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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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GITJROETO . The Daily N " ews correspondent , although no sort of authority nipon matters military , writes charming letters about the people and the country . Here is some gossip about Giurgevo : — " A great deal of the order which reigns is certainly due to the untiring vigilance of Major Chichinski , a Polish officer , a . protege of Lord iDnSlej Stuart , with whom he came out here last winter , and by whose recommendation he was received into the service . He has ten Wallacbian policemen under his orders , and he himself , either on foot or on horseback , is constantly moving about ill every direction from early morning till nightfall ; no easy life in a climate like this , where the heat , even in the interior of the houses , is at this season all but insupportable . Thanks to his exertions ,
confidence seems now thoroughly restored ; the shops are being opened ; two hotels are already flourishing in full vigour , and the prices of articles are beginning to diririnish , afid the streets to put on an air of animation and life . Women may noy ? be seen at almost every door , knitting or sewing iii the shade , attired in the simplest manner in the world—viz ., eheniise descending to the ancles , and partially covering the shoulders , and two large aprons , one worn , in front and the other behind , it voila tout . This costume is certainly not very graceful , but it has the grand merit of coolness , which is a complete and triumphant answer to all objections that may be made to it on the score of want of propriety . The chemise comes up about as high as an English lady ' s ball-dress , and the portion of the neck which is exposed is consequently very effectually , bronzed , as is
also the face , owing to the want of any better head-dress-tkana handkerchief . , I now speak , of eourse , of the : lower classes , the -Wivesand daughters pf the small shopkeepers , and of the peasantry . TheJewesses ; aid . those of a little higher rank sire more pretentious , and indulge in gowiis ei I'JSuropierine , and , for aught I know , in petticoats ; But abonnet is rarely , if ever , seen ^ except amongst- the ladies p £ tieboyaids When a y / hiteoi gaudily-coloured handkerchief is not worn the hair isgenerally ' very tastefully arranged , and not unfrequ « ntly ornameiitea with a flower oirtwo . They all seern to pass tfieentire day at the doors of their houies , engaged in some l ight labour , and areby no means so shy ; of strangers as the Bulgarian , women , who fly the glance of a man ^ is if i | ly-ere that of a basilisk . It 15 , however , ^ chiefly in the evening that they love to congregate in tlie open am to
enjoy the coolness after the blazing heat of the day ; " The evenings here are beautiful beyoHd measure . The son , which hascouised all day along a cloudless sky , parching everything with rays of fiery splendour , generally sets in glory , painting the western horizon in the nqost varied and most brilliant hues . But w 2 miss the long , balmy , dreamy lajse of an English srimmer ' s twilight , the soft , peaceful , arid . " slow gathering of the shades of night , which in northern clinqes goes so far to conipensate for cloudy skies and uncertain weather . The sun has here no sooner set than darkness covers th . o landscape like a curtain , and instead of leayingyou along hour to saunter , to muse , to whistle , to srnoke , or sentimentalise , drives you off to your booisj if you have got aay , which is not often the case in this part 6 tie world , and if not , to bed . '
BUCHAREST . The Turks , it appears , gradually and cautiously felt their way to Bucharest , and were by no means inclined to rash after the retreating foe with that headlong speed counselled by their would-be friends at home . ' The first squadron of Turkish cavalry entered Bucharest on the 6 th : — t ( About five miles from Bucharest the ground rises slightly , and we obtained a view of the" loftier buildings of the town for the first time . There is nothing striking either in its position or public edifices , the country , like the rest of Wallaehia which we have seen , being perfectly flat and " poorly wooded . The domes and steeples , which are covered with tin plates , glitter in the sun and mark the Bite from a distance , but it is not until the town itself is entered that any idea can
bo formed of its size arid importance . The cavalry were lialted close to the Buburbs , one troop being sent forward to patrol the streets . The arrival of the Turks was quite unexpected , so no demonstration was made , but as they passed through tho suburbs , which are poor and straggling , and inhsibitcd entirely by tho lower orders , the people came to their doors ; evidently muoh surprised and pleased , and such of them as understood Turkish Bliouted out words of welcome . It was not till after crossing the river Dombowitza that we got into the main street ? . By this time the news had spread , and crowds of iieoplo came out in carriages , or lioraebaclc , and on Toot , to ¦ welc ome tho Turks . The ladies bowed graciously from tho windows , nnd in every direction that tho soldiers passed the reoeption was most gratifying , I saw some of tho fair sex , who wore peacefully shopping or visiting in thoir carriages in ignorance of whut was going on , get rather nlarmed on suddenly turning tho corner of a street to find themselves surrounded by a band of swarthy cavaliora with Unices nnd carbines , and they sorcamod something in
Wullachian to tlieir coachmnn which might bo interpreted into an order to got out of tho way of those dreadful Turks , But they woio always speedily reassured , and either joined in tho procession , or , b y making a ttetour through lwa-throngod btreots , lay in wait to liavo another look , und wavo a handkerchief to tliu soldiers . After patrolling Bucharest for a , couple of hours , tho dotnohmont joined the regiments outside and returned to Dnrcachti , the aoldiera -wearing tlio garlands tJjoy had received like tuxbana round their fez . Next morning a number of carriages camo out to Dweschti . They oxpootod that tho town would bo formally entered nnd occupied , and tho authorities sent to suy that 10 , 000 loaves of bread and abundance of fomgo wero prepared . JBufc Halim Paslia , an undeaidod and timid officer , sent orders for the whole force tore turn to Kalugoroni immediately . At 10 o ' clock on tho 8 th , throe rcgimontu of Turkioh eftvulry and tho Oosaaoks started , under tho command of Hulim atid Sadik Pachas , arriving at Bucharest lit about 1 i \ m . . 1 ho ministers , oivio authorities , nnd troops , and a great portion of the population ciuno out to mcofc them , and
escorted them to the barracks which had been prepared for their reception . " The appearance of Bucharest is not what might be fairly expected , considering that it is the capital of a large province , that all the principal boyards , or nobles , reside there , and that they are fond of comparing it to Paris in point of civilisation and luxury . There are no really fine public buildings , and the houses of the nobles , though comfortable , have small pretensions in point of size or elegance . There are two theatres , French and Wallachian : the latter is used as an Italian opera in winter , and is one of the best fitted up buildings of the kind that can be met with anywhere . The inhabitants : of Bucharest are about 100 , 000 , of whom 13 , 000 are Germans , about 100 French , and a number of Armenians and Greeks . The latter are reckoned the sharpest of the sharp in money matters , and a Wallachian proverb says that one Greek js a match for three Jews ; There ate only two
English missionaries , and few of the inhabitants have seen an Englishman . Bucharest is quite beyond the usual beat of travellers for amusement ; and all the commerce is done by Greek houses . When the Russians entered the Principalities the Emperor of Russia sent an order to the governing Prince of Wallachia to remain at his post j the Sultan sent him a . firman to come to Constantinople and pay his tribute ; the result of these two forces was a trip to Vienna . The Government is sow carried on by a Gouneil of State formed of those ministers who have portfolios . The boyards , or nobles ; all live in . Bucharest ; the' whole- soil of the country belongs to them ; they farm theni to Armenians or Jews , arid it ia only ia very rare instances that they have country houses to wiiich they can pay a short visit in the summer- The lower classes are entirely . on the , Turkish side , and inost of : ¦ the nobles also , but some of the latter are Russianan their sympathies /'
: . ¦ .. ;¦ , LTETJTENANT BURKE . ' : ¦ : , One o £ , the h 6 ioes who died in the fight at Giurgevo was % Lieutenan . t Burke . Here is an account of hovr lie fell . The name of the gallant sapper mentioned was Andrews :-r- :... ¦ .. *} -Mr * Burke ' S body- wasfound after the action iri Which he lost liis life with bo less than thirty-three wounds upon it . The Russians had taken his sword belt , but his sword was found liidden in some long grass dose to the corpse . The ring iiriger of both iands was cut ; off . fie was seen by tne sapper' -who went wiih hint fighting desperately to the last , though siirrounded by a horde of Russians . When he first leapt oilslioi-e fronxthe . boat six soldiers charged him . TWo he shot with his reyolVer , one he cut down with his swbrd ^ - the rest turned and fled . While he was encouraging the Turks , who were iu the stream , to row ouietlv to the land .
and forming them in line as they landed , conspicuous as lie was ijr full uniform , pid by his white capcover , a number . of riflemen advanced from behind a ditch , and took deliberate aim at hhril Poor -Burke charged them with headlong gallantry . ¦ As he got near he wiis struck by a ball , which broke hisjawbone , but he rushed on , shot three men dead at close quarters With his revolver , and cleft two men tlirough helmet and all into the brain with his sword . He was then surrounded , arid while engaged in cutting his way with heroic courage through the ranks of the enemy , a sabre cut from behind , given b y a dragoon as he went by , nearly severed his head from , his body j and he fell dead , covered with bayonet wounds , sabre gashes , and marked with lance thrusts and bullet holes * The sapper who was with liim stood by Mr . Burke till the last , but could not save him . He is now only recovering from his wound and the effect of his exertions . " . ¦ „• .
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ITALY . Garibaldi ' s letter disclaiming any parb in the insurrectionary' movement , now supposed to be contemplated in Italy , has produced the fallowing reply from a . body , of emigrants who profess faith in Mazzini :- — M General , —Yotir protest , which wo have lately read in the Fjedmontcso journals , has given rise to sinister interpretations . For the sake of jour honour , which we , having iought under you , have the right to defend , we ask you fora frank and loyal explanation . \ Vo have shared with you the fortune of war as well as the sorrows of exile , we have shod our Wood * with you for the triumph of an idea— 'Italy . ' Our adversaries fancy that th « y see in your letter a compromise , a denial « f your programme , and of our thought . , It is for you to disabuse tho mialod ' and to confound tho misleadoru . "
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TRA . DE WITH RUSSIA . Thm > Berlin correspondent of the 2 "im <; s gives eom « interesting particulars relative to tho Itussinn transit trade vi& Prussia . a The export of flax , hemp , linseed , and wood from Euaam by way of Memol , both by land and vivor conveyance , contimuoa on the came increased sculo as hithorto . Tito extent of increase since tho re-opening of trade this spring undex tho liboral ftuspicos of tho English and . French conceaeiohs to neutral Powers , may be ostimntod by stating that tho turnpikes in the neighbourhood of Momel take ten times » s much toll now as is usual at this timo of tho year . Ono of tho Pruaaian Oustom-hounoB on tho Russian frontier
sometimes tukoa as much as 1 , 000 thulora a- > dayfor import duties . > " Tiio difliculty and . elowncas of land carriage fromtlio mtorlor of Russin to any neutral port have of late caused mnny Prussian products to find a rondy mile , where tho p « - henco of purchaHora wna too sorely tried from tho aboTO causes-, thua nlmoat all the hemp in tho province of Prouuacn has been bought up , for want of UusoiHn produce . Hithorto it wna Riga that sent tho most goodw to Momcl for t l ™ P oao of tho European markets ; but just of lute , iib tlio ltiga trndo slackened , tho gooda from ' fcit . PctorHburK have taken thoir place Wat « r-ei \ rriago to Mumol is now almoat entirely fluporaedod b y lnnd tranHpovt , on account ot tho saving of timo . Freights nro going down veiy rapidly , while pricoa for land earringo coutinuo
o rise . The demand for harvest labour has of late , however , made the conveyance into Russia of the quantities of goods lying in Memel impossible at any price . Llie fear of being surprised by the English cruisers has driven the land traffic further southward from the coast , so that now goods are generally sent through Lithuania , by way of Garsden , instead of through Courland , by way of Polangen . The articles that Russia exports just now by the assistance of Memel come for the most part from the neighbourhood of Sti Petersburg , by way of Kowno , and consist of flax , hemj , oil , tallow , woofj yarn , &c . What she takes in exchange are cotton , sugar , wmes , coffee , spices , and other colonial produce . The demand for articles of luxury and fashion is very much less now than in former years . From April 1 to July 1 of this year there were forwarded to Memel , vici Tauroggen , no less than 125 , 070 poods f 401 b . )
of hemp , 168 , 493 poods of flax , and 33 , 791 poods of sards : so that it is reckoned that on this road alone 300 , 000 silver roubles had been expended for the carriage of the above . Many streets and open spaces in Memel have at times been quite covered with flai and hemp laid out to dry , or to be dressed , for the state in which these articles arrive , damaged from rain , and from faulty preparation previous to packing , renders them very dangerously combustible neighbours . Every species of warehouse , coachhouse , stable , or outhouse £ tt the town and its neighbourhood is pressed into the service at fabulous prices . In the latter half of May there frequently arrived per day as many as 500 cartloads of hemp and flax fronti Russia . On the 4 th of that month there were 186 vessels lying in the harbour and the Danga river , unable to discharge their cargoes on account of all the landingplaces being occupied .
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THE rOUCy OF SWEDEN , It cannot he dbubied that the fall of Bomarsjuid will tell upon the policy of Sweden- For a long time certain journals in that country have boldly urged their Government to join th 6 Allies , and prosecute the war with Swedish troops in . Finland . Great have been the clamours , also , in this country on the same subject . Thei Swedes , however , ate quite : able to take cafe of their own interests and to hide their own time . Among the recent ^ leading papers on the subject there is one very striking , and especially apt at this moment . It becurs in the Nya Viirnlaiidstidning :- — ¦ ,
" The declaration of neutrality , wliich in March and April , a sliort time before the breaking up of the ice , made it possible for Sweden to avoid a rupture with Russia , will not suffice , on the commencement of the approaching winter , if the fleets of the Western . Powers have sailed , or aift frozen in , and the enemy bivouacs on the frontiers of Sweden , read y to cross the bridge which is laid every year between the coasts of that , country and Russia . .. : " The latter will have six months to negociate with Sweden , and -will ^ probably jnake the same demands as she did jh iMarch and April- ^^ detnands which , as it seems , have never been abandoned , and will be repeated with greater importunity thiin last spring . .. ¦ -... '' "The northern provinces of Sweden , like the Dannbian Principalities , which were likewise invested before the cornmenceineTit of winter , are exposed to an occupation .
Sweden has no Silistria or Rustchuk there , to arrest the march of a Russian army . Nor is there a Balkan , or oven , a wall of Trajan to be crossed , ere the capital h reached , so tlmt Sweden will have to defend hersdf in open fight and in her own country . "It is'true the fight will not last beyond the six months of winter . Then the fleets will re-appear , and stop the retreat of the enemy , if it bus not been sufficiently hasty . But meanwhile a considerable portion of our country will have been exposed to all the sufferings of war , to all its dangers , and all its sacrifices ; the ravaging of Norrland , tho seizure of tho shipping of Gefle ( exchanged for Brahcstad ) , the plunder of the noble Treasury at Upsala , and the wealth of the capital—all this risk would then bo incurred , " If , under these circumstances , Sweden is to lend an ear to the admonitions of tho Western Powers , it mtist bo iu timo to avert the disasters of war from our frontiers during the onsuing winter .
" Either Sweden must open her harbours to their fleets aud receive auxiliary forces this very nutumn , or wo must next winter bo prepared for a war against Russia in our own bosom . 14 In the first case , the defence of Sweden must be combined with the recapture of Aland , which is much nearer to Sweden , with which ib has a telegraphic communication , than to Jtussia , the inhabitants of which are genuine , truehearted Swedos , and which would forin the outworks for tlio defence of Stockholm . Under those circumstances , Kussiii would scarcely venture an invasion of Sweden during tlio winter . " The whole plan during tho year of going tlirough Finland to St . Pofcrabunr , however grand tho idea , had ono irremediable defect—tho attack wanted a basis , the most nocoHBiuy thing in all systems of uttaok or defence . JJy
Sweden ' s becoming this basis , tho plan would bo rvnowml with moro hope ot bucccsh . The Western Powoih nro alive to tho importance of this , and will probably d » nil in thi ' u power to oflect a combination with Sweden , offuiing her aubnidk'fi nnd guarantees for tlio future . " Let us lay aside these speculations as to tho exact amount to be gained by Swodi'n ' a taking part in tho gigunt ' w strugglo of the day , <» nd as to tho evontuul arrnugemontH on tlio routrn of peace . Let us rout in tho assurance that » H Europe now hoch tlio noccawityof forming a great anil powcr-Jul State in tho North , and that Scjindhiuvia will tsliow liuvticlf worthy to occupy her former place among tlio ht « tcn < l Europe , tho position nho acliioved by ao many lnoroio c . nploitH , niuintuincd < br ho many cenlurii-B wftli ho nnu'h honour , and only lost L > y puriuly « nd troHchery . "
Alond ia enpturod ; what will King Oscnr any now to Gcncrnl Burngimy d'Hilliors iVceh iroui the bnttlo ' fluid ?
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796 THE LEADEI [ Saturday , ' ' — ' __^_ ^ . Mfc ^ a _^ MM-J _ 1 ^^ _^ _ ^ ^ J _ | _^ j-a _ | t _ . _ ^_ . __ . . . _ _ , _ .. ^^ . ^ _ _ . . ¦ ¦ ¦ »¦ ^ *— ¦¦ , ii ¦ i i ^*^ im ^ ^ m ^»^^^_^
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Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 26, 1854, page 796, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2053/page/4/
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