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1 lie affirir of the Correspondents has been decided . Contrary to general opinion the Imperial Court maintained the first condemnation . But the " Correspondents" have appealed to the Supreme Court of Cassationgp MM . DufaureandOdilonBarrofc are engaged to plead the famous cause of the violation of the secrecy of letters . The tribunal of Aix has recently delivered a decision in a contrary sense ; it was on the famous infernal machine of Marseilles , found ( or rather invented ) the night before the arrival of Bonaparte in that city . The tribunal has decided that there is no case for prosecution , and has released the prisoners arrested on suspicion . They were police aqents J S .
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CONTINENTAL NOTES . The interest of the news this week has turned on two points where the peace of Europe seemed menaced . The Austrian envoy , we learned early in the week , had left Berne for Vienna , and the military contingents had been called out . This , however , does not seem an accurate descr iption of the actual relations between . Austria and Switzerland ; and it is now said that Count Buol , the Minister for Foreign Affairs at Vienna , has rather anxiously explained that the departure of Count Karnicki from Berne was onl y a departure on leave of absence , and not a rupture . Neither have the military been ¦ formally called out ; but they have been ordered to hold themselves in readiness . The interest of the week , however , turns on Turkey . On Monday a telegraphic despatch was received from Constantinople to the effect that on the 22 nd Prince Menschikoft' left for Odessa , where be arrived the following day , and whence he set out for St . Petersburgh . Here ali authentic intelligence ends , and from that date we are absolutely without news . But we have some intelligence of what immediately preceded his departure and produced it . Quoting from the Journal des Dtbats , Russian authority , we have the following account of the ultimatum : — " The amended draft of convention was therefore annexed to the note of the'Sth ult . It is composed of six , and not of seven articles , as we before erroneously
mentioned . It is the first article which is the most important ; it states ' that there shall not be made any change in the rights , privileges , and immunities which are now enjoyed , or have Deen possessed ab antiquo by the churches , the religious institutions , and the orthodox clergy- throughout the extent of the possessions of the Sublime Ottoman Porte , which is pleased to secure the said rig hts to them on the basis of the status quo now existing . ' The other articles regulate the following points : —If new privileges were accorded to another form of worship , the Greek worship is to profit by that act , as it is always to obtain the very best treatment . That oluuee has been , borrowed from the protocol of the treaties of commerce and navigation which is at present in use all over the world . At
Jerusalem the status quo is to bb maintained for the Greeks as well as for the Latins . The last two firmans conceded to Kussia on the Sanctuaries , are to be invested with the sovereign confirmation of the Sultan . A . church and an hospice shall be established at Jerusalem for the special and exclusive use of the poor Russian priests and pilgrims , who in that respect are to have the same rights as the pilgrims of all £ jie other Roman Catholic and Protestant creeds . The new convention does not derogate from tho old treaties which exist between tho two States ; all these treaties aro maintained in general such as they have been confirmed by the separate act of tho treaty of Adrianople . Such is tho draft of the convention , which is called the Russian ultimatum , and which bears tho date , not of May 5 , but of March 22 . "
Tho reader will remember that in the lost week of March , our Paris Correspondent mentioned that the Protectorate of tho Christians was ono of the Russian demands ; and it was so . But it would seem that tho diplomatists were led to believe that that demand had beon abandoned , and wo are told that groat was tho surprise of Lord Stratford and M . do la Cour whon they found tho demand rcnowed . Tho real secret appears to bo this , that tho demand was referred back to St . Petorsburgh , and , aa altered by tho Emperor , sent in to tho Divan . This , it is thought , amounts to a broach of faith . _ _
8 ome other interesting particulars of the history ot tho rejection of tho ultimatum will bo appreciated . " The resolution of the Porto had boon como to immediately after a grand extraordinary Council , which lasted two days—that is , the 17 th and 18 th , and to which had beon invited all tho Ministers , tho civil and military muchirs ( functionaries ) , Cazaskiers , &o . They ossomblod to tho number of 57 , having tho aged Khosroff and Itoout Pashas at their head . Amongthe former Ministers wore observed Riaa Pasha , Safetfcy Pasha , Nafuz Pasha , Fund Effendi , Schokiff Effondi , ChekifF Boy , Ziver Effendi &c . The diflcussion was long , and tho more ominont of tho persons assembled spoko moro than once . Tho lettor declares that tho negative reply on the question of tho Rus-Hinri Protectorate was unanimous , though , I behove , some
of tho persons present wore supposed to have had Russian tendencies . Lord Stratford had boon received by Redsolud Pasha , with whom ho had a long conference . Iho suspension of diplomats relations took pliu » on tho 18 th officiously , and on tho 10 th officially . " Tho Sultan , after the Cabinet Council was ovor , addressed to tho Ministers and tho amwmUedLiurjot . or . anoH a Sf speech . ' Ho said that ho had with hip Government dono all that depended on him to maintain with honour-friendly relations with Buwiu ; that he could not do moro unless ho had oonaontod to Ina dishonour ; that he hadI strong hope * , tho affair would bo arranged amicably ¦ ; i * « f'f wl / n the will of ( Jod that war should break but that if it w « r « » ' « ; ' ' wu 8 th 0 Bon of tho Sultans , 2 K SdtL ot aotf to -how hi—f the
worthy descendant of his ancestors . ' These words , it is said , produced a great effect on the persons to whom they were addressed . Other letters speak very warmly of the ' patriotic ardour' exhibited in the Turkish capital among all classes , and the unanimity of the assembled ex-Ministers and chiefs , civil and military , even of those whoso predilections were rather in favour of Russia . They state that the Sultan and his Government have made iip their minds to reject the pretensions of Russia , and they repeat that they will resist to the last , and at all costs . " The Redifs , or national militia , to the number of 260 , 000 , had received orders to form themselves into several camps . One was to assemble at Ruschak and the other at Broussa , in Turkey In Asia , the place of residence of Abd-el-Kader . The fleet , under Achmet Pasha , was expected at Constantinople , and that of Abbas Pasha about the same time . "
In a Constantinople letter that has appeared in the Augsburg Gazette we find some remarks which deserve mention : — " It is believed that Russia aims at forming two vassal States , the one Slavonic , to extend from the mouths of the Danube to the Adriatic ( Moldavia , Wallaebia , Bulgaria , Servia , Bosnia , and Montenegro ); the other Greek , to include the present kingdom of Greece , and the remaining European Turkish provinces , with Constantinople as its capital . " Here . are some startling statements brought us by telegraph , said to have come all the way from St . Petersburgh , under date , May 23 : — either the
" Russia demands from , the Shab . of Persia immediate repayment of the loan of 50 , 000 , 000 f ., or the cession of the territory of Asterabad , on the shores of the Caspian . The Shah has refused compliance with either demand . It is said that the Prince Dolzomki , Secretary to tbe Russian Embassy at Tehran , has given a blow to the secretary of the Shah , and that Ahmet Effendi , the Turkish Ambassador , who took tbe part of the insulted dignitary , has addressed a circular to tbe foreign consuls at Tehran . " If this be true , Russia would have the Turks , the Persians , and the Caucasians to deal with in the event of a war .
For the rest , the King of the Belg ians has got back from his German journey ; and if the Court newsman of Belgium can be relied on , he has been warmly received on his return home . When M . de Brouckere announced the approaching marriage of the Duke of Brabant on Monday , both the Chamber and the Senate loudly applauded . Addresses were to be presented to the King . Ifaples affords proof of the activity of that modern British institution , for which we may thank the "Whigs , the foreign branch of the English police . I n a letter , dated the 24 th of May , a very pretty case is described : —
" The vexation caused by the detention of English travellers before allowing them to land , as already noticed , amounts to more than a petty annoyance when they are prevented from landing for five days , as is tho case at pr «* ont , notwithstanding the- repeated applications ot the English Minister . Mr . William Henry Wilson arrived here recently from Liverpool , by tbe screw steamer Tiber , and on giving his passport to the police , be was informed he could not be permitted to land , as he was suspected of beinff a revolutionary emissary . Now , it appears the Wilson
police of Naples have the name , ' Mr . William , m their books as a suspected character , which has probably been handed on to them by the Austrian or French police . Mr . Wilson is the son of an eminent manufacturer at Liverpool , I understand , and has been little out of his own country before the present time , when he availed himself of the facilities offered by tho screw steamers to eee some of tho principal towns of tho Mediterranean . This system of communicating names from one police to another commenced last winter , and the first victims of ifc
here were the late Lord Belfast and Major Howard Vyso . Heretofore , howover , the ban has been removed lmmodiately on a proper representation from tho English Minister ; but now no nofcieo whatever has been taken of his application , and the representative of England is treated with as little respect as a Neapolitan subject . To-day is tho fifth day since tho Tiber camo into harbour , and up to two o ' clock this afternoon no answer had been sont to the English Minister ' s repeated notes . To-morrow the vessel sails for Marseilles , Gibraltar , and Liverpool , and in all probability Mr . William Henry Wilson will go m her , carrying with him at . agreeable recollection ot Ins stay in the port of Naples . " But why do tho " eminent manufacturers of England permit their representatives to suffer theso insults ?
Letters from Berlin state that tho Prince and Princess of Prussia will loavo for London on tho 18 th mutant . 1 he King and Qufcon of Hanover aro to leave for this capital on tho 16 th . It is understood in Berlin that her Majesty will accompany her royal guests to tho Dublin Exhibition . Tho Archd . ichosB Sophia , tho mother of tho Emperor ol Austria is expected nt Berlin on fcho 1 Oth .
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THE CONTEST IN CHINA . Tun news from China is not vory precise or positive , but wo can spell out the story an it is given , without much difficulty . At tho latest dutcH , tho rebels were before Nankin , with a flotilla and an army of thirty thousand nion i their ilotillu bud beaten tho Imperial junks sent against them , and their army was almost certain of huccobh in besieging the city . Various roporfcs of their movements hod been received at Canton and Shanghai : ono , that , they had gained u battle ; tho other , vory gonorally believed , that they had breached tho outer wuIIh . It is , at all events , certain that tho rebels have all thoir disposable force beforo tho city , ami that it in i" imminent danger . lin capture would h <> most important . Tho rebels would then command tho rich count provinces between Nankin and Canton , cut oil' from Pokin its Hupplion of grain , and thus
enforce a famine at the capital . But a bolder plan of tactics is reported . Leaving no garrisons in the provinces they have conquered , and withdrawing their forces from minor points , they are said to be pouring all their troops along the road to Pekin . Should they reach it unbroken , and meet any popular aid from the Chinese in the suburbs , the Emperor must fly ; but what resources he may have in the northward provinces , can scarcely be estimated . The character of the insurrection seems clearly shown
from the more recent information . It is evidently reformatory and popular . The removal of unpopular local officers , the redress of administrative wrongs , and the promotion of literature and education , are its avowed objects . The sty le of their proclamations is considered superior—accounted for the "fact / ' widely reported , that some of the insurgents have been members of a literary association called the " Chinese Union" instituted by Dr . Gutzlaff , the Christian missionary . The organization of the rebel body seems based on a complete military system .
It is divided into five corps or divisions , each complete in itself . Each division is subdivided into brigades of 6400 men , commanded by a brigadier , and containing four regiments of sixteen companies each . A subaltern ' s command is twenty-five men , a captain ' s 100 men , a major ' s 400 , and a colonel ' s 1600 , There is a corps of Imperial Guards , and a strong staff , " inspectors of troops , " " masters of the horse , " " paymasters , " a corps of " surveyors , " and " officers in charge of the signal department . " All these are dignified with yellow scarfs , and the title of " Excellency . " Some English
artillerymen are with the rebel army . Respecting the pro mised interference of the British , French , and American fleets for the protection of Nankin and Shang hai against the rebels , we have a renewed report ; but we have no account of action , and the fact is , as yet , doubtful . It has been said somewhat positively , that Colonel Marshall , tho American Commissioner , was about to proceed at onco up the Yang-tse-kiang in the great United States + T ™ iha RimniioTi / niirrand to nlace her befor f aim iw xij ^
r . « . « ,- -- . rr ,- e steamer , tne tsust £ uen > unnu yia * - < j « -. « ,. v ~ ^ Nankin without delay . The policy of foreign interference against a movement apparently popular with the great mass of the Chinese seeuas questionable . One writer from Canton says , " The Chinese with whom we come in contact , and who may perhaps be dignified with the title of ' middle classes , ' express themselves , both here and at Shanghai , rather in favour of the revolution than otherwise , and I believe that this is the feeling of the masses throughout the
country . Trade at Shang hai was much disturbed by the uncertainty as to the progress of the rebellion . Although Nankin is but 200 miles from Shanghai , very little was known of the actual events of the war : the Imperial officers repressed all reports , in some cases flogging unfavourable newsmongers ; and had circulated themselves stories , not believed , of Imperial victories . The real facts have , however , oozed out , and are confirmed by the hurried preparations of tho Governor of Shanghai to send assistance to the beleaguered city .
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HAD NEWS FROM UURMAII . Ouit arms and negotiations have had ill-luck in India The Burmese Commissioners baflle our envoys , by repeated postponements , and there . seems no chance of a speedy peace . Hut the failure of our military movements is more annoying- There is no regular account of Sir John Clumpe ' s a flair with tho robber chief : all we know for certain that Myah Thoou is still unconquered , and in tho field . Humours of disasters to our troops fill the bazaars of Calcutta , and are believed in Bombay . The position of our troops justifies these
fears . Our force is scattered along the bunks of the Irrawaddy : small garrisons , or detachments , being stationed ut Rangoon , Donabew , J ' roine , Moulinein , and other smaller places . The forces at Mouhncen , Martuban , and Holing are all threatened by superior forces of Hurmeso , and tho smaller garrisons are in imminent danger of being surrounded by the enemy . The troops are in had health , provisions nro Hcnrc . n , and the steamers are gutting used up , by hard work . Altogether , tho prospect is unpleasant .
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THE NATIONAL VUMAC SCHOOL ASSOCIATION . JJOUOtKJlTH KDirCATJON nil . ! ,. A pJU'UTATKm from the National Public School Association , had an interview at Oheshum-pliiee with Lord John Russell on Thursday morning , lor the purpose of / stating their viowa in relation to tho subject of National Education . The following members of Parliament accompanied the deputation : — -Mr . Milner Gilmon , Mr . Riehurd Oobden , Mr . William JJrown , Mr . W . A . Wilkinson , Mr . John Oheethuni , Sir Joshua Wuhnsley , Mr . Richard Gardner , und Mr . James Moywood .
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Jum 4 , 1853 . ] THE LEADER . 537
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Leader (1850-1860), June 4, 1853, page 537, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1989/page/9/
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