct information ; but a report reaches me of Louis Ko . ssuth having publicly protested on account of tho proclamation to the Hungarians Avbieb appeared during tho last insurrectionary attempt at Milan . " Tho " original of tho proclamation , signed by L . Kossuth in his own handwriting , is in my hands . " It was sent to me by Ko . ssuth on my own request , during the last months of his sojourn at Ivutuyah , for the express purpose of being published in tin ; case of an insurrectionary movement in Italy . It was never afler-Avards retracted . " A copy of the ; proclamation was , at the . time , deposited by me in the hands of tho Central Internal Direction of our National Tarty in Italy , ho that , hi case 1 should be prevented through death , oi-iiny other cause , from joining the movement , and Kossuth should be fur at the time , a document of alliance and an appeal extremely important to the success of our indissoluble national causes should not be lost . " When action was decided upon by heroic but now misjudged men , and on a scnlo which nobody who was not . " concerned in the scheme has a right to measure , a very few day . s before tho one appointed , tlm Directing Internal Committee thou-ht M . uL they wore * entitled to print , it . They did print if ; in mi Italian town . Tho dale of Fel . nuiry was inserted ; nnd two parafrn , phs indieutin ; :, I think , the more remote date , were omitted . " I wrote , I think , on the i ) tb , these particulars to KosHuth : I wrote them regretting , but , 1 limut candidly say , not disapproving . l'eople avIkj tire K ° " K tf > risk their own lives for their own country ' s liberty are not amenable by strictly punctilious rules of normal times . The proclamation avus written Avithoufc reference to time : it s intention a \ as evident ; ; it wan to prevent a collision between men avIioho cause , aim , nnd duty , are one . The Italians alone could ho judge of the moment ;
Untitled Article
TIIE PKOSECUTIOjST O 3 ? PROFESSOR . GERYINTTS . The following was tho answer put in by Professor Gervinus at the Heidelberg Court , in answer to the indictment charging him with inciting to high treason , and endangering the public peace : " I find upon close examination of your indictment against my brochure , called Introduction to the History of the Nineteenth Century , that it is based upon a total misunderstanding of the charactor of the work . You exhibit my composition as a political pamphlet , written Avith a personal political tendency , while its strictly scientific character is most clear . Nowhere , in speaking of the tendencies of the times , have I stated that my inclinations
coincided with them , much less have I sought in it to effect the same tendency in others . The indictment alleges that I have accumulated all praise upon democracy , and all blame upon monarchy : but , in truth , nowhere in this book is aught ao bad said of monarchy , or even of absolutism , as is said , ex gr ., at page 177 , of the Trench Democracy ; " and , again , nowhere is so much good predicated of any state system as of the constitutional monarchy of England , upon which ( vide pp . 84-88 ) all conceivable praise is accumulated . The statement that I represent the abolition of monarchy as a just and necessary act on the part of the people is so far from the truth , that even all the incrimatod passages , separated as they are from
their contexts , contain its refutation . The indictment makes me affirm of democratic forms of government where I have only referred to ' democratic institutions , " such as the constitutions of England , Belgium , Norway , and other countrios , show to bo perfectly compatible with monarchy . From these and similar misapprehensions tho conclusion is drawn that I signalise the substitution of the republican for the monarchical form of govornmont as tho crowning success of tho tendency of tho present age . But this induction of yours , drawn from isolated passages , only incidentally referring to tho subject , must fall to tho ground if any one passage is found in my book directly opposed to it . Such a passage is found not only in the work , but
in a most conspicuous place—namely , in tho recapitulation of tho chiof inference drawn in tho course of tho composition , Avhero it is said that it is not to bo prodicted with certainty whether the tendency of tho ago ( which surely tho author was not called on to abuse ) was lending to tho supremacy of republicanism or monarchy , that is to say , constitutional or democratic monarchy . Since this conclusion ia , in fact , tho pith of tho whole charge , it appears to mo that your indictment fulls to nothing , as a tiling constructed upon an unreal foundation . I resorvo tho right of further defence before tho proper tribunal . I also declaro that I am tho author of tbo work , nnd that I committed it to tho bookseller for distribution to the public . " G . Gkiivinus . "
Arnold Itugo gives tho following interesting account of this most distinguished professor nnd historian of Germany : — "Already , boforo 1818 , Professor Gervinus occupied a high position in tho learned literature of Germany by his historical essays , nnd by bis History of tho National Literature of Germany , a voluminous and ( by all parties ) Avcll-npprociuted publication . Ho was Professor of tho German Literature at the University of Goottingen , wJion Ernest Augustus , Puke of Cumberland , name to the throno of Hanover , and inado his coup d'Mat . GorvinuH drew up a protestation to bo signed in behalf of tho University . Only six professors , Dahlmann , tho two Grims , tho orientalist Ewald , and two uecond-rato men , joined him .
They Avero dismissed altogether . Gervinus was Avell received at Ifeidelberg , whore ho continued his usotful career , and joined tho constitutional party of JHadon . '' The constitutional party at that t . iino was tho opposition , nnd tho enemies-of tho Constitution Aver » tho governors in Germany . In 18 *) 4 , all tho Gorman prince .-i had made a now Irniify of Vienna , "That none of them should bo bound by their const itutioiiH and by tho decisions of their parliaments , and that thejlill'erent governments promised to assist * each other Avith thoir armies against their parliument . it or people . " This leaguo of tho pnncun avus a necrot for several years , but found out by a copy of the document left amongst Mr . Kluobor ' a pnporH , which after his death caino into the hnndu of Mr . Weleker , who published them in 1 H-l . fi .
" Against hui'Ii a ruinnirfitl treanon thorn wae at oneo an onon opposition of the whole constitutional party , and at the same time a sort of union of all constitutional hi on
of the different G-erman principalities . They had annual meetings , and used to consider tho state of Germany and the policy to be adopted by them as circumstances might arise . " From such a meoting , in 1848 , tho Frankfort National Assembly originated . Gervinus and the Badish constitutional party proposed and carried the idea . These men were tho majority at Frankfort . Gagern became their loader ; and for a moment they held tho destinies of Germany in their hand 3 , and could punish tho treason of tho princea of 1834 , or rather since 1815 , when they first promised or gave legal and constitutional governments in Germany . The Gervinus or Gagern party did not think of parliamentary supremacy , but tried to compromise with the princes . They restored sovereign power to the despots , and were driven out of all parliamentary assemblies by the soldiers of their clients .
" This constitutional party , which was generous enough not to secure to the parliaments either the money , or the soldiers , which was afraid ' to govern Germany , ' and preferred to have installed governments ' were not bound to carry out tho laws enacted by parliament' —one of the resolutions of tho Frankfort National Assemblythis party ,-of course , was scattered to the winds and lost all influence whatever , being abandoned by the princes ( who relied upon their treaty of 1834 ) , and not trusted by the people . « -
_ .. . _ ... . ^ . . _ , " Gervinus -was tho real leader of that party . He used to inspire Gagern , Soiron , and the rest . But now ho feela convinced that there is no other hopo for nationality and freedom of Germany but in the opposition of the re . publican democrats . This conviction lie pronounces publicly in his Introduction . Ho proves the necessity of the supremacy of law , enacted by duly elected parliaments , and of a government guided by public opinion , and not by aristocratic conspiracies of Vienna and St . Petersburg ; and is convinced that such a result can only be obtained
by the exertions of the democratic party" For that confession he stands accused of high treason , and is sure to be condemned by the servants of the deBpotiam who at thia moment administer justice in Germany . " The open and manly declaration of Gervinus is a cry of despair of all moderate men , who wished for nothin g but peaceful and lawful progress , and who were served with soldiers and turned out from their benches of legislation like schoolboys when they made their propositions of reconciliation and of compromise with the overthrown despots . . , " The trial of Gervinu 3 makes the case popular witn everybody , and the conversion of the Professor will become tho conversion of a party which once was the majority of Germany , and includes all tho wealthy men of the middle classes .
" Whether the final result be a Republic or not , the revolution which brings back to Germany a legal state of things must be a Republican one . For no other opposition ever was left to tyranny and arbitrary misgovornment but tho Republican opposition , to which . Gervinus , as an historian , gives his adhesion , which , in fact , ib nothing elsa but tho adhesion of history itself . " Ahwoxd R . tj < jb .
Untitled Article
March 5 , 1853 . ] THE LEADER , 223
-
-
Citation
-
Leader (1850-1860), March 5, 1853, page 223, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1976/page/7/
-