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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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LUf XBOS DKPABTMNR ? , JUI 1 U OPTH 1 OSS , HOWTVM XXTBSMX . JJK AixowxD ait xxrsxssiOK , Tin kpctob zralcsss-ixu / r holds ant . SKUT BKSPOMSLBLK rOB HOXTC ]
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GEOBGE STEPHENSON . ( TV ) <* e Editor of the Leader . " ) i 4 , Grove-terrace , Hackney , April 17 th , 1854 . Sir , —I am very much surprised that you and all the dailies should hare been led so much into error in sketching the life of George Stephenson , as to say , " You may travel from I * ondon to Edinburgh , on one uninterrupted line of railroad , all the work of the greatest of engineers—George Stephenson . " If the Times had but consulted its advertising sheet , it * wowld have found that the Stephensons , George and Rot&rt , father and son , vere the engineers of . the eastern route to Edinburgh , uninterruptedly as far as Berwick-upo > n-Tweed ; Messrs . Granger and Millar being the engineers of the North British ; from Berwick to Edinburgh . On the western route the Stephensons carried the iron way no farther than Carlisle , Messrs . Penington and Locke being the engineers of the Caledonian , from Carlisle * to Edinburgh , and Glasgow . The latter gentleman is , I Iwlieve , a pupil of the elder Stephenson , and was employed by the old " Grand Junction Company" to complete their line from Birmingham to Liverpool , Mr . Stephenson and the Company having cause to dissolve their connexion . Sir . George Stephenson did not share with his son in the constructing and designing of the Lancaster and Carlisle , nor in the Newcastle and Berwick , both < rf which lines form an important part of the routes to Edinburgh . I do not state the above facts from any -wish to underrate the genius of George Stephenson or the important part which he played in the originating our railway system ; on the contrary , I am proud of him as one of ourselves . I am , Six , yours , W . M .
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M . de Montalembert , in Ms approaching trial , will , it Is stated , have the professional nsaistance oi fonr of tho most eminent advocates of the Paris bar , but o-f different political opinions , namelj , M . Borryer , M . Dufaure , M . Odilon Barrot , and M . Killet . The Conatitutionnel stutca that the Turkish Government has received information from Haireddint Pacha , the Cominitndant at Kars , that a certain number of Polish deserters had arrived in that town , who stated that more than 12 , 000 of their fellow-countrymen would quit the ranks of tho Raasian army tlio moment they should aee a Polish flag flying in the Ottoman army .
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The British Minister at Copenhagen has just announced officially to the Government that Sir Charles Napier , having entered the Baltic , bun orders to employ nil necessary means fur enforcing a strict and effective blockade * of the . Russian porta in that sea , and in the Gulf of Finland .
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that holy Byzantium ;''* ~ we see in these lucubra-Russia will prove to the vicious sons of the Vest how dear to us is the holy name of Byzantium , and what a chartered and testamentary claim we have to tions only the contemptible enthusiasm of vile mercenaries paid by an ambitious Tzar . But there exists another current of ideas a good deal resembling the effusions of MM . O ga ^ ef , Glinka , &c , and -which makea its appearance , not in the Invalid * Rvsse pr the Gazette de St . Petersbourg . but
fctfBSJipr WRITERS EST WESTEBBr EUROPE . . ; " " ¦ ¦ ' /¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ '¦ '" l " ' ¦ Some time ago , foreseeing that under certain contingencies Russia « rtNfld 6 hdea . rdur furtively to infect fche ranks of Continental Democracy with , pernicious counsels , the Leader expressed a well-grounded hope that Ihe exUed chiefs of th « party w ^ ould not let theinflftlves be made the dupes of these intrigues . Tt |« rc is a clear possibility ttat out of the complex issues of the war may be evolved the liberation of
the oppressed peoples ; but , in order that the true friends of progress ^ may preserve their sympathies for that cause , the , peoples and their leaders . must keep themselves pure from the contamination of Bu 8 sia , and not sink down to the deep degradation of becoming the tools of tte most hideous of all despotisms , ^ sj ^ soe the Xeac&r put forth , this exhortation it has
peeDSEepeatedly insinuated in the continental and ^ glisn ^ jcess , and openly averred by word of mouth ^ political oirscks , that Russia is making many insi ^ oiwi ^^^ rts t * ^ ingratiate herself with certain ^ tapJowHfies , and induce them to regard her in the amUeiight " as do the soi-disqtit'B . elleiieB . Have we not all h ^ of that Kingdom © f Poland to be re-estabUsned by the Tzar for the heir-apparent of Russia , by wresting their share of the booty from Prussia and Austria ? ( according to the fourth article of the nij | , © f ^ ter 1 ) The Poles , we are assured , sick of W ^ ^^ 'inferred , amd disgusted with the cowardice oi the Western Governments , would rally with alacrity ttnld a banner which would signify' at least national unity . Again , have we not been told -that should Aiutria attempt to escape from the suzerainty of
Bnssia , the Tzar in that case would " make an apj ^^ toJEtunjgary ? fin confirmation of this * it has | K& ) pyal ^ effrontery ., 4 h | y ^^ L 8 | 9 it iraiSvOnly the Nesselrode party—^ &e Qerrioan partyfr--that carried the question of inter-Tention in Hungary , and that both then and now * lwre glowed in the hearts of the true Russian genjk ^ ien an ardeat love for tbe people that struggled o heroically against old Auatria . Tile Russians , it hai 1 > een remarked , behaved as courteous foes to
subjugated Hungary ; and " Nicliolas himself appeared i ^ i ^ lime aQer at Vienna in a Hungarian uniform . " Furthermore , we are reminded , that the Tiar's powerf ^ land was seea in the deliverance af the Greet jP ^ ojp jbe ., In liko ^ manner , he would noi object to see an independent Xiombardy bestow its iron crown on aprince of the Iraperial family of St . Petersburg , and i £ fl 4 ise in his person the . plan already conceived ia 1848 by Nicholas in favour of Prince ILeuchtenberg . Finally , by way of grand climax , it has been
aqnouiioed that th « time is como for the Slave Revolution ,, which is to spread as far as the further limits of Bphenaia , and make Vienna— -the capital of a new SaVonic empire ! , . Cut any one be imposed upon by these gross niapiaquvres ? What ? Russia , the Grand Hetman of absolutism , the sheet anchor of monarchical
despotism , Russia of £ he knout , to be accepted as Liberator by civilised peoples and men not out of their wits ! Imi > os 8 ible . It is clear as day , that if Russia strives to insinuate herself into the ranks of tlie revolutionary peoples , she does so only to become tniitress of their movements , to direct or frustrate them a * may suit her own ends . Russia desires to disorganise her last formidable enemy—continental democracy : the fact is glaring .
< Xet us look About us a . little , however . Public opinion is unconsciously infected by Russian influence to a degree that few suspect . It is true that our aoifoos respecting Russia are not changed by reading the wrathful hymns chaunted by Messrs . Obbstss Miixer , Nichoxjls Ooabev , and Gx-tNKA , in the official gazettes , in honour of " the Russian God" and " Holy Russia . " We do not feel our souls inspired with a longing to become Muscovites by tho dithyrambies
for the triumph of " the Vice-God , " tlie Tzar , which M . Nicholas Grbtsoh , a Russian state councillor , aud notorious a . a a spy for twenty years in Germany , j » 3 » ow braying out in the St . Petersburg Gazette de Cour . We aro not the more charmed with Panr elavistn for having it pitched like a fcig stone at our heiuls by the h ands of M . Buloakin and other oiflplal Panalaviata of H . M . the Emperor of All the Russias . These spies , agents , and litterateurs may bawl out as much as they please , " We sons of
among ourselves , in the press of , the West ,, in pamphlets dated from France , Germany , and England . Russian writers ( few in number but active ) have transported their household gods to the countries of the West , in order to enlighten Europe as to the true significance of Russia . Whoever has for several years attentively read tbe publications concerning Russia , will have remarked how in Trance , Germany , Italy even , and now in England also , the same idea is continually reiterated in all manner of ways . This idea , so assiduously proclaimed , is that of " the young Russian people throwing itself lustily , « with its fresh and exuberant strength , " into the political arena , and
charged , like the Germans of Tacitus , with a great historical mission—that of securing the new Rome of the East , Constantinople , and regenerating " decrepidold Europe / ' It is true this idea belonged primitively to the abject despot Peter I . ; but it has assumed quite a dififerent complexion under the pen of the Russian authors before mentioned . They present it under a light literary form , in the domino of a' pseudo-revolutionary lyricism , bedizenedwith all the frippery , of " a very interesting movement" indeed ; Imagine a hotch-potch of Iiamennais and Byron , Hamlet and Basehkire , Isaiah andi Proudhon ; -T-there you . have the style .
As for the matter , these pro-Russian writers set themselves up / or mercdless critios of old Europe . They are not satisfied with anything in thi * corrupted West , neither with constitutionalism , democracy , nor socialism : all are adulterated with " conservatism . !* ' Monarchy and republicanism , religion and society , the creed of the bourgeois and the faith of the revolutionist to them are naught ; all reek
of rottenness . They insist on pushing the unfortunate progressist of the West from consequence to conse , quence ; they give him no rest ; "On , on ! " is still their " cry . to him ; and when , they think they have brought him ad abaurdum , to blank despair , to the impossibility of doing anything , then they say to him , " There is nothing left for you bat America , oi Australia ; Europe cannot save herself ; Russia will regenerate the world . "
Socialist Russia with its admirable organisation of fraternal communes ; young Russia , so misconceived , will do tnat . Far from being the accursed land of ever-renewed despotism , it is the land of the noblest aspirations , gifted with democratic and social institutions , the land of the future . There dwell *< the young bare-bosomed barbarians , " there from the 13 th to the 18 th century existed the " great Cossack and agricultural republic , " in which all offices were elective , where were found true liberty , Equality ,
and Fraternity , and every one enjoyed the real rights of a citizen . This Russia has for some time disappeared under the false hues of a decrepid civilisation , factitiously imposed upon it in contrariety -with its primitive genius . But the great breaking up of the ice has already begun ; the Slave world is in motion ; the man of the Russian commune feels his heart bound within him , and says to himself , " What city shall we chooae for the capital of the New Grand Russia , social , communist , and Panslave ? Shall it be Vienna ? Petersburg ? Warsaw ? or Constantinople ?"
Decidedly Constantinople ! For if MM . Glinka , Gretsch , and others are of opinion that Constantinople must become the City of the Tzar on the ground of orthodoxy , our communist Panslaves declare it necessarily Muscovite from a democratic and social point of view . Reasons for the decision are aa plenty as blackberries . We will say nothing about the good faith of these litterateurs , who prench despair to us for the benefit of Russia . Our task will be merely to reveal an incontrovertible fact , namely , the intrinsic relation that exists between the writings of these hyper-revolutionary Russians and of the authors who write at
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976 ' THE L E AD ^ Eft . - TSaTtopat :
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Theze is no learned man but will confess h « hath much profited , ~ by reading controversies , his senses awakened , and . his judgment sharpened . If , theiL , it be profitable' far him to lead , why should it not , at leest , be tolerable for his adversary to -write . —MlLTOU
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The Russian Empibb . —Those aristocratic institutions which have been in Western Enrope at once the security and the result of the laws of property , which have invested tbe rights of territorial possession with a thousand graces and utilities , and which have supplied to well-regulated states their wisest counsellors ana noblest servants , are degraded into tie temporary possession of so manv heads of . human cattl « , without a thought of independence towards the government , or of duty towards the lower classes of the people . £ « re alone—we will not say ia Europe , but on the globe—is there a nation of sixty millions of inhabitants who have ss vet scarcely contributed one single iota to tho advancement of human Knowledge . —Quarterly Review An Old Wosom ' s Patriotism . —At a recent meeting of the London Missionary Society , the Reverend Mr . Rice , missionary from India , stated that he was lately in the same train with the Fusilier Guards on their way to embark for the East . At the station an old woman , evidently in an agony of grief , came up to him and said , ' Oh , Sir , I ' ve got six sons going to tbe Jftussiarw I but , hard as it is to part with them , 1 don't care , if they do bnt beat the Russtans I « an give them . all up ! " The rev . gentleman proceeded to contrast this with the unwillingness of parents to give up their sons for missionary work .
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• Gazette de la Gourde St . Petersbourg , Feb ., 1854 .
the dictation of tie Tzar ' s Cabinet . It is evident that Russia cannot but be a gainer by being represented to th . e despotic Governments as the mainstay of legitimacy ; to the middle classes as a commercial state that thinks of nothing but warehouses and Cobden tariffs ; and to democrats as a young people ready to realise the enthusiastic reveries of geaerous hearts . If by all these means she makes her way to Constan tinople her purpose will hare been served .
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Leader (1850-1860), April 22, 1854, page 376, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2035/page/16/
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