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principal objects of those -who desire the improvement of the working classes ; and , if for that alone , the * co-ftperative niill system is deserving < af the highest consideration . The expenses of living being then cheaper in Preston than , elsewhere in the Cotton District , the question . naturally arises : —Should the working classes take all , or only a part of this advantage ? This is one of tlie hidden causes of dispute between the masters and operatives of Preston . Som « of the masters consider that because the
cost of living is so cheap in Preston , that therefore- labour should be cheap in proportion ; and although this is wrong in theory , it practically works out a correct result . Labour may be a marketable commodity , but its price should be regulated by its own supply and demand , and not by tie supply of anything else . If the demand for ^ Labour be very great , and the supply very small , it is obvious that its Talue will rise until it can sise no longer , whatever may be the price of food . But then it must be observed that , where the jpriee of food is low , there will the multitudes Sock ; there , too , will Capital settle ( for Plenty always comes to Plenty ) . Aaad where Capital
Q&aes , the demand for Labour increases , and - « o , by the operation of these much ^ abused principles called the Laws of Political Economy ,, Labour keeps its natural value ^—wMch will always be sUjijutly depreciated where fqod is cheap , because the supply of Labour is sure lo be abundant . l ^ he advantage widen such a neighbourhood possesses over jotfeers less fortunately situated , constitutes the attractive power wtiicn it possesses for Capital and Enterprise . When a « apit » Ti * t intends to embark Mb money in the cotton trade , he selects that neighbourhood which appears to
of persons relieved weekly by the Weavers' Com- ' mittee has steadily increased , since the 29 th © F bast October , from eight thousand to upwards of ten thousand , and even the spinners £ the most opuleiit of the unionists ) tave swelled their number from 2168 to nearly 3000 . These facts very materially strengthen the presumption that , as a general rule , the Preston operatives are not so seriously dissatisfied -with their condition as to seek relief by emigrating to other parts of the Cotton District . It may be i urge 4 , that locomotion is not so very easy for those who find it
difficult to procure necessaries ; lut it is to be remembered that 'Blackburn * and many other active communities , are within easy walkingdistance of Preston . The truth is , that it requires a very- great temptation to persuade any very large body of operatives to emigrate ; bound to a place by their connexions , their sympathies , their predilections , and even their debts , the great mass
of tk « operatives strike root deep into the soil where they fall . Tke settler in Preston generalfly stays there so long « s he can find employment ; his cfc&dren go on to Blackburn or Bolton , and theirs again to Manchester ; but those who ta , lk about Labour being a " marketable commodity , "" must use the term in -a general sense ; for the operative is not to be catted about the country Eke a Taate of cotton or a sack of wheat . James ILowb .
him to possess the greatest number of advantages ; cheap labour , cheap land , * cheap living , aaid cheap transport The investment of capital intbe neighbourhood of Preston , during ihe last twenty years , lias increased far more rapidly in proportion , than in Manchester and its neiglibourhood ; and one great cause is -the relative cheapness of labour . Two principles , therefore , appear to be plainly educed : first , that the employers of labour are not entitled to offer leas wages because food is cheap ; and secondly ,, that wages -will inevitably cheapen
themselves whesaever and wherever cheapness of food attracts a plentiful supply of labour . There is one very good reason why the average of ear nings at Preston should be below those in other parts of the Cotton District , and this is , because it is the first halting-place for the emigrant operatives . It is very intelligible that raw hands , new to the business , should spoil more work and manufacture less doth than the more practised hands , and these drawbacks necessarily affect the average earnings of the town . The further you go into
the Cotton District the better ypu find the condition of the operatives . Born and bred in the business , the weaver of Manchester and of Stockport is far more expert than the average Prestonian , ^ an d as he can work at a much higher speed of driving-power he produces much more work in the same period of time . I do not mean to say that there are not many first-rate operatives in Preston , but it is a well-known fact that the geaeral run of Preston hands are not preferred further on in the Cotton District . Since the
commencement of the lock-out , some spinners , who emigrated to Blackburn ,, have left their employment thero and returned to Preston ; the alleged reason being that in Blackburn the average speed of the mules being four draws per minute , and in Preston only three-and-a-half , they could not get through their work with any comfort to themselves .
A very strong corroborative proof of these ¦ statements may be dorived from the statistics of the present lock-out . Although Emigration has considerably diminished the numbers of those who na , vc been utterl y destitute of any other support than that afforded by the parish , it has done absolutely nothing towards thinning the ranks of those to whom the union has supplied about forty per cent , upon their customary wnges . Tlic number
• In the outskirts of many iowns , whore the land has i ! ° ^ ii USo < * * agricultural purposes , any man desiring to brrtld a factory , tnay pot tho nitelitorally for nothing . The inceeano of tho value of tho surrounding land is , of course tho cause of this . " + A remark made by Mr . T . Millar , nt a dinner given by U > o Mayor of Fronton about tho comuioncmnint of the lockout , haa boon frequently quole < l of late ; nairioly , that in / us opinion the Preston operatives wore tfut best operatives ti * . Lancashire . Kvon assuming however , that this was not a post-prandial flourish , it should bo observed , that Mr . M-Ular n work is of that description that his overlookers can engage none but very good hauda .
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SEffcVIA AND TtfEl ^ EtrSSpXSREEK t ^ ONSPHfi&CT / The telegraph reports the ( SBcorery of a conspiracy , "with the object of raifcrng an insurrection tooBw the populations- on the batiks of the © affiibe ; . jPhe nature of the conspiracy is abt stated , but lite existence of a conspiracy has for some time been well known , and there is no-doubt that the region is ripe with treachery of more than one land . The word " Greek" has many . acceptations , for it includes all that lies between the Greek revival of Athens and the Greek orthodoxy of St . Petersburg .
While Russia and Turkey are lighting for possession of the Danube , the Sclavonian populations cannot but he busily engaged in discttssiag their own interests ; and while it is probable that the experiment of Russian rule in Moldo-W ^ l lachiA will hardly be thought more palatable than the Turkish rule , we may remember that the Greeks , like the ass in the fable ., take but an imperfect interest in the conflict between the two forces ; either of which , according to past experience , would "be a hard master . It is true that , in the -present day , the most bigoted Sclavonian
must admit the Turk to be in effect tttorc lenient to his subjects , theologically , economically , as vrell as politically , than the Russian . But if the Servian and Wallachian populations are arriving i at some sense of Turkish improvement since the : reign of Sefim the Third , we must not forget that out of the efforts of the Sclavonians to achieve ' their own liberties has sprung a power of the native chiefs which has in itself become an object of ambition , and that the leadership of the Sclavonians is now a prize sought through various menus , direct "or tortuous , by the chieftains "who gamble- in the rise or fall of states .
—^—¦¦¦———¦—— ^ » * geant--major in the Austrian army and aBujdii ^ , or robber chief , was called to command tie , pwpr ~ - reetionary forces of Servia , and -cWefepwL' aji extraordinary genius in driving out the Tujfl ^' ^ fe-Servians recognised the transitory freedom . > anfl independence which they then enjoyed , y » tfafr result of their own revolutionary yj £ < iu £ , iSYhegi intoxicated by power , Czerny Jury ^> ecam $ uji £ despot that revolutionary leaders so often bocpm ^ he was regarded as lapsing into *' Tuwdsh , ' 'despotism . He wad dxivea away br bis succewoar ,
Milosch Obrenowitsch , to expiate his errorf io , | bp prison asylum of , a Hajig&ri&n resi ^ fi ^ 6 ^ : ^^^ Austrian protection ; and thus Semi a ^ m ^ rjeijo vered her liberty by her » rmed prowess . ,. ,. -J ; jl . ^ a Milosch , was recognised by the Turkfi ^ $ & ) $ ! $ in the attempt to make a tool , of ijm ^ . ' l ^ aWB used to induce other leaders to submit , ^ jl >| if though authorised to promise them lademnitv ^ yjfk after they surrendered , lie had themortincation < oi seeing them , to the number of SOO , we believ& executed before his eyes , whilejuanjrw ^ re ictually impaled . Milosch , escaped fromJb ^ s tocani al ^ € s Again aroused the cuerjlla . bands .. p j |^ B ^> % ja | d d > ove fbiththe TurBsK wiaie | Cj »| i ^ TOS ^
haa been marked by the mMt intolerable crueities and outrages . A- ^ n , Serbia ^ t that her hpnota-, her inaependjence , and Wfe ^ ' ^ rmiWmm ^ W ^ own rigfct hand . Thetle ^ iny of revolu ^ o « ary di * - -tinction fell tipon MiloBch ; he alsobGC ^ e * ' ty * W ^ and was driven forth fry . ^ AF ^ i »^ y y ^ " ^^ ijiwMi"i » , The temporary return Qdf € aenlfjr Jtiry ^ , wk © libft assassinated , and the election ofV Alexander K « a Gepr ^ evitsch , son of tie pm ^^ iMm vicissitude to the history , but can scarcely ^« ija » to the ServiAos the memory tTwt ^ tule tner w ^ re strong they secured safety for theroiselvea , and wott strong they secured safety for tbeiniselves , and trob
even the respfect of TNil $% : ' ' pii ^ e ^ tnf ' af'M ^^ Ander some degree of internal i ^ rlsvemeiit EtfS been realised , and Turkish SuEeretttet ^ feprGwdtb be ^ ompatibre with ^ p ^ c ^ c ^ 3 Bd «» eailenceV % > Sut 2 k £ ilosch' survives , andlte hfMHioii rjeg ^ jjifMg on his Wallachian estate * , under , the TurlriaJi rulej or hovering about Vienna . while ;^ e J&B £ ference was fitting . Tfcere has ^© i : , b ^ e « a " ^ mo | $ [ eir illus < yio « s intriguer makifjg enigpm ^ oiinoTe ^ aenim Gaj , who took up the Pau-SciaTOiQiia ^ ; idea ^ and who has been the miiiister of' j ^ plcgfeh ,-jS ^ yk
yanous times been arrested by Ax ^ trmn' officers , and expelled from Austrian territory . Hii « r ^ rest has been followed "by fai&la 0 um 6 &i ^? M ? f days , his expulsion was nei ^ er inr ^ 'iMr siiddeBv and these apparent hostilities tmHb ^ : ^> M * f « f jkvmr tria are regarded as Bhww , X& $ ! h& 3 faik $ 8 the ^ fre * t missonary pf the Panr&i ^ iirpniAn . ^ 6 ^^ through which Russia vforjes ,, A ^~ fi | 3 loaic | t . Wbj > now revives his claim of cmeflainship m Serytju as the anti-Turkish leader / haa bejm ' reftdHctt in Wallacbia , where is formed that Greeklegiphtoact as an auxiliary with Russia , wtiotte 1 * 8 ^ it &i £ li
scale of magnificence . ¥ rtni & ocntifieli wtfr receives four ducats a day , down to tfce priviii soldier , whose pay is about twenty jwace fcday-4 about the pay of a Ibutsia cwptoi » -f- ^ ev « ry rfwlf receives emolument proportionate . Wit | i , Milo )| c | and Craj it may be xeadpy aup ^ ppfled jfrat JRtfsj || has other means at work in Christian ! Xur ^ ejv {| uuDi her Gortschakoffs and armies ; ap d ^ tl ^ at sometWeif , whole provinces may suppose thenifjelves to w struggbng entirely for their own in . aepaijA'en ' ce tma advancement , while they are reaHV c ^ pl || tiUrtink the true source of their promised liWtks ; % nd are subservient to the most cruel despotism in fci * world .
In thip respect not one of the Turkish provinces presents the Sclavonian problem with more distinctness and precision than Servia . Her traditions of Turkish rule are sufficient to make the Christian abhor it ; and although from London , or from the diplomatic haunts of Pera , Turkey may be viewed as a power becoming imbued with European ideas , and as reforming its rule , it is quite natural that in Belgrdae any improvement in the condition of Servia , in safety or independence , will be ascribed not to any abate men t of Turkish insolence , but to the exertions which the Servians know their chieftains to have made to free
them from their Turkish tyranny . The conduct of Turkey herself , —such is the inevitable misconstruction even of the most public actions , —must have contributed to give the Servians erroneous notions . If the Janissaries constituted a force which Scliin himself wished to put down , they still represented in Servia the most hateful form of Turkish exaction and tyranny ; and Servian sagacity can scarcely penetra . U ; through intervening events to discern in the suppression of the Janissaries tlie desire of the Porto to reform its worst abuses , and to approach nearer to European , government . When Czerny Jury , alias Kara Georgewitsch , the peasant patnciiui swineherd , who had been successively ij , aer-
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THE NORTH AUSTRALIAN EXPEDITION : Government has determined to take into it * own bands the expedition to explore USTorthern Ajm * tralia . The cause of this determination , although * we are not aware that it has anywhere be « n stetedj , is pretty well understood . The p lan for exploring the wtole of Northern Australia , the _ western « 9 well as the eastern half , originated with General Haug , and in its general purpose it was adopted by tlie Geographical Society . ^ On consideration , howev « r , in deference to the views of persona connected with Australia , it was thought better , in th $ first instance , to limit the expedition to the eastern half , and some other modifications were made in General Haul ' s plan . It was heartily supported by Sir Roderick Murchisoa , tho late President of the
Society , and we believe the Karl of EUesoaere , the existing President , continued that support . Waen the Society asked the aid of the Colonial Office , it wns rendered at once ; and the Treasury granted 2500 / . Difficulties arising in the grant of some other kincb of assistance , such as free transport
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Fkhkuaxv 11 , 1854 . ] T » E LEADER . ; ^^
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 11, 1854, page 135, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2025/page/15/
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