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Cflnnirerriul SUTuira,
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Scheele was the first to note the special power of the violet rays in changing the colour of certain chemicals . His first experiment dates about the year 1770 j and the sensitive object he employed to demonstrate his theory was chloride of silver , a combination first hit on by the alchemists , who called it hma cornua . This very substance of " horn-silver , " despised by the alchemists of old as a valueless discovery , is orie of the most important of the salts used in the latest process of heliography . Scheele published , in 1777 , the result of his examination into the laws of actinism , showing that the discoloration of the salts of silver was effected neither by heat nor light , but b y distinct rays perceived in the highest portion of the spectrum . Dr . Priestly followed Scheele with remarks on the influence of these chemical rays on vegetation ; thus sounding the note for an important advance into an almost new field of discovery . * Senebier varied the experiments of Scheele by testing the power of the violet ray in bleaching : wax . He also furnished some valuable data which
Scheele had omitted from his treatise . The division of the spectrum , as regards the separate influences of the rays , into three spectra , was generally adopted from the period of Scheele ' s discovery . But , in 1801 , Bitter demonstrated the existence of rays beyond the spectrum . For a space of about equal to two-thirds of the whole spectrum there are rays , above the visible blue rays , possessing chemical power ; while , again , heat-giving rays exist , though to a less extent , below the visible red . It is , nevertheless , observable that the greatest chemical radiant power is found in the visible violet ; and also , that the chemical , luminous , and heat-giving rays overlap each other in . a way that we will endeavour to make plain , taking each influence separately . The chemical power , then , residing in the invisible rays above the spectrum , increases towards the violet , where it is at its height . It then diminishes
downward through the indigo , blue , and green , and is at ita minimum in the yellow , or luminous , rays . Still downward , it revives slightly in the rfcd » or heat-giving rays , and theKi again diminishing , becomes imperceptible a little below the spectrum . The luminous quality belongs to the whole spectrum , but is chiefly found in the yellow rays . The power of heat alsd exists throughout the spectrum , being faintly perceptible in the extreme violet rays , but only moderate even in the yellow , and intensified in the extreme red . The same year in which Hitter published Ms discovery , much attention was newly directed to the subject ; Desmortiers giving the result of his
experiments with Prussian blue ; Bookman remarking the different action of the chemical and heat-giving rays on phosphorus ; and Dr . Wollaston confirming the statements of Eitter , respecting invisible rays acting on chloride of silver . The following year Sir Humphrey Davy , in conjunction with Wedgwood , succeeded in obtaining fixed images by the a gency of radiant power . This was effected by the solar microscope , the image produced being extremely faint . Moreover , these experimentalists could , hit on no plan of arresting the after influence of light on their sun ^ picturea . So , having made them the subject of curious and interesting papers , they gave up the practice as unavailing .
Until Niepce , all experimentalists failed in surmounting the obstacle which had brought Wedgwood and Davy to a stand-still . Berard ' s researches , in 1812 , were the most important ; but they rather tended to confirm and reconcile preceding discoveries , than to advance any especial branch of actinic science . In 1814 , JSTiepce , of Chalons , began to see the possibilities of the heliograph . He was not fortunate in realizing- them at first . He did not lose sight of them , however ; and so he went on , alone , for ten years , keeping in view what must have often seemed to him unattainable at last . There was a countryman of his , one Daguerre , who had turned to profitable account a rare skill in pictorial effects , combined with a knowledge of optics , which enabled him to heighten those effects into positive
illusions . London , Paris , and , indeed , many European cities , contained specimens of his marvellous power . Natural changes of atmosphere , light , climate , and season were imitated by Daguerre with a truth that could almost deceive . We may imagine the man to have grown sick at last of these transitory results , only productive of gaping Wonder , and quite opposed to the ends of true arfc . We have heard a story of his wife watching the changes of his mind , and fearing that he would go mad . It is said , that after a scientific lecture , s h e sought an interview with the professor , and , telling Mm that her husband had conceived the possibility of fixing shadows upon a tablet , asked anxiously whether such was not ; the dream of a madman .
Daguerre and Niepce at length came together . Niepce had then achieved some qualified success , and sent a paper , accompanied by speci-^ mcns , to the Royal Society of London . As lie kept his process a secret , nowever , tkcy could not , agreeably with their laws , receive his paper . But his heliographic specimens , on metal and glass , were distributed among collectors , and exist , to this day . Two years after Niepce sent these specimens ( some in the state of advanced etchings ) to London , he and ! Daguerre signed a deed of partnership , and the Daguerreotype in its perfected condition came of their joint endeavours . Q .
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BIKTHS , MARRIAGES , AND DEATHS . n , BIRTHS . <> n tho 27 W \ of October , at fl , Bays water-hill , tho wife of tho * ' < ml « inhop of Capo Town : a daughter . on tho 3 rd of Novombor , at Hodroyd , tho Hon . Mm . 11 . Monck-* ° n : n Hon . On the 4 th , atGTcon-&treot , Growvenor-ftqnaro , Madamo Lo Coeq : «» 8011 , <> n tho 7 th , at 1 . PrineoH-tfato , Hyde-park , tho Ludy Fanny "oward : aeon . v ) n tho 7 th , at Ballymoro Cantlo , Ilallinanloo , tho wifo of Henry i ^ r'iv- Km » - : a »» n - * ««! , , lo ' fcll > »< - Now Ferry , Liverpool , tho wlfo of Glarko Ah-» ^^ q ., fc ) oH « itor : a « on r . ., MAKIUAGKS . vm tho 12 th of September , at Nyneo Tal , I'last Indies , Jooolyn th i » Ctt »» l > ridijo , Lieutenant Second ( Jronadlors , third oon of » liS /• Ow > r K 0 . Piekard Cambridge , Uloxworth Itodtory , DorNet" <> . to Adeline Harriot , eldeat daughter of tlio lato Captain . 1 . « ij ^ niHdaino , ( Flfty-oiKftth I ) . N . 1 . ) , lato Commandant Second o 7 ™ lry » 8 eindlnVB Contmiront , and KTiinfl-daupfhtorof Lieutenant-«« norai Sir William Richard * , JCC . ft wwii i " " ''" ol" H « l > tomber , at Kurraohoo , Hoindo , W . L . Moro"Uior Kbo ., nocond in commuiul of tho First Kogirnent Hoindo j ^ ° ffiu at Horse , to Harriot , yonngOHt daughter of tho lato John " * & n . - Oolo « hiU . WarwlokBhiro . leonn i 8 th of Novomboc Albert ValUant Captain Bombay Aimy , " ° ooaa » urvlvin » uou of tho lato Bov . Philip Vnilliuit , rector of
Stoke D'Alborne , Surrey , to Giulia Isabella , younger daughter ol the late Colonel Maecroni , of Weybridge . On tlio 8 th , at tho parish cmireh of St . M ' artin ' s-in-the-Fields , Richard Vicars JJoyle , Msq ., son of Vicars Itoyle , ICs <[ ,, of Lcosonstrect , Dublin , to Elconore Anne , relict of the lato Sonor Don . ); icinto dc Salaa Quiroga , and daughter of William Hack , Km ) ., of Dieppe . On the Sfli , iit St . PunoraH Church , William Mortimer Buck , Esq ., of Kiln Hall , Garsdalo Sortburjrh , Yorkshire , io Fanny , third daughter of Hdward Maedoutfall , Eh ([ ., of Canulen-town . DEATHS . On the 4 th of September , Charlotto Amelia , wifo of Captain CharlOH Arthur Moore , First N . V . B ., and daughter of tlio lato William Oliver Shukcspcar , Ksq ., Madras Oivil Service . On the 2 (! tli of Oetobor , of cholera , after an ilhuwH of only "two days , Charlotte , tho wife ol'Otho Baron D'Endo , Chnmborliiin to his Majtwty tlio Kin ^ ofSaxony , and eldest daughter ofLicutemuit-General Sir John Forstor Fitzgerald , K . C . It , and M . P . On tho 5 th , at his lato residence , No . : f , Hnulenoll-plaeo , New North-road , of consumption , Mr . Henry Thomas , fin- nearly twenty years secretary to tho Royal Society for the Prevention ol Cruolty to Animals , leaving o . widow and youiitf family to doplorc their loss . On the 8 th , at St . Leonard ' H-on-sea , Matilda , wifo of tho Marches Brancalooni , of Gubbio , in the Komim States , daughter of tho lato Sir Bm \ jamin ifobbouso , Bart ., and mstev of tho Ki ^ h ) Hon . Lord Bnmghton , G . C' . B .
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* Professor Hirat ' s own remarks on the colouring matter of flowers not only possess a . great collateral interest for the student of heliography , but promise yaluaWe aid in bringing the art to perfection , inasmuch as the same train of experiments has led to a speculation on the possibility of reproducing natural colours on the sensitive tablet , by a modification of the means now used to obtain an image in one tint . Stepping aside for a moment from , our regular course , we may glance at a few interesting results of the latest experiments in actinism , affecting the juices of plants and flowers . Sir John Hersehel , whose observations Hunt quotes at length in Chapter V . section 6 of his treatise , first gives directions for expressing the juice of flowers , which may be easily done in most instances , by crushing the petals in a mortar , adding alcohol , and straining the pulp in a linen cloth . A few flowers , such as the Echolzias and Calceolarias , must be excepted from these directions . They require the addition of alkalies ; and others again of acids . The colours extracted differ—in most cases very considerablyfrom the natural hue of the flower . To take a few instances named by Hersehel ; the
red damask rose , of that intense variety of colour commonly called by ilorists the black rose , yields a dark slate blue ; as do the clove carnation and the black hollyhock ; a fine dark-brown variety of the sparaxis gives a dull olive green ; and a beautiful rose-coloured tulip a dirty blueish green . But trie most striking case of this kind is that of a common sort of poppy ( Papaver Rheum ) , the expressed juice of which imparts to paper a rich and . most beautiful blue , one of the most sensitive to ray-influence of all vegetable colouring fluids , and differing from most others in its chemical peculiarities . The heliographs taken by Hersehel on paper stained with the juioe of this poppy ( a semicultivated variety was used ) , are described as having a wonderful brilliancy and sharpness . Mr . Hunt ' s own researches convinced him tlAt the juices taken from leaves and flowers in the spring are more sensitive than the juices expressed from tho same plants in the autumn ; and that those plants which have been forced , or protected by artificial means , are more readily acted on than such as have grown in tho open air . The paper read by Mr . Hunt at one of the recent meetings of the British Association at Hull contained some curious details of his experiments .
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MONEY MAJHCKT AND CITY INTELLIGENCE . Friday Evening , November 11 , 1853 . Tun Consol account has just closed , and was vory heavy , for tho last two days having occupied almost the on tiro attention of the jobbers . 'Most of the Stock was earriod over at about 5 ) 5 , and ' since then tho prioo has declined , closing yesterday ( Friday ) at IMA (! , for money , and 1 ) 11 for Oth December account . Exchequer IHIIh 2 , and C > pin . As much as . 1-10 wan paid por cent . l > y tho hoars for carrying over to next account , but a groat deal of Stock was continued ai i ; tho public have largely bought , and eroatod a scarcity in tho market . Tho Wallor Mining Company luut published a report of a satisfactory nature , and tho shares have boon dealt in at g dis . Tlui Polkmoro Gold and Copper Mine has improved in public opinion , and have beon doa . lt in at 8-l « and \ pm . Tho following list of prices , compared with that of last week , will « how the iluctuntionH in railways , and other securities . Caledonians , M \ }; Cork and Haudon , 1 ! J , lf >; Eastern Coan-Uoh , lisi , HI ; lOuKt Lancashire , ( M , 0 <»; Edinburgh and Ghmgovv , fit ) , iJl ; Groat Northern , H 3 , HU ; Groat Southern and West ( Irelaud ) , 102 , 104 ; { Iron ! WoHtorn , H 14 , 82 J- ; Lancashire and Yorkshire , < 16 , « 6 J ; London and Blaokwall , 8 , 8 J 5 London and j Brighton , OK , 07 : London and North Western , 103 , 103 i ; Loll- ; Uon uud South Woutorn , 73 , 75 ; Midland . 011 , Olff : Oxford ,
Worf coster , and Wolverhunpton , 3 S , 40 ; Vale of Neath , 15 | , J- York Newcastle , and Derwiek , 6-t , 65 ; York and North , -174 48 * - , Eist Indian , 3 | j to ¦• I pm . ; Great Indian Poninsuhi , -Jtolipm < fraud Trunk Canada , shares and bonds , 3 if , 3 } din . ; Luxembourg ' !> , !) i ; ditto Railway , ( 5 , ti $ ; Northern of France , 33 ^ , 34 ; Puna and Lyons , 15 . V , 10 \» n . ; Paris and Strasbourg , H 7 J , 37 J ; South * Kastcrn of Franco , i dis . to par ; Western of France , 7 * to Hi pm . Aqua Frias , ¦§¦ , J pm . ; Ayiglo Col , % < lis . par ; Uritish Australian Gold , p ,, J < lis . ; Colonial Gold , g-, % - pm . ; Nngget , par , \ pm . LinaroH , . 11 to 13 ; Waller , {; , % dis . Australian Hank , 75 , 77 ; Chartered Bank of Asia , ] J , \ df ^ London Chartered Hank of Australia , i to 1 pm . ; Oriental Bauk ! ' !« , 49 ; London and Westminster , » 5 ; Union Bank of Australia . 72 , 74 ; Union of London , 10 J . ^ Australian Agricultural Land , 41 , 43 ; Crystal Palaoo , * , li pm North British Australian , -J , j-pm . j Peel Kivcr , } , $ pm . Scot ^ tish lnvoKtmont , li , I ' i pm . ; Van Dicman's Land , 14 & , Iflj . CORN MAUKET . Mark Lane , Friday , November J 1 , 1868 , Tho suppliCH of wheat and oats aro again liberal , but U * e > Iioldoi-H ol the former ask higher raten ; and though buj ' ora aro unwilling to comply , the busings * done is at tho lull priot *) <> f Monday , and in sonvo cases a » light advance has been realized . . IJarley in lfi . cheaper . No alteration in the value of oata . The prices of wheat arc { irmly maintained in the Dal tic porti * . Tho French markets aro rising , and the demand for Black Sea wheat is increasing . Out of 0 ( 1 shipw which left Odessa by tho last report , only four aro to the United Kingdom .
Cflnnirerriul Sutuira,
Cflnnirerriul SUTuira ,
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1 UUTISU FUNDS FOH TI £ K PAST WEEK . ( Cl ^ OHINd 1 ' JUOKS . )
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Satur . lAfond . Tuetd . Wedn . Thwr * . JPW < t , ' Hankfltock S 217 215 217 217 217 % 3 per Cent . Red » 4 \ n \ 1 ) 11 « . 031 .... " : > porOftnt . Oon . Aiih ..., » r > OfiJ OfiJ 1 ) 4 } « 1 § ... ., Consols for Account ... » 4 } 05 « » 5 jt « l-8 044 3 } por < " ! ent . An Ml l «« i »(( i 1 ) 5 tt 6 | Now 5 per Cents Long Ans . 1 H (» O I « f > -lflfi fi-l «; f » i 5 J India Sto <; k 2 M 2 ft 4 2 f > l Ditto Jlonds , X'KXM ) 3 p , 'i p 2 d Ditto , under X' 1000 S p 2 ( 1 p » r 1 'Ijc . UIIIh , . C 1000 ' ^ P 2 p 2 p 2 ]> 2 p Ditto , X'fiOO I <> 1 > B p 2 p 2 p l ) itto , Hniall ' _ 6 _ p 5 p _ .. .. . _ . 2 j > ... „ . KOHKIGN FUNDH . ( Xunv OfFioiAi . Quotation oiiuiKd tui W « ik vnduvo TiiintHDAY KvnifiifO . ) Ilra / ilinn 5 per Cts ., Xw . k . PortngiKino 4 por Conln .... 41 * Nov . Hi i ) Hi Uussinn B per Contti ., 1822 11 , 'J Cuba 7 per Cts . ( Matim / a lliis . siiiu ti |> or Cents Uh ^ and Sahanllla UoikIh ) ... 1021 . Sardinian lloitdn , 6 per Ct . i ) 2 Kcuudor HondH />| HpaniHh Passive Conv . ... 4 | ( Jrcnada Deferred 71 Spanish Commfttoo Cert . Moxioan 3 per ContH 2 fi | of C <> up . not fun m t ' oruvinnli porConU . ... 73 Vcnoziioln 3 ^ por Cowt * .... 9 %
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Inns and their Associations . —To the Hercules Pillars Squire Western sent his chaplain to fetch his tobacco-box . At an inn did dear old Parson Adams fall into one of the most dreadful of hi a dilemmas . Don Quixote and inns are imeparable : in an inn he was drubbed ; in an inn he was tossed in a blanket . Gil Bias received many lessons of practical philosophy in inns . In one did the sycophant praise him inordinatel y , and devour his fish and his omelettes ; telling him afterwards never to place confidence in any ono who told him that he was the eighth wonder of tho world . The first provincial letter of Pascal was written to a friend supposed to be lodging at an inn . Beaumarchais , the famous author of the Manage di Figaro , was arrested at an inn in Vienna by order of Maria Theresa . To step centuries back , it was also in a Viennese inn that our Richard the Lion-hearted was discovered and captured by his perfidious enemy , the Duko of Austria . The author of Manon Lencaut died at an inn ; and in an inn ( or at least a privato hotel ) in Bond-street died Laurence Sterne . It was hiH wish to die so , tended by the hands of strangers , *" d his wifih was accomplished to the letter . — ^ kmts ^ J ^ JIouschold Words . "
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NoTEMBEfc .. 12 , 1853 ] THE LEADER . 1101
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Leader (1850-1860), Nov. 12, 1853, page 1101, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2012/page/21/
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