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farther atinxtillanee o * er ^ t $ em | a compulsory . The consequence 6 f this system is that , jttet when they are beginning to feel the benefit of -an elementary training , they acre removed from its influence , and We may feel assured that nothing short or the most arduous and % ind persuasion , the most patient and edficiliatoTy -solicitude , will attract those to the ^ evenitig school , who , in the ^ ariiest stages of youth and inexperience , are thus thrust ihto ^ position of independence , with the means and opportunities of yielding to every foible find pandering to every fancy . InalT the towns of the Cotton District ( and Preston
is no exception to this } there ^ s an universal complaint of a want of decent yottng females to act as domestic servants ; and this is entirely attributable to 'the superior attractions of the fectory-life . families whose servants live in a state of httrury far -surpassing anything that can be attained by an operative complain that whenever they import a decent girl -from the agricultural districts she is immediately tempted 4 nto
tfceniilL Xiiberty is svreet to all , and to none more Sb ^ han to the Lancashire lass . After six o ' clock , the factory girl is TBree as air to do whatsoever she pleases . She enjoys , moreover , an unquestioned tight'to exercise her owtitaStfein ttoe selection of her apparel ( a right not often conceded to theulomestie servant ) , and she knows nothing « f StaR&e delicate points of interference irtfpiiesa Uy fthe wdrde , ^ Ho followers allowed . "
The only persons wlio'tttWe ^ rtyjiowerrto ^ dffielisor « te'this state of things / by infusing'aow * e ? eomplete syitem of education , We the MWiter Mamfacturers of the ' Cbttdn IXiStriet , and ^ tlwmgh much litis In ^ fto beea aone byiliem , mueli % hat redouiiSs ' to their honour , » great tetek'still ^ tnatns to ? be p « rfbrmea . One isttece ^ ful ^!^ r ! menfc * t have witnessed , and that may serve to show what is possible totlie rest . In " one of ^ the latjgest establishments in 'Yorkshire , eWpldymg > tfltOgSftier abottt&m 3 *» ttaB . Imam J ^ Ohatf ^ tittiers . ^ SX ) ^ f wham * msee « t Wflrk in the mills , ani 3 250 irefceiving : theTsasis 6 f- * i sound edtfeaifom 4 n a-sehool establishedby ^ hfe'ttrm ^ Bttd
assembled in a building "forming piirfc oflhe mill . The liead-master of that sclittolwais ipttid upon a much ittore'liberal scale thata an , Average curate of the Established Church , &&& -the 'tietitefts of the system -wottiH have satisfied thfe -keenest ^ educational critic . * Fhe head 6 f the firm idfornled ^ e ^ thtft ' raany of the ru ^ -tfmefs then in their © mp 1 by ! taaa been educated in'that school , and thait he 'hoped to see the day when-the same might be said-Of all of 'them . There were' eveninigsehools tor the full-timers , and evening
classes for "the adults ; 'there * we * e ^ ick clubs , ftnd bene ^ ftt tjlubs , and clothing clubs among the hands ; antiiau these schools , * nd classes , and institutions , in all of which the operatives L \ rere 'materially « s-« isted by their employers , 'had tended « o to bind the whole community together , ajtni to infuse such a ' spirit of intelligence and " gooa-will , that for more than a quarter of a century that -firm had hafl > no dispute with their operatives . 0 «» nmon = sense declares that such a course could lead to no other result .
In Preston , a fevr such experiments have bteen tried , but not upon a -very large scale , and certainly not with any conspicuous success . A leading and highly respectable firm established schools , in connexion with their mill , some years ago , but they do not seem to have been very successful . I am informed that these schools were fotinded upon sectarian principles , and that may possibly afford some explanation of the failure . Generally speaking , however , the masters in this district * eem to have contented themselves with leaving matters to take their ordinary course , and to have beliyved that their duties terminated When the engine stopped , and the mechanical toils of the day -were over . Of the fatal
consequences of this policy , they themselves have lately had what ought to be very convincing expe-Tience . Where ignorance has been sown , wisdom cannot be reaped ; and if the Preston operatives have exhibited a want of knowledge of the commonest principles of political economy , if they have been unreasonable in their demands , and too prone to give an attentive ear to men but little better informed than themselves , the Preston masters have no right to complain of these things , without at the same time confessing that they themselves have been a little remiss in doing what it was both their duty and their interest to perform . James Lowe .
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TAN-HELLENISM AND PAN-SCLAVISM IN TURKEY . I . The Tllyrian Tkia . noi . ic , in oilier words , the country included between the Danube and Capo MiUapan between the Adriatic and the Black Soa , is not inhabited by a homogeneous population . The Governnient of St . Petersburg , coveting the possession of lurkey , is accustomed to contrast with the "insignificant minority" of Mahometan Osmanlis the immense nu . jority of Christians , Slave and Greek . If we believe the members of the Pan-Hellenist nnd l un-bchiviat Propaganda , there aro in Turkey " two
great oppressed races , " of iwhidh one is allied to Russia by the bond of orthodoxy , and the other by the double union of faith and blood . The facile conclusion of this way of talkingis : that the Turks must be driven out , the " oppressed majority" be emancipated , and the Bussian Protectorate erected at Constantinople . There are , unfortunately , even English ministers
who hate allowed their reason to be poisoned by these doctrines , on which rest the dark designs of a diplomacy which for ever nurses an afterthought of " dismemberment of * the Ottoman Empire . " It is therfore worth -while to analyafe with some particularity these " Sclave ajid ^ Qreek" populations , of which the ambition * 6 f the Czar , and the ifoMy of hie dupes , tronld fain construct ¦ a lever to break up Turkey .
If there be one fact more than another-which iarrests the attention of the observer in the ethnological situation of the countries of the OB&lfcan and the Danube , it ib the inextrieable mixture of races . Self > evident is the impossibility of forming-these into states of homogeneous populations ^ except by ; parcelling' 4 ) ut the Elyriau-Triangle'into-miserablepatches , for an easy pwy to Jtussta . It demande ^ ither 4 he 'ignowtnee of-a dupe or the « hameless andacity of « to agent of the Kussisn and Oirthodoi ^ Greek Propaganda , > to represent 'those population * undor the aspect * f ^ prepdnderaot Sclavism and ^ Hellenlflm . Nothtag can be « more ^ opposed to the ttnith . Xn European ; Turkey there are ? not less than « i 5 c principal rac 6 s in juxtaposition , -iutwmzxed , etidosed in one another . 40 rare ° « ee .
Thfe Turkish race ' t-OaWfcnlM ); ¦ The &tfin race ( Moldo-Wallachia ) 1 Thfe ( Sb / a » o-a ^ i' £ ^ 'taTO' ( Bul ^^ imrat ^ MSc « - dbnta /); ' - rPhe'Sfctei ^ ratSe i £ Sfer ^ aittia £ <» ttia ); The ffi ® petta » mcB ^ tiffliia ?); and l «« tly , The ^^ rttce . beginning with the kingddh 6 f IGfreeceTPlifQper , We meet in the first . place ¦ the'ttellenic element . But this element is far from being the descendant of ancient Hellas . The researches 6 f Orientalists Of
European authority prove to demonstration that not only has the population of the Greek kingdom been conapulsorily intermixed wi € h the 'Sc la ^ diiic hordes , "but that into the very ftieart df Crree < ce ^ roper / intp AtticaitaeliP , into * the ' Telqponnesus thei Shkipetar l ^ ee has ihruat its wed ^ e . * ^ This Stiki * -i petar , or Albanian race , isneither Greek norSclave , but of -unknown origin , and altogeiher abnbrhlal appearance . According to IFallmcrayer , the Albanian element forms in the Peloponnesus the majority of that agricultUTal jpQpiilation which is still double-speeched ; while the towns aiteneo-Greek . It is an historical fact that the Albanians have been the most inveterate enemies of the M'Hellenis't"" insurrections , which Russiain the reign of Catherine
, II ., stirred up by Alexis OrioBj and Pappas Oglu , and under Alexander by the Hetairia , which held its ! secret sessions in Russian territory . On the classic ! soil of Attica , too , the Albanian element there predominant , we know has shown itself in our own time , hostile to the rising 6 t the Greeks , the Pan-Hellenism -which endeavours to snatch from Turkey the provinces bordering on the Greek kingdom , should be strangled at its birth . Fan-Hellenism talks of reviving ancient Greece ; and it so happens that the citizens of Athens and the warriors of Sparta have no grandsons ! "We might as well talk of reviving in Great Britain the kingdom of Queen Cartisman'dua ; Dttt who -would consider such a project either reasonable or possible ?
Traversing the northern boundary of Greece Proper , wo enter upon the Turkish territory in TSpirua arid in Albania . There , ^ . predominates to the left of the Pindus and the Bova-Dagh the Shkipetar race , which we have already said is of abnormal origin , foreign to all the races of Europe . It would be clever Enough of the emissaries of Athens and St Petersburg to prove the consanguinity of the Albanians with the Greeks and the Russians . On tlie Albanian boundary , then , the Greek
kingdom is bordered by an \ anti-Greek race . But in the direction of Thessaly Hellenism has no better chance . In the mountain crossway which separates Albania , Macedonia , and Thessaly , we encounter first a Wallachian QLatin ) tribe , which has its centre at Mazzovo , and speaks a corrupt ' Italian . This tribe is curiously interspersed . Thessaly itself , Thessaly , that sits under the regard of the eternal Olympus , presents Turldah features . The Turkish character of Thesaaly appears in all its force in the cities . It was into this
province that' the Seldshukian Turks were first invited by the Christians , to serve as a military colony against the invasion of the Servian chieftains . Indeed , , Thessaly became under tho Turkish sway an asylum of every persecuted faith , and of all the oppressed ; it was exempt from contributions , and onjo 3 'ed a largo measure of self-government and of independence till tho reforms of Sultan Mahmoud . It in not to bo wondered at that this country should
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THE PROGRESS OF INDIA—ITS OBSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR REMEDIES . ( First AnTioLK . ) None vrovild willingly choose the day of anxious and excited action foran extended inquiry , however nearly the subjecrt of inquiry concerned the issue of the action- ; and yet , if no such inquiry had been effected , it must oven then be attempted , though with all the disturbances and disadvantages of action ; or all rnay he left to a blind and unoalculated chance , of which failure constitutes tho greatest probability . On tho evo of a European war we should not enter on an investigation of the principles which govern our relations with India , but for our beliof both that
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I ^^ Cr ^ Y £ 5 , 1854 . ] THE 1 EAIEH . mt
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* I ' ttl 1 inoniyor . Fviigmcnta from tho liast .
have assimilated itself more then any tfther to tlte race of the Ottomans , protectors of Thee »* ly " ® P * efc »» ionB of Greece * o ttUbwria -and to Thessalyhe ill-founded , ihehasnabettereham up ^ Macedonia . Macedonia , SRuteee , and Bulgaria form a group , of which the essential substratum is th& Tartar race , intermixed with Sclavonic tribes . Bulgaria is often bailed the heel of theBalkan , which stretches toirards the Danube . But , fetimograpfci * cally flpeakiog , the Bulgarian ^ element ^ comprLfea Thrace and Macedonia also . We will not litauertaka to define -the multiform ^ amalgamations -whi 6 h modify the Bulgarian- ^ lenient by « o many ^ hadeflof di £ ferenoe . '
/ The Turkish race , which concentrates it * eh ° towards Constantinople , contributes « its share ; nettr the Danube , the Houoi&tiians tand « 4 faie Servian mingle with itj . in Macedonia , the GreekB > glt » i the nucmce . XThe * sophists of 4 he Czar are front ; to troee with a broad pencil line a " Slarottic natioBaliiyi supposed to embrace tlie 'countries ^ between the Adriatic and the Mack Sera . > The truth ia , that Bulgaria differs , ; as white from black , Jfirttm SerViaj the difference between the ! Servian and his-rBulgarian neighbour is marked iniallthevhabits ^ of life , in all that concerns industrial bcooisations and warlike
instiniots . The physiognom ^ of ^ Bulgarda , it 4 ^ tra « v has rSwceived features ; of Sdavistn » : « of ^ Greciinq of fRouroaniam , and of'Oamaniim : ; . but th ©> deeper aspect * of « he four races are easentiaUy ^ ifferettk Another-groupcontiguoustoBulgariaisthat ; ofBerTi % Bulgaria , a ? urki 8 h Groatia , the Hertegovina , and Montenegro . ; In thiagroup the ^ Sclavtmic race pre » dominates . ^ But on a <^ lniser 4 nspectioa « dme 6 f tiieid populations vlll be-fbundtoibe'a rather varied niiiture , sin * ihlch , aio ^ doubt , the Sclavonic element ii conspiov ^ us , 4 Mrt i | n ^ whSch ^ ub ^ aae , 'Hun ^ ariatf * 3 ta * kM £ G « tekf ^ c «^ rAU ^ miui »^ le : kifnedient . r
is ^ in Ser ^ iafonly ^ h « t the ^ d ^ onic ^ ebmentda ^ mofttfiree from wiulterAiion : andit itfto Servia that * he ^ E « n « S < Si » ist oconfpimcies ^ ftfviteto * r . > . XJontigttCfcustothe Sclavonic rrtceTof Servia , we flncl the \ Latin ito « en ^ f ^ e ^ oldo ^ Wallacltians . ,.,=--By •• h « ppyj | pe <^ rftpbicAl dispOlailion , the ^ RoumanlanB tit the ^ Danubiaix ^ provinces ^ are -interpoied ? bet 1 veen ths » Bnibifion : o £ theC 2 « r « ndi 4 he Swith-Sclavonian tribes of whichthefRttisian ^ Qdvefiuneiit * has ^ maile a ^ itical iinsfarument and * h engine o £ war . The Roumanians ^ intercept tell ^ cnltisruitv between the the
Scla'Tonia&s ^ ofHussia ^ nuithoae of ^ Danube . X ^ establish the connexion , it has "bcSen-the . 'constant » fforttof the Glars tooccapyas . ofte > Danubian'Jcpit > vihceB « s ta *« inaterial iguaarantee" >« f < the progress of ^ an ^ Scla-viit ^ ntrigues . vlSTofc long ago Boumania extended to * Buikowhia \ CAti 9 tria ) , ^ andfi > ^ BeBBarabia , ( BuBsia' ) . -As isoonsas the army of the 'Czar hasbeen expelled the Banttbianrprovinces , thb bbundariea * of Roumania should be pushed to-Bess--axxtbia again .
The- « tati 8 tieal' census of 'the < Ottoman empire i » igenerally made tin * Russian ^ eense , and without marking very accurately all ; these diversified atnalgft- * : mations . -Nevertheless , even tfollowings » the growcalculations which are vn * t favourably to ^ therTurks » we find in European Turkey i ; 200 > 000 inhabitant * of the © groan race , ; 1 , 000 ) 000 Of ithe Greek race ; 1 , 600 , 000 of the Slrkip ^ tar race ; 4 , 000 ^ 000 of the Turko-Bulgarian , 6 clavo-Bulgari « n , a 3 id GrecoTBulgarian lace ; 3 , © 00 { 00 D of the Slavonicand Illyriao Trace ; 4 ^ 000 ^ 000 4 > f the Xoumauian trace ; and almost I l t 000 , 000 ^ Armenians , Gipsies , Jews , Franks , &o . [ Accepting the above calculation , we must not forget that these 'different rtfees occupy incongruous positionsj and that they are broken up , scattered , and hnddled ^ togather in an -inextricable confusion .
Out of this confusion the political romancers of the ( Russian Government createt an unity destined to > overthrow the ' Government of Constantinople . The > mantle of tlie Orthodox Papacy is broad enough , forsooth , -to cover all inequalities . The Pan-Sclavists . and their brothers in tlie trade , the Pan-Hellenists ,, decorate this Christian union vrifh too national colour . The simpletons of all Europe sit down in admiration before the artificial Russo-Greek puppet , and : cry out upon the Turkish " intruder I" All will bepeace and unity when the Turk shall have recroased the Bosphorus . How they must enjoy the joke at St . Petersburg I
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Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 25, 1854, page 183, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2027/page/15/
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