On this page
-
Text (5)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
¦* M « -.- ' . U-j ^ UL- . . ; , " . ; . : ' *> && - -flM . ^~ b ^ dwi t ^ sa of commeix ^ l grotmds . A people niiriE ^ i ^ ffgngQiB ^^^ . its own laws , may fairly tlfssj ^ f ^ y ^^ < ffi $ ryTarae-4 > odied nian , answerable S § iilj ^|| p |^ ft # ^ ' his dependents , ougfct to llft ^ LM ^ c ^ ftcoapation , and that if large classes p ^ gt ^^ p ^^ l ^ . pflier-. classes are getting ^^^^' uEQ ^ istioe . . - So it is ; there are many bad |^ lij ^||^^ i $ ^ t ^ rv « &d .. particularly laws for Uie jlCOtockioii of credit ^ of capital , and of commercial iiSwt «| : ir 3 bfe % ^ K ^< % H # eedqm <> f < bn- < tar *** Vbetw « en man and man , and are totally
inwlplM J ^ er rat to do mth this ? It is a qtt ^ Qn between the working roan and the State . 5 M ^ M ^ lii ^^ OT k ! ng maiLis ^ tiia ^ Re state aU ^ f ^ and mates no account of him . ^ y | -B | 0 l |^;^ ttaf | ndmflaence-. orpower . He cannot ta ^^ aenctt with gold ; and te has neglected of . $ ji $ jjjppyyj ^^^ , 4 is ? - interested appeals to the national interest ; as supe-^^ jp ^ v . ^ ffc T ^ j © fc another reason . - £ , c ©«»^ ejdstfl in ^ cMhe ^ ° * % " ^ at ^ ojf
e > wmseifi ^ ifcQ .
^^^^ Pf ^<^* tatt ^^ fi 4 d ^ SWBttipeiftN ^ MliiM * s ^^ *« & m % £ :. JF » coan ^ y » g * m iOiMriil ¦! i « r « niaiiilii ViTiT ^ Tinnft inflnnnrn - Ttv nil « r »« r »«
^^^^^^^ ' ^^^^ ||^^ i ^ « | P ^ t . | fe ,. dpw 3 i . * ; ¦ Plainly that ^ SiiSpife ^^ l ^^ i 61 ^ ^ ^*^ P mmm& ^ SM ^^ j ^^ ¦*¦*• •»*** nMMikMf of snch&f discussion ? *> $ ; & . ¦ v . -4- ^ - 'ff » < tk * ' i / i - .-i ' Tiiu ^ , " ¦ , . ,... | . li .... i .,. . ,,.
Untitled Article
mB ^ i ^ & cvGTtt TmEss in Americ a ? ' ^^^^^^ . ¦ ¦ ¦^ nwil ^ soii ^ ^ arJUe from trifles , and it i » with the deepest regret that we ; read the following paragraph m the ^ ne « of Thursday : ~ - « * T « Ai ^ RioAW MiwiarKB . -- It was inadvertentl y ¦ bitod ia tl »^ r * ii »«» of yesterday morning that the American l | iB $ » t ( afrw ^ P * e «^ tribune , ia evenfrg dp ^ -p £ ; th ^ HaaM of Lords yesterday , upon the opening of fttfil ^ t brJicir Majesty . Neither the Minister nor any rikfabet "' -ISF tneiegatiOJi was present ; information having fte ^ sent by the Mastor of the Ceremonies that members of tbe ^ djpinatic corps most appear in fall Court dress , which cannot ^ Mwotn bjr the Anwrfcan legation without disregarding inrfnwtioaay
Here are England and America divided upon the most ridiculous trifle which could engage the attention of states ! We do not- propose to allot th&comparative merit to the two parties in the dispute ; England makes a gold lace coat an essential in communing with the great states , of the m > rld on , high occasions ; and America cannot jump over the gold lace to enter the cominniuon * England renders great questions of fttate'subservient -to a coat , but America does no
to be deterred by the difficulties of a war from cementing an important alliance . The same question ' arose "when Judge Douglas had . his interview with the Czar , of which somewhat tumid accounts have reached the journals . Mr . Douglas arrived in St . Petersburg after having been * * down south . " The Emperor learned of his arrivaly _ ahd wished to treat him with distinction . Judge jbouglas , we have reason to suppose , had no reluctance toIfe treated with distinction . The imperial solicitude even provided a special suite of rooms for the republican judge at a place during
the military review where rooms were scarce ; the republican judge deigned to occupy the suite thus opportunely provided . Bat in the meanwhile , before , embodied Russia and impersonated Young America had met on the plain ^ of Karsnoe Selo , a question arose as to the poslsibiUty of admitting any one within courtly precincts in mufti . u Tt ia , " said Count Nesselrode , an imperative law that no one should go to court except in cotu * t dr ^ au * If ^ abreach of thelow was impossible hi the rB . ussia 4 i : Court . the dinicialty of donning a
couripa ? % suit w ^ b insuperably io the republican . The point was discussed , but t | ie tFndge could not overcoine iihe scruples of his democratic pride . Very iasp ^ i ^ l ^ pjsit ; gfve up t ! ie r pJeasure . The astute Russian ISEihister-was very sorry ,. too . To catch a ^ ve J ^ erlcan , and to Identify him with the coj ^ r teitt ^ of thji JLutocralic ^ Qurt , were telBng incidents , the opportunity for which was iiot to be lost ;; and great are the resources bfRussian policy
. ** S ^ O | j , criea JSeaselrode , " perhaps we do not understand eact other . I ^ rhaps w ; e are not rie dprocally clear as to what we mean by a ' court ; di ^* "! , 1 ^ hal . ; ; . & a court ifeesf f * £ he T&uperm v ^ e ^ ^ ctthat ^ costume which von would wear when' yoa are received by your own President . " " " ' ' - ' ^ Q&f * ^ cr ^ d the Judge ; « if I were eomg to j ( l ( o , ^^ t e ^ Bfou ? ej'T should go exactly aslam . " r ^ p ^ j ^ M&rf ^ iJie bpw | i 3 | g : ChahceUor , &at is a court dress . "
less ; the difference only is , tfaat England does it pofitivel ^ i but America negatively . Beaideci ^ he question of dignity , of merits , or allegorical importance in gold lace as typifying national greatness , splendour , munificence , and higb-niindedness—setting aside these considerations , there is a question of policy , and let us simply offer to the attention of English statesmen the conduct of other powers , Whose admitted sagacity or whose wily astuteness this country has
had recent occasion to appreciate . The same question arose in France . A difficu £ . ^* " * admitting the American Charge d'Affaires en bourgeois ; but when he actually appeared—when some of the courtiers shrunk from the phaenomenon the effect of which they could not foresee—the Emperor stepped up to him , personally singled him out , shook him by the hand , and avowed the imperial adinirution for the greatness of the republic . Louis Napoleon i 3 not
Untitled Article
THE LANCASHIRE STRIKES AN 3 > IiOCK-OXTTS . IX - LANCASHIRE COTTON-SPINNING . Tidb history of the cotton manufacture , so entirely involves aU the principles illustrated bythe present , anomalous position of Lancashire , and is , indeed , so intimately ( though , in some cases , remotely ) connected with all the points at issue in the dispute , that a comprehensive surrey of it will be neither misplaced nor uninteresting at the outset of this inquiry . One fact alone places
Lancashire in an exceptional position at regards all the other counties of England , its rapid increase of population , and -to account for this we must understand something of the wonderful ratio in which its cotton manufacture has increased ; From the Census of 1851 , we learn that the population of Lancashire has increased daring the preceding half-century from . 673 , 486 to 2 , 031 , 236 , or two hundred and one per cent . ; -whilst the average increase of the forty-three English counties , during the same period , was eighty-nine and a half per cent ., and that of Middlesex was
- —^—^~ " ™ ™^^»^ BB ^ PHgBBB »^^^^^ 2 then distinguished for little besides their simplicity and the indomitable perseverance with which the early cotton-factors struggled against the difficulties of their position . At that time every cottage among the wild hills of Lancashire was furnished with its one-thread spinning-wheel s and the good wife sitting at the door when the domestic labours of the day were concluded , and . adding by that means to the slender earnings of the family , furnished the poet with the attractive ; picture of ' * Contentment sitting at her Spinning-wheel . ' * The husband , or perhaps the next , door neighbour
would have , after 1670 , his new-fangled Duteh loom in the ingle , and thus under one roof would sometimes be contained the perfect germ of a modern cotton-mill . The factor , taking his rides about the country , visited these modest homesteads , distributing linen warp * and a proportional quantity of cotton-wool , returning months after to receive his dunities , his jaconets , and his calicoes . There are foolish people who look back fondly upon these times with affectionate regret , and talk about the superior condition of . the operative under that regime . Let the story develop itself .
About the middle of the last century the . cotton manufacture had got into a dilemma * ; one-half of it was outstripping the other ; the art of weaving had got so mnch in advance of that of spinning , that the weavers could not ; get enough money for the perfected work to enable them to satisfy the demands of the spinner . The practice was to give the warp and the raw cotton to the weaver , and he employed the spinner to make the latter into weft . To some extent , therefore , he was at
the mercy of the spinner , and as the spinners were even then a united hody ^ and 7 had then ? union , We are told that the weavers dared not to complain of the-tyranny exercised over them , lest the spinners should strike against them , and keep their looms in a state of inactivity . It appears certain , therefore , that had it not been for Hargreaves and Arkwright the progress of the art would have been stopped '; but , happily , these men , were ready for their time .
It was in 1760 that James Hargreaves , a weaver at Stanhill , near Church , in Lancashire , invented the carding-engine , and he , in conjunction with the grandfather of the late Sir Robert Peel , erected carding-engines , for carding cotton , at Blackburn * Seven years afterwards , this ingenious mechanic invented the spinning-jenny , incomparably the greatest stride ever made in the progress of any particular branch of art by any one invention . It
is said that the idea was suggested to him by seeing a spinning-wheel continue its motion for some time after it had been overset . The story is pretty , but I fear it must be classed with that of JNewton and the apple * and Callimachus and the acanthus . It is sufficient to record the stern faeffthat , in 1767 , Hargreavea constructed a very rude spinning-jenny , containing eight spindles , which he subsequently enlarged to eighty .
It was in 1769 that Bichard Arkwright , a Preston barber , obtained his first patent for a spinning-machine , the principle of which consisted in combining the drawing process , by means of two rollers , with the spindle and fly of the domestic spinning-wheel . The rollers here were made to do the work previously allotted to the finger and thumb , and the story goes that this part of the process was suggested to him by seeing a red-hot bar of iron elongated by pressure between two rollers . Richara Arkwright also improved the carding-engine , by substituting a toothed metal plate for a roller with tin plates , fixed like the floats of a water-wheel . The effect
of this was to take the cotton ofF the cards in a uniform continuous fleece , and it constitutes one of the most beautiful operations in the whole art of cotton-spinning-. It has been objected against Richard Arkwright that he was not the original inventor of these machines ; that he was no mechanic ; that he stole his ideas from John Kay , a Warrington watchmaker : that , in fine , he
committed every crime that is usually charged against a man who is found guilty of being successful : — but it is quite certain that an attem p t to upset his patents upon these grounds miserably failed in the Court of King ' s Bench ; and it is clear that whethor he were the original inventor or not , ho was the first man who had the practical genius to render those principles effective , and , if for that
only one hundred and thirty per cent . Some cause or causes far more potent than the common laws that govern population must have been at work here I Before the middle of the last century the only machinery used for the production of cotton yarn was the common spinning-wheel . This was one step in advance of the primitive distaff and spindle , and is thought to have been introduced into this country about the reign of Queen
Elizabeth . It is a strange and noticeable fact that , however much cotton-spinners may have departed from the form , they have never abandoned thd principle of the spindle and distaflf : —the carding-engine , drawing-frame , stubbing- frame , roving-frame , and mule , are nothing but developments of the simple principles illustrated b y the ancient distaff and spindle . The new machinery does the work better and quicker , but it does the same things , and , as nearly as possible , in the
same way . At a very early period the county of Lancashire became celebrated for ita cotton manufactures . Mr . Lewis Roberts , in a book entitled The Treasure of Traffic , published in 1641 , says , " The tpvvn of Manchester buys cotton-wool from London that comes from Cyprus and Smyrna , and works it into fustians , vermilions , and dimities . " But the processes and management of tho trade were
Untitled Article
i ; : ¦ ? ' ¦ . Mi . . yH& LEADER [ Saturday ,
Untitled Article
• Before Arkwright invented tho spinninK-fnune a \ ftotton stulFa wore mado with flax warps ; tlioso being stronger and smoother than cotton yarn could tHon . Da in ado .
-
-
Citation
-
Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 4, 1854, page 110, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2024/page/14/
-