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isit , alMBb eight o ' clock on one Saturday evening , the people opposite this place complained f . their neglected condition and inadequate supply of water . They Lad then none in their a «» Ji Suddenly a cry of fire , was raised , and the engine was brought forth for use . Thank God , ' , said oae of the women , ' there is a fire : we will soon get some , water . ' Presently the ' water raa into the empty cask , the turncock not being able to prevent it romxoinuQg ^ into ' the houses at the time he supplied the engines . Surely they must be ill iupplted wittt water—one of the greatest necessaries of life—when they ' thank God for a tre ? " . . " . " Mr . Godwin very ably presents the danger which the new u Lodging-House Act" bringe with it : . . ¦ ; '¦ ?" ' Dirtj , dflapidated , and unwholesome dwellings destroy orderly and decent ^ abits , degrade th « character , and conduce to immorality . Bad air produces feelings of exhaustion andiijjvri&asof spirits , and these tempt to "the use of stimulants—tl » e fruitful parents ; of all crime . We have nr ^ ed and re-nnzed thfe ! in many sh ar > es : " but- repetition is necessary
improvement moves s « slowly . - , Tbe * Ne"W Lodging-louse Act ' , is being pushed gradually yet fc ; mljr ioto use , and i s , without doubt , effecting tnach good . , ( The sanitary policemen , ' ms ^ he Estrl of Shafte 8 pnry said on a recent occasion , ^ arejkkjfeed u . pon by the poor as guardiannngals . ' Admitting the general good of this measure , there is , nevertheless , one consideratiGOl which requires careful and immediate attention . While the new Act of Parlia ment is driying- ^ hepoorjfironi their close quarter * , wa say now , a » we have said before ,. no ifleqaaieprpvisipn bas been made for their reception elsewhere , " and the consequence must be , that rent For / dvrMlings w ^ illbe raised beyond tbe nuansof the destitute jtQor , particularl y thoiewcthfami ^ of children , and they will simply remove the overcrowding to places not at praseat discovered by tne police , or be compelled to seek shelter in the workhouses . " , i And elsewhere : * "• ¦¦ ¦> - ¦ ¦¦ - ¦
"In all directions -the dwelUngs of the worst sort are being swept away ; within the last &WyeaiBj hundreds « f houses have been demolished in the City liberties , in Marylebone , St . vlenrent ' s I ) arie 8 and other parishes too numeroiis to mention- Persons congratulate themsielv'ds dffthe " reiii # valpi ropKeries , ' and' look with complacency at the Eoble warehouses taiid streets which rise to occupy ^ the sites of the wretched hovels . Bnt what has been doae in this great metropolis to provide for the living creatures who , by the improve ^ ntewb ^ Siife M& ffi&" $ ^ ffi a ^ n ^ d ? Literally nothing . AeLort time ago we wit . ncssed * & | ejectmelt , 'ft 6 m ^<^ hard-place / Portman-square , of nearly 1500 , men , women : and chOdnenr ther place ^ i ^ siaSJ baa condition , and fever was ' a constant visitor ;' yefr the | r » pl ^| rer |^ . foft ^ ttfjii ^^^ h \ ce ^ - knowing the daflBculty of o ^ i ^ mg ; with ^« irumited mean ? , a betterloSgiag ? or even any lodging'at alL Single ' men eciuld manage veil enough , W $ 5 tift& m ^ mk to iwW&iteV : ilea : % r&tTire } if Wit could be callei , and families ia 61 $ inutli ^ i ^^^ fc -Tainil : : day , -: 4 h «>^ parents hunting in all directions " to obtain shelter . TK e % e ^^ r ; p ^^ l 8 ^ iw | fld ; ih gQf i aS a matter of course , to the abreadV thickly-crowded iparts of Maryletone j J ^^^ provision had ^ oe en made for them of an iniTpfo ^ isa kriidi ''*;* Wb mult try bar relations , * for my husband cannot eeftilodfiMie . ' said a
womln , tittmg Mthe ' iwn ; with her ehadrenj and seme household goods which " would not be toa Krtker worth half-a-crown ; ' Biirely they must take in their own flesh and blood . ' Ffof-ttlhi jgV' - • •¦*^ -K' ^ cA ^ . -. ( -,, ii . . . ,.. ¦ •¦ :. ; - :... - ¦ . i ' n ^ fot only ^ for ^ i&e sake of tie poo *! is H necessary that the rich should attend to this ^ qt ^ ifion , bat also for their own sake , since these "homes" are centres of diseasey and , as MnGrodwin says , ¦•¦ -, >¦ >¦ t ^< &ft * jggjj ' - 'Meton ; shown that the cholera can be battled with by saaitary measures , and that iever ^ in the same way can be abated . - The model lodging-house in Charles-street , Drurylane , is a striking example of the advantages and effects of proper means in one of tbe worst reighbourhooda . ' This house las now been ojen about eignt ' years , and' is' occupied by from seventy to eighty l odgers daily ; and yet during that period , although cholera and fever have killed nontbers on all sides , there has noi been a single case of euh « r in it .. A good supply of water , proper drainage , and ventilation , have stopped disease ; and it is not a h ^ e gratifying to find tti&V the example of this building , ia such a place , las not been without its effect on the landlords of the adjoining louses . "
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r : : . . j ; . ¦ ¦• ;<¦; -, ( . . fV ' THREE NOVELS . Agnes Vajmar . A , Novel , in 3 vpls . . ( Chapman and HalL The Heiress qfSomkrton . ' In 3 vols . " " ' Bentley . FJora ^ Lindsay ; or , Passages in an Eventful Life . By Mrs . Mcodie , author of " Roughing ' it in the Bush . " In 2 vols . -. ' ... . Bentley . Although it is (| uite true that the lady-novelists are , if not the best , among the best , it is equally true that the female pen is capable of writing & very bad novel , when ' wilfolwomea set their vnts that way . Did we not know , all of us , with what glib pertinacity woineii will talk lor hours " on nothing ( a faculty alsolarcr&Lv nosseased hv ^ mp . n ^ . wp- iniorTit wonrlAr ^ vliaf . ' oA \ i \ A InHiiw
4 iheni to write three long . volumes , having nothing . to say , having no experience ^ to communicate , aad having no more " story" than Canning's knife-grinder . But , as we often say , literature for the most . part is but Printed Talk , and we must accept three volumes as a morning visit , or , at any orate , as one of those threatened "long days and bring my work" which every husband and father , shuddering , knows . Here are three ladies who have " brought their work . " Agnes Valmar mak « a a very lengthy visit . Love speeches of five pages long ( which by & " special mercy of Providence" can be skipped ) , ups and downs of fortune , ^ hich we are . by no means called upon to believe in ; motives about as valid as tbose so prodigally attributed by any imaginative female in tbe course of
a long day with the work ; misunderstandings which only exist in order that three volumes may exist ; impossible heroes , impossible heroines , and vanishing nobodies , whose names we forget the next day—these form the staple , of Agnes Valmar \ s conversation . " It is not aoi impassioned morning we pass with her ; not a memorable morning ; but we have passed worse , and listened to conversation In every way less agreeable . The Heiress of Somertqn also puts her feet upon the footstool , and draws the sofa nearer the fire to tell us her story . She is very young—has had little experience ; she talks u an infinite deal of nothing , " but she talks it well ; she talks of nature , of love ( of course ) , and very glibly of Church ;" she has her *' views , " and dislikes the Puseyites ; but she ha . s a pretty tongue—sometimes a musical tongue ; aad we listea to her on the * whole as
agreeably pleased as it is possible for one who has heard it all a thousand times , to hear it once again . Flora Lindsay has -only . come for half tlxe day—she comes in two volumes ; but we found her half longer than the Heiress of Somerlori ' s whole day . Flora Lindsay has some experience , but she has not the grace of youth to make that experience charming . . There is an attempt to sketch character " after life , " but the result is a long way after life . The talk is flaccid antf coinmon-placc ; the story very tiresome ; and to confess the truth , before the half day is over , we find that wo have forgotten some engagement , and 8 na . U : hmg up our hat and gloves , hurry out of reach of the rest of those eventful passages . It is no doubt very « improper" of a critic not to read to the end ; but wo would rather be guilty of the impropriety than tread in the paths of virtue and propriety , when those paths lead to the end .
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wide experiences outweigh the later and exceptional ones ? Avoiding , however , the metaphysics of the question , let us consider it physiologically .. ; , :. .. . Those who ^ lo not admit the relationship between mental and facial beauty , usually remark that the Jtrue connexion is "between character and expression . ^ Whilst they doubt , or rather deny , that the permanent forms of the features are in any way indices of the forms of the mind , they assert that tte transitory forms of the features are such indices ; ' Tliese positions OTe inconsistent . For is it no | hourly seen that the transitory forms are "b y perpetual repetition registering themselves on the face , . -and producing permanent forms ? . Does not an habitual frown by-and-by leave ineflEaceaWe
marks on the brow ? Is not a chronic scornfulness presently followed by a modified * et in the angles of tie mouth ? Does not that compression of the li ps significant of great deterroination , often stereotype itself ; and so give a changed form to the lower part of the face ? And n there be any truth in the doctrine of hereditary transmission , must there not be a tendency to the re-appearance of these modifications as new types of feature in the oflfspririg ? In brief , -we may say that expression is feature in the making ; and that if expression means something , the form of feature produced by it means something . .. ' . ' . ;'" . '' . . " Possibly / it will be urged , in reply , thai changes of expression affect only the muscles and skin of the face ; that the permanent marks they produce can extend but to these n . that , nevertheless , the beauty of & face is mainly dependent upon the forms df its bony framework ; that hence , in this cliief respectthere cannot take place such modifications as those described : and — £ rwj wb * 'V j mit 0 wfiM — nij ^ # ¦ ¦ Ti iir ¦ ^ ' *¦»!»»• " ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦
, -wr v ^ w « ^^ w » *^ * . ^ M . *** ** ' HI * ^ » . n T _ r *»«» mrmm ^ r **^* «• » f ^" that , therefore , the relationship of aspect to character , whilst it may hold in the details , does notehold in the generals . ' ' ¦ r ¦ ^ The rejoinder is that the framework of the face is modified by modifications in the tissues vrhich cover it . It is an established doctrine in physiology , that throughout the skeleton the greater or less development of bones is dependent on the greater or less development , that is on tne exercise , of the attached muscles . Hence permanent changes in the muscular adjustments of the face will be followed by permanent changes in its osseous structure . Not to dwell in general statements , however , which with most . weigh but little , I will instance a few of the leading directions in which the connexion between organic ; ugliness and mental inferiority , aad the cpnverse connexion between organic beauty and comparative perfection of mind , are distinctly traceable . . * * > * . ¦ - ¦ . ¦
It will be admitted that the projecting jaw , characteristic of negroes and , indeed , of all the lower human races , is a defect in a face—is a trait wlich no sculptor 1 would give ' to aa ideal bust . At the same time ^ t is an asc ertained fact that prominence of jaw is associated in the mamEoalia generally with comparative hack of intelligence . This relationship , it ia true , does not hold good uniformly . It is not a direct but an indirect one ; and is thus liable to be ^ disturbed . Nevertheless , it holds good amongst all the higher tribes ; a . nd on inquiry we shall see why it must hold good . In conformity with the great physiological law that organs develope in pro-portion as they are exercised , the jaws must be relatively large where tne demands made upon them are great , and will diminish la size as their functions become less
numerous and less onerous . Now , in all the lower classes of animals the jaws are the sole organs of manipulation—are used not onl y for mastication , but for seizing , carrying , gnawing , and , indeed , for everything save locomotion , wbioh is the solitary office performed by toe limbs . Advancing : upwards , we find that the limbs , and more particularly the fbrel $ mh 8 ^ begin to aid the jaws and gradually to relieve them of part of their duties . Some creatures use them for burrowing ; some , as the felines , for striking " , many , to keep steady the prey they are tearing ; and when we arrive at the quaarumana , in whom the forehmbs possess so complete a power of prehension that objects can not only bo seized , but earried and pulled to pieces by them , we find that the jaws are used for little else than to break down the food . Accompanying this series of changes , we see a double change in the form of the head . The increased complexity of the limbs , the greater variety of actions they perform , and the more numerous perceptions they give , ar «
necessarily associated with a greater development of the brain and of its bony envelope . At the same time , the size of tVie jaws has diminished in correspondence with the diminution of their functions . And by this simultaneous protrusion of the upper part of the cranium and recession of » t 3 lower part , what ia called tlie facial angle has increased . Well , tliese co-ordinate changes in functions and forms have continued during the civilisation of the human nice . On contrasting the European and the'l ' iipuan , we see that what one cuts in two with knife and fork , the other tears with liis juws ; what the one softens by cookinig , the other eats in its hard , raw state " ; th « bones which the one utilises by stewing , the other gnaws - and for sundry of the mechanical manipulations , which the one has tools for , the other uses his teeth . From the liushman state upwards there
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3 & 6 THE L E A DER . [ Saturday ,
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We should do our utmost to encourage the Beautiful , for the Useful encourages itself . —Goetsb . " * *
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No . VIII . ' PEESONAIi BEAUTY . It is a commonly expressed opinion that beauty of cn&racter and beauty of aspect are unrelated . I have ueyer been able to reconcile myself to this opinion . Indeed , even those vfho hold it do so in a very incomplete sense ; for it is observable that notwithstanding their theory they continue to manifest surprise when they find a mean deed committed by one of noble coun tenance—a fact clearly implying that underneath their professed induction lies a still living conviction to the contrary . - ' . Tyhence this conviction ? How is it that a belief in the connexion between worth and beauty primarily exists in all ? It cannot be innate . Must . it not , then , be from early experiences ? and must it not be that in those -who continue to believe in this connexion , spite of their reasonings , the early and
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Leader (1850-1860), April 15, 1854, page 356, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2034/page/20/
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