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as those in Portland harbour . Sir John Pakington , on the whole , approved of the Bill . Mr . Macabtney and Mr . Fbancis Sofi . lt pointed out that there are too many prisoners in Irish gaols , and that convicts let out on tickets of leave would be injurious among the lower orders in Ireland . Mr . Addeely heartily condemned all transportation . Lord Palmeeston in a reply explained that at the expiration of their sentences the convicts yyould get employment or wages ; As to the graver cases of offence , instead of sending them to Western Australia , it is proposed to employ them on
the public works at Gibraltar and Bermuda , and other places where they can be conveniently disposed of . It will be the endeavour of the Government so to arrange and organize the system of treatment and confinement as to beget in the mind of the offender a conviction that industry is its own reward , and that it is better to live by industry than by the fraudulent use of the intellect . ' The Bill passed through Committee . The Bill was read a third time and passed last night .
IRISH TENANTS . Three Bills having reference to the relations between landlords and tenants in Ireland were considered in the House of Lords on Monday . The first is the Leasing Bill . This may be divided into two parts , the one part enabling landlords and tenants to make sufficient leases , and the second part enabling them to make sufficient agreements for any special improvements that maybe considered desirable . Under the law as it now stands , every settlement , mortgage , and title-deed is an insuperable bar to the effective leasing of land in Tr ' eland , except under very special circumstances . The
evil is remedied as regarded larger properties in Ireland by special Acts . One of the leading principles of the Bill is to do for small properties , by public enactment , that which is done for larger properties , by special Bills introduced into Parliament . Leasing powers vary . A rector is enabled to grant a lease for one year only , but a bishop can grant one for twenty-one years ,-and a tenant in tail for forty-one years . This Bill proposes to place all on the same footing , and to enable either of them to give agricultural leases for a period not exceeding thirty-one years . It may be called a Bill of consolidation and amendment , for it consolidates and
amends as many as sixty Acts of Parliament . —The second is the Tenants' Improvement and Compensation Bill . This Bill facilitates the enforcement of contracts . It treats on the law of assignments , and it makes a provision , which is much dwelt upon by the Devon commission , for the establishment of local registers of leases and agreements . It adopts an entirely new mode of legislation in reference to the prevention of wastes , particularly the practice of burning by tenants in Roscommon and other parts of Ireland , whereby lands arc greatly deteriorated . All acquainted with Ireland know that the Burning Acts are of a highly
penal character , and that they have been found ineffectual for the purpose for which they were passed . The object of this Bill is to prevent rather than to punish ; it will make it unnecessary for tenants to have recourse to such practices , and will enable the landlord to put a Ktop to waste by an easy and ready process . The Bill likewise contains provisions on that subject which has been a , fertile source of injury to Irelandnamely , the practice of sub-letting , which , until it is suppressed , will prevent all great and essential
improvements in land . Them are also provisions respecting the improvement of cottages , not altogether dissimilar from those contained in the bill brought in by Lord Clnnricarde , and introduced into the House of Commons a few days ago . In addition , there aro two enactments in the Bill somewhat modifying the existing law in reference to distress and ejectment . —The third nnd most important Bill is the ; Tenants' Improvement and Compensation Bill . It gives compensation to tenants in the absence of any express contract between thorn nnd thoir landlords . Tho custom on which this
provision is founded has been recognised in England . Before English courts tho custom was proved that the outgoing tenant might claim compensation for hnprovcinents , notwithstanding tho knowledge , and con-Kent , of tho landlord ban not buon obtained . Mr . Justice Coleridge said it seemed to him that it , was not an unreasonable custom for u tenant , who was bound to use a farm according to tho rules of good hunbitndry , to ebargo tho . landlord a portion of tho expense
ho bad incurred in draining , and in otherwise improving tho land . Mr . Justice Erie concurred in that opinion , and said , if that right ; of charging for improvements wiw not unreasonable in n contract , bo could not hco that it , was unreasonable in tho custom . There can bo no doubt that customs having tho force of law , and going to tho ( till extent , in particular instances , of the present Bill , provuil in England , in which buildings na well as drninogo aro concerned , and
which the landlord is not able tb set aside . In France the same principle prevails at the present day ; it existed in the latter days of the Roman Empire , and formed part of the Roman civil law . No tenant can claim for any improvements unless he give notice to his landlord of his intention to execute them ; but there is a further security and restriction imposed , because the landlord can , if he choose ,, serve a counter-notice on the tenant , intimating that it is his intention to undertake the improvements himself ; and in the event of his making them , he can , under the Bill , claim seven per cent , from the tenant upon the outlay he has
incurred . There is also another security given in the Bill . No tenant can claim compensation from his landlord for works executed with his sanction , unless he can show he is not in default in any payment , has not sub-let any portion of his land , nor has voluntarily abandoned the possession of it . The " retrospective " clauses provide compensation to dispossessed tenants for the improvements they have made . Deprecating the expected , opposition of Lord Malmesbury , and giving Mr . Napier credit for originating the first two Bills , the Duke of Newcastle moved that they be read a second time .
Lord Clakteioaede objected to the haste with which those Bills have been pushed forward . They should be considered with very great care . The Tenants ' Improvement Bill violates all contracts . Lord Malmesbttby objected to the Duke of Newcastle ' s attack on a single member of the Opposition , without any provocation whatever , quoted a letter from Mr . Napier , asserting that clauses were " dashed into the Bill" in the Commons , but admitted that Mr , Napier was in favour of the Bill being passed . He advised that the House should go into committee , and reject in toto the Tenants' Compensation Bill . Lord St . Leonabds also characterized the Bills aa drawn up in such a way that their operation would strike at the root of all property . He advised that the Bills should be deferred until another session . Lord Abebdeen
promised that if the House would agree to the second reading , the whole subject should be taken into consideration at an early- period next session . This proposal was approved of on all sides . The three Bills were then read a second time .
THE DRAINAGE OF LONDON . A bill to enable the Commissioners of Sewers to borrow 300 , 000 ? . was brought in by Lord Palmebstoh . He promised that next session he would reconsider the whole question of the London drainage , and make provision for the representation of local opinion before the Commissioners should take any action . In reply to attacks on the Commissioners by Sir John Shelley , Sir Benjamin Hall , Mr . Peto , and Mr . Butlee , he indicated the character of future proceedings and excused the Commissioners .
" I shall take care that nothing shall be done in tho expenditure of money which shall not be approved of by tho consulting engineers of the commission , feeling persuaded that in such men as Cubifct and Stephenson the House will repose perfect confidence . I also perfectly agree with those who say that nothing can be satisfactory until some general system of drainageis established—some system of drainage which will relievo the Thames from the ignominious duties which it has hitherto been called on to perform —( laughter and cheers)—that noblo rivor having been converted into a groat sewer instead of being 1 an ornament to tho metropolis . ( Hear , hear . ) I think such a system .
might be combined with tho application of nido tunnels , which would receive tho contents of tho various sewers , and would bo ^ substitutod for tho river ; means might also bo taken for converting those tunnels into what minors call upper and down cast funnels , by moans of which tho foul air which rushed from tho gully-holes and poisoned tho atmosphere might bo eonvertod into those funnels . I admit that tho ratepayers havo had just reason to complain that so little has been dono to relieve them from this pourco of pollution , but I think tho Commissioners of Sewers havo also reason to complain , inasmuch as they boing mnn of great ability wero placed in a situation whoro they had not tho means of accomplishing what they desired , though they woro invested with the responsibility . Placed in such a position , tho only wonder is that tho
commissioners did not ntriko work altogether , sooner * than appear to havo boon guilty of noglect , whoro , as I havo already Raid , they had not tho moans of carrying out their views . I havo only to assuro tho House that I will feel it to bo my ditty to see that no work is undorlalcon in connexion with , tho Howomgo of tho metropolis which will not , in tho first place , havo tho sanction of those two eminent men , and that the works undertaken shall be nuuh as to connoct plftcuH which aro not drained with existing outlets , and that all tho works shall bo of such a nature tin may bo brought into keeping with that groat nnd comprehensive plan which may heroaftor bo adopted . ( Hear , hoar . ) I <> m informed that thoro aro about 2000 milos of street in this metropolis , whilst thoro aro only 1 ) 00 milos of drains , therefore thoro aro 1100 miles of stroet without drains , realizing what Milton Hays of populous
citioH" Whoro hoiiHos llriok nnd Hmvorn minor tho nir . " But it ia ntill more annoying to havo houoo * without tho Bowers . " ( Cheers . ) Tho Hill ptwsod through Committee .
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SMOKE NUISANCE . The abatement of the smoke nuisance in the metro polis is the object of another of Lord Palmeeston > h bills—passed through committee on Monday . Ifc co ^ pels steamers and factories to consume iheir own smoke Some members opposed the bill—Mr . Malenb , because it was impracticable ; Mr . Blackett ,, because it would interfere with the coal trade ; and Lord DtnoiEy Sttjabt , because smoke , though disagreeable , is hot injurious to the public health . Lord Palmebston made a spirited reply : —• " It is easy to declare that it wiil be impossible to carry out the provisions of this bill , but a similar objection has been urged against every measure of social reform t hat has ever been introduced into this House . Proprietors of
factories may say that it is impossible for them to consume their smoke ; but the House may take my word for it , that if Parliament will say to them , ' Geritlemen , you must consume your smoke , ' they will perform the impossible achievement , and the metropolis will be relieved from a most intolerable nuisance . If ever there was . a case in which the prejudices of the few are opposed to the interests of the inany > the present is such a case . It is not to be tolerated that a few wealthy gentlemen , who happen to be the proprietors of factories , should compel two millions and a half of their fellow-creatures to swallow smoke . It is a nuisance which is prejudicial to the health and comfort of the community at large , and it is also liable to this objection , that it destroys the beauty of the metropolis , aad defaces our public buildings and architectural monuments . It injures all classes ; but is especially pernicious to th e
humbler orders , who are unable to open their windows and let in even such air as a great city can afford , lest their habitation should be defiled with smoke . The opponents of the bill are prompted to their opposition by prejudice and ignorance . But their prejudice is unfounded and their ignorance is affected . They know very well that nothing is easier or more practicable than to conform to the provisions of the bill . The nuisance which , for selfish motives , they desire to perpetuate , is one which , they are weH aware , is most prejudicial to the health , comfort , and physical enjoyment of two millions and a-half of her Majesty a subjects . I hope that Parliament will not back a knot of monopolists , to the prejudice of the community at large—( cheers)—but that they will give their sanction to a measure , the necessity of which is acknowledged by every man of candour and intelligence . "
After an attempt ( defeated by 66 to 12 ) to prevent the committal of the bill , the whole of the clauses were agreed to . DANISH CEOWN . Mr . Bxacketx wished to know whether the Government had any objection to lay upon the table the negotiations which had taken place on the subject of the succession to the crown of Denmark . Lord Palmebston said , the correspondence was exceedingly voluminous , extending over 6 , 000 folios , and its
production would lead to considerable expense . Much of it was not of the smallest interest at the present moment ; but he might explain in a few words how matters stood which led to the negotiations . There was a prospect of the Danish Kingdom being split up into three parts , in thd event of a failure of issue of the existing Sovereign , and these negotiations were opened to prevent such results . There would be no objection to produce portions of tho correspondence , but it would be useless to produce the whole of it . Mr . Blackett said he would state privately to tho Foreign-office such portions as he required . HACKNEY CA . BEIAGE 8 . A clause imposing a penalty of 20 s . on any cab-owner withdrawing his cab without ton days notice to the magistrate , has been added to tho Hackney Carriages Bill . Cabs are to receive a shilling for each mile traversed in a district lying four miles from Temple-bar .
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THE MORNING . All tho authorities , all tho dignities , and " nil the talents" of England , went down to Spithcail , on Thursday , to sco the Queen review her fleet . Tho morning gave happy promise of a fine day : the sky was slightly clouded , and there was a wind from the south-west , ft light rbynl-sail breeze . Portsmouth poured forth front overflowin g hotels , and crammed houses , tho thousands who had found sleep or shelter during the night , nnd several magnificent charges wero made by landlords and boatmen . Tho harbour was alive with craft of all
kind—cutters , luggers , sloops , yachts , and schooners ; tho famous clipper , America , and some grand mercantile . steamers , being distinguished among tho world of flouting things that waited with steady pantings , or dashed gaily to nnd fro upon the waters . As tho day advanced tho Hunshino glistened brightly on tho pleasant scone , that lay from the whito bench of South-« cii , behind which every mound , every hillock , every
rampart , every housetop , swarmed with spectators—to the opposite hIkho of tho lulo of Wight and tho pier of Ryde , covered with men , women , and children . Tho wind was now cast north-east , and tho dny was still fine , soft whito clouds floating placidly through the blue » ky . Hero lay tho fleet , duly unmoored and hove Hhort , and with the steam escaping in huge whito puffs-Thero was tho giant ship , tho mighty Duko of Wellington . Tho Admiral ' s flag-waved from her mast ; t ) ut
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Y 72 THE LEADER . tSAfcttfthit ^ ;
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THE NATION'S FLEET .
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Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 13, 1853, page 772, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1999/page/4/
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