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the interesting facts it contains , our readers will be glad to possess it WAR . Official returns of the number of persons kitted and . woujided , both in tie army and navy , in 22 years of war- Killed 19 , 769 Annual average , { ^ JJ ^» [ g | j J Total averag e , 899 Wounded . ' ... , 79 j 796 Annual average { £ ™ £ »^ JJ Total average , 3 , 623 LOSSE 3 IN PARTICULAR BATTLES . Waterloo Ctotal British killed on Killed . "Wounded . the field ) ... 1 , 771 5 , 892 Salamanca 388 2 714 -Vittoria 501 2 , W Talavera 670 3 , 406 . Lord Howe s victory 287 806 j £ » falg « 449 1 , 214 £ " v 218 677 Copenhagen 254 689 Jwossa 202 1 , 040 _ The official returns show that cJurjng the last 4 l months of the Peninsular War , whilst 24 , 9 S 9 privates died of disease , onlv 8999 di « d of wounds or were killed in . battle . Thedeaths during the campaign were .: —Of the privates , in battle , 42 per cent . ; of disease , 119 percent . ; of officers , 4 n _ battle , 6-6 per cent . ; of disease , 3-7 jper cent , per annum . 1 he average deaths in four battles—Talavera , Salamanca , Yittoria , and Waterloo—were 3-9 per cent , of officers , 2 * 11 of privates . In the Peninsular War there were generally 22 | p « r cent f mea absent on account of sickness , and a reduction of the proportions of sick to 6 per cent would have set free 10 , 000 mea from the hospitals , to be added to the effective force of
The highest increased charge for insurance of military Wiea during the Peninsular campaigns was 10 guineas per cent The extra premiums taken on the insurance of military lives in seme * in India and China are from 3 to 5 guineas per cent , governed , however , by the unfavourable chances of the climate to which the campaign leads , as well « s by the increased risks from battle . Tfee extra premiains on naval officers in hostile service is usually from 3 to , 5 guineas per cent ., governed by the consideration of the climate . PESTILENCE . Total number of persons killed by- cholera and epidemic diarrhoea in J . 848 ani 1849 , in England and Wales—_ tEHed 72 , 180 Ina number of attacks from cholera is estimated at two attacks to one death , ; Tbo numbers therefore would be Attacked 144 , 360 Of those attacked so many are permanently reduced in strength as to ba made more susceptible to the prevalent causes of disease , as to be subjected to premature deaths equivalent to the premature deaths and wounded in battle . Average annual deaths from preveutible » . e ., typhus and other zymotic diseases , from which well-managed public establishments and Improved dwellings are kept clear—115 , 000 Annual deaths from other causes eventually preventable in civil life ; those by violence , by improvement in tlie education and industrial training of manual labours , rendering them more discreet , by improvement in me arts , rendering processes and engines more safe , and T > y moral , religions , and physical training of intellectual labourers , less liable to mental aberations and to suicide . These deaths are from year to year nearly as they were aetuincd in 1848 , viz . : — Fractures "KsJ 4 , 170 Burns and scalds „ £ 2 , 761 Drowning 2 , 433 Hanging aud suffocation 1 , 069 Wounds , 542 Poison 444 11 , 419 Or more than eleven times as many as the average loss of Tife in battle . . ix ) sstts from choxkita and i > iarrh < ea dt particular districts , 1848 , 1849 . Metropolis , 1848 4 ind 1849—Cuoleia 14 , 139 »» » . „ Diarrlicea 3 , 849 Total killed 17 , 988 Of these 8 , 903 were able-bodied persons . Newcastle , 1853—Killed by cholera 1 , 543 Gateshead , „ „ „ 560 Total 2 , 103 Oa the medical inspectors being sent from the General Board of Health , to make preparations in the West Indies gainst the threatened visitation of the Asiatic cholera , appucaiion was made for insurances , T > ut none could be obtained from any respectable office in London under less thau 12 per cent , on the amount insured . Of the three , one was
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QUARANTINE AT NAPLES . The Times publishes a letter , signed " W . Ewart , " and dated " Cannes * January 3 rd , " showing the way in which British subjects are treated by King Bomba . The writer had lately returned from Naples ; and writes" from what he heard there . " It appears that a quarantine has lately been established on vessels coming from Marseilles to Naples . The passengers in the steamers ( the majority being generally English ) were stopped at Nisida , a small island opposite the promontory which divides the Bay of Naples from the Bay of Pozzuoli . On this island Btands a lazaretto , into which they were transferred ; they wore all mingled in one dreary room , without cpmpartmeuts , and without glass in the windows . In this place they were condemned to remain ten days . Among them were several English ladies . But the discomfort of their situation was converted into horror , when they found that , in the same building , and separated from their place of exercise by a low wall only , were 800 convicts of tlie
worst description . Tlio English passengers bad not been there long before they received an address from the convicts , stating themselves to be in a state of starvation and claiming pecuniary assistance . This letter ( 1 am told ) was accompanied by a hint that , unless the request were comp lied with , the convicts might probably pay them a visit . Though the request was granted , I understand that the passengers spent more than one miserable night under the uncertainty whether this threat might not still be accomplished . I also learn , from those who wore in the pluc « , that through the night dreadful cries were heard , more befitting the internal prison-house described by Dante than any modern receptacle , even for convicted felons . During the stay of our countrymen in this quarantine gaol several of tLie convicts escaped . The person who commanded , or controlled them , had m « n by his merit , having himself been a convict , guilty of eight acts of assassination . " Mr . Ewart very properly thinks that if these statements are correct , and there is no reason to doubt them , our Government is bound to interfere .
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THE GREAT SNOW-STORM OF 1814 . A correspondent of the Times hus forwarded to that journal some extracts of his diary kept in the year 1814 . They will be read with interest : — " At the time I resided at Highgato I was in the habit of frequently visiting London . The nrat snow was on tho 4 th of January . On tho GtL my diary says— ' The full of snow has been very great—a foot deepj at least , with severe frost . ' On tho 10 th it snowed nlmost incessantly . _ On the 14 th I observe— ' To the best of my recollection this is tho severest weather I havo known tinco I canio to London , in 1801- ' On the 18 th . — ' Much sriow fell lust night and this morning . ' 19 th . — 'Again much snow in tho night , ami ag * in this evening . Itoads very heavy . ' Thursday , 20 th . — 'Tho accumulation of snow , with Hie great quantity that fell during tho night , \ a so immense as to make- I ho ro . * ds almost impassable , and . in particular pinion , where drifted
by the wind , entirely Eo The mails have not yet arrived . |? f 4 fsSC « g chaises With rc and eight horses . ' I here make ^ observation— ' It is generally considered the deepest snow that has happened for 40 years . ' 22 d . — 'Somfof the York coaches came in . A few ventured out' Sundav 23 rd . — 'It was curioos to see hackney-coaches drawnTbv three horses , stage-coaches drawn by eight , wanrona KV
ten , &c / Monday the 24 th . — ' In the afternoon * Mt witt a friend to Fincbley-common to see the state of the roads . We found the snow all along the roads varying from two to five feet deep . Nearly 200 men were employed vC cutting through the deepest parts , and it was barely passable Terrible work for horses . I judge the average depth of snow fallen to be eighteen inches ., Received a letter to-day from a person who was surveyor of the turnpike-road from Dunstable to Hockliffe . He says , — 'At Chalk-hill the
snow has drifted to IS feet deep . From Dunstable to the hill it is 9 feet , and from the bottom of the hill to Hockliffe , 5 feet deen . I have employed 100 men four days to cut through it / We bad several snow-storms this day . ' 25 th . — Went to London . Crossing London-bridge about the time of low water , thence to Blackfriars appeared as ne mass of ice and snow , floating . ¦ The streets ia a worse state than the country loads . ' 26 th . — . ' A thaw commenced . * 31 st . — ' Had again a fall of snow and sharp frost . ' Feb .. 1 st * — 'Went to London . Walked to London-bridge . Saw persons ia all directions crossing the . water upon the ice . At Queenhithe there was a regular track , and there were several booths upon ifc , with fires . The appearance was singular It was a collection of masses of ice ' and snow , joined by the frost in the roughest manner possible ? those who were upon it could with difficulty proceed , from the craggtaess of its surface . ' Feb . 8 th . — ' The snow has greatly disappeared the last three days . '
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THE STRIKES . The strikes continue with varying fortunes . The locked-out hands at Preston continue to receive considerable support , and seem as staunch as ever . At Wigan , Mr . Eckersley , one of the most important masters , seceded from the association * and has given an advance . The hands came in pretty freely . They hope to compel the other masters to begin work again . . ; Meanwhile , resolutions passed at a meeting of manufacturers on Tuesday , in favour of subscribing 5 per cent , upon tlie wages paid by all mills now at work in aid of the Preston masters , in order tot defray the current expenses' of tnelr establishments while they are engaged in the struggle with the operatives , are meeting with very general approval ; and at a meeting of the Manchester Masters' Association , held on Thursday , it was unanimously resolved that they should join the other associations in this contribution . - :
The paper war at Preston is kept up-with great vigour . Mr . Hollins tried the effect of opening his > mill at the old prtees , but no one came . He then issued an address to the public . He shows that where the average earnings of a loom per week in 1847 were 3 s . 9 d ., ia 1853 they were 6 s . Id . The working time is also less . "In explanation of these statements , " he says , "I should add that the 1853 list includes a bonus of 10 per cent ., which for * two years „ past I have been in the habit of giving to my hands whenever their earnings' for the month have exceeded 40 s . ; thus proving that I Lave always considered that the more my weavers earn the greater "the benefit to my business . I have coffered , and still do offer to pay the rate upon whieh the latter statement of wages was earned ; higher than that I cannot ajOford to pay , having reference to the demand for that particular class of goods which I manufacture . On the occasion of a second interview with my hands , last week , they brought to me a list of prices of sevem . sorts of cloth as paid by Messrs . JSTapier and Goodair , and asked me if I was content to adopt that scale . I declined to institute any comparison , between my mill , or my trade , or my prices , * and those of any other firm , but I am perfectly satisfied that the average weekly earnings of my hands at the . prices which I offer them would be quite as much as those obtained at any of the mills in this town now giving what is called 'the 10 per cent . ' That I am * master having deeply at heart the well-being of my operatives is a character which , I believe , I bear among those of the working classes who served m » at Stockport during a long period of years . Mjr constant maxim in trade has been to give the best pay and obtain the beat work . Ever since I commenced business in this town my wages have been constantly on the rise ( to what extent I have stated above ) , and I have never been unwilling to give my workpeople a share of any prosperity that might come to myself . Although I belong to no combination myself , and utterly disapprove of them as be-r getting a mischievous interference with the delicate relations of private business , I exact no stipulation from the operatives in respect of their union , being persuaded that wluin . t " hey better understand their own interests they will voluntarily abandon it . Under these circumstances I appeal to the sense of justice of the public and operatives of this town whether it is just that wages should be exacted from
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January 14 , 1854 . ] T HE L E A fo fe R . ^ 3
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• Sir Richard Heneran , formerly head of the field train department of tho allied armios under tho command of the Duke of Wellington , states , in a work narrating his military experience during eeven years' campaigns throughout the Peninsular war : — ' * Allowing half tlie . shots served out to havo been fired at the battle of Vittoria , 3 , 675 , 000 rounds woro tired against the onemy , of whom 8000 wore killed or wounded—consequently , only ono muskot-shot out of 459 took effect ; and this calculation excludes the injury inflicted on tho enemy by 00 pieces of artillery , which , on tho average , tlrod . 73 rounds of shot and shell catcli , making a total of 0370 rounds . The cavalry woro but slightly engaged during that day . At ever ^' battfo Jn the Peninsula , except JJarosaa , tho Jivuthor remarked tho same undue expenditure of ammunition in relation to the small extent of damage . " t Of these 54 , 3 l > 7 woro nblo ~ bodied pernona , and of an age to get their own living , being between tho ngt-sof 15 and GO ; but it is known that tnoro was mucli omission and falsification of returns , and that thoso amounts are undvr-stateaicals of tho fatality of the disease .
so reduced by the climate that he died immediately on his return , and another had a dangerous attack of yellow fever . Of the medical mea engaged in the actuul visitation and treatment of the severe epidemics , as many as 12 per cent , have died , in some instances as manjr as 20 per cent , have been killed . The secretary of the London City Mission Society states ¦ cthar ; though the missionaries have many of them previously been born and bred in poor districts , and accustomed to hard and trying labour , a-considerable number of them are continually laid aside , and very many who promised best have to give up altogether in a few years . Indeed , very few of them , with all these advantages , can stand many years' work in the really bad districts of London , althoueh 36 hours '
visiting each week is all which is required of them . We sustain as much loss of life and health in prosecuting missionary work in London as those societies do , the object of which is to send missionaries to foreign parte d many of which are notoriously unhealthy . This is a reproach to the metropolis of onr country . There are some districts respecting which we almost feel sometimes a question whether we ought to expose the health and life of men by placing them on them ; and there are other districts o > n which missionary after missionary has broken down , when located there , while even in a large number of our districts tie energy , strength , and vigour of our missionaries becomes impaired -by tn « ir constant exposure to impure air . The widowhood and orphanage from pestilence , inasmuch
as there is always a large proportion of married adults attacked , are immeasurabl y greater in . proportion to the-gross numbers of killed than in war . In 1842 ,, on an enumeration , it appeared that there were then 27 , 000 cases of premature widowhood , and upwards of 100 , 000 orphans , then chargeable to the poor rates , from preventiblo causes . In the returns from 12 unions , where there bad been 11 , 17 . 0 deaths from cholera , it was fotind that there were 3567 widows and orphans chargeable to the epidemic cholera of 1848-49 , and an expenditure for only four years * relief of 121 , 000 * . In the same proportion for the whole of the 72 , 000 deaths , the total number of widows of the class falling into destitution would be 23 , 000 , and the four years' charge of them 780 , 000 / . - The total expense of funerals is estimated ait 500 , 00021 , and
the total private , as well as public , expenses of that one epidemic at not less than 2 , 000 , 000 / ., notwithstanding extensive checks and mitigations . Taking as the test of the obtainable rate of mortality the rate obtained in good old dwellings , improved b y self-cleansing drainage works , as well as by improved supplies of water , as well / as in the new model dwellings , namely , 13 in a thousand ( the common average of the whole kingdom being 23 in a thousand ) , the total annual losses from preventible disease , from lost labour by premature death . ana excessive and premature sickness , and the expense of excessive numbers of funerals , is under-estimated at 12 , 000 , 000 / . per annum , or about the total annual charge of the entire army and navy .
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Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 14, 1854, page 33, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2021/page/9/
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